Robert Reynolds Ashley (March 28, 1930 – March 3, 2014) was an American composer, who was best known for his television operas and other theatrical works, many of which incorporate electronics and extended techniques. His works often involve intertwining narratives and take a surreal multidisciplinary approach to sound, theatrics and writing, and have been continuously performed by various interpreters during and after his life, including Automatic Writing (1979) and Perfect Lives (1983).

Life and career

Ashley was born in Ann Arbor, Michigan. He studied at the University of Michigan from 1948 to 1952, where he met Ross Lee Finney in 1949. Finney had a good reputation after serving in World War II, in which he was wounded by a land mine. In 1969 he became director of the San Francisco Tape Music Center. In the 1970s he directed the Mills College Center for Contemporary Music. His notable students include Maggi Payne and Hsiung-Zee Wong.

The majority of Ashley's recordings have been released by Lovely Music, which was founded by Performing Artservices, the not-for-profit management organization which represents Ashley and other artists. His first album with Lovely Music was 1978's Private Parts, an early version of the first and last acts from Perfect Lives. In 1979 and 1980, the label released, respectively, Automatic Writing and Perfect Lives (Private Parts): The Bar (the latter being another excerpt from what was to become Perfect Lives).

Since he first came to prominence, Ashley was indelibly linked to the performance of his pieces, particularly through the use of his voice in such works as Automatic Writing and Perfect Lives. Starting in the 1980s, he formed a band that lasted for decades consisting of himself, Sam Ashley, Joan LaBarbara, Thomas Buckner, and Jacqueline Humbert as vocalists and Tom Hamilton on electronics.

Ashley also collaborated with various artists in terms of reading text. He was featured, alongside Kunga Rinpoche, on Eliane Radigue's 1987 piece Mila's Journey Inspired by a Dream. On December 9, 1992, Ashley publicly read William Gibson's electronic poem Agrippa (A Book of the Dead), on its premiere at The Kitchen in Chelsea, Manhattan. His reading, known as The Transmission, was recorded and simultaneously transmitted to several other cities only once. In the opera Agamemnon, (1993) he performs with singer Shelley Hirsch.

In the final years of his life, Ashley's work was newly taken up by other performers. Notable interpreters of Ashley's work have included the electronic duo Matmos, who've repeatedly performed their arrangements of episodes from Perfect Lives; Object Collection, who premiered a stage version of Automatic Writing in 2011; the band Varispeed, who've presented various site-specific, day-long arrangements of Perfect Lives since 2011; the band Trystero, who perform Perfect Lives in their memorized marathon arrangement; and Alex Waterman, who spearheaded a new Spanish-language version of Perfect Lives entitled Vidas Perfectas, performing the piece around the world and producing a new video realization as well. In 2002 he received the Foundation for Contemporary Arts John Cage Award. In 2011, Ashley's 1967 opera That Morning Thing was restaged as part of the Performa Biennial with direction from Fast Forward. In 2014, shortly after his death, the Whitney Biennial presented three of Ashley's operas: Vidas Perfectas and The Trial..., both directed by Alex Waterman, and Crash, the opera he finished three months before he died. Crash was remounted a year later at Roulette with the same cast: Gelsey Bell, Brian McCorkle, Paul Pinto, Dave Ruder, and Aliza Simons from the music collective Varispeed, as well as Amirtha Kidambi, with projected photos by Philip Makanna.

Personal life and death

He had one son, Sam, from his first marriage to Mary Tsaltas. In 1979, he married his second wife, Mimi Johnson.

He died at his home in Tribeca on March 3, 2014, from liver disease at the age of 83.

Major Works

Ashley wrote multiple operas and many other pieces for combinations of instruments, voices, and electronics. A complete list can be found at his official website.

  • 1959-1960 "Christopher Columbus Crosses to the New World"
  • 1960 "The Bottleman"
  • 1963 "In Memoriam...Esteban Gomez"
  • 1963 "In Memoriam...Crazy Horse"
  • 1963 "In Memoriam...Kit Carson"
  • 1964 "The Wolfman"
  • 1967-1968 "That Morning Thing"
  • 1968 "Purposeful Lady Slow Afternoon"
  • 1968 "The Trial of Anne Opie Wehrer and unknown accomplices for crimes against humanity"
  • 1972-1973 "In Sara, Mencken, Christ and Beethoven There Were Men and Women"
  • 1974-1979 "Automatic Writing"
  • 1976 "Music with Roots in the Aether" (television opera)
  • 1976-1983 "Perfect Lives" (television opera)
  • 1979 "Yellow man with heart with wings"
  • 1979 "A last Futile Stab at Fun"
  • 1981-1987 "Atalanta (Acts of God)"
  • 1982 "Tap Dancing in the Sand"
  • Now Eleanor's Idea tetralogy:
  1. 1985-1990 "Improvement: Don Leaves Linda"
  2. 1987-1992 "eL/Aficionado"
  3. 1993 "Now Eleanor's Idea"
  4. 1994 "Foreign Experiences"
  • 1998 "Dust"
  • 1998 "Your Money My Life Goodbye"
  • 2003 "Celestial Excursions"
  • 2011 "Quicksand"
  • 2006-2012 "Concrete/The Old Man Lives in Concrete"
  • 2013-2014 "Crash"

Ashley, Space Theater, and ONCE

The Space Theater was a loft specially designed and outfitted for performances with projected images and music. It served as the venue for semiweekly multimedia performances from 1957 to 1964; its creators asked Gordon Mumma and Ashley to produce live electronic music for the productions. The performances included music produced by things such as the "rubbing together of stones" and steel rings thrown along wires. The festivals invited European and jazz composers to participate, and were a major influence on contemporary music of the time.

Kate sees the security camera footage from the bank, which contains elements of Episodes 2 through 4 of Perfect Lives. She is, in effect, watching herself. Linda, Susie, and Jennifer see visions of the three suitors of Atalanta, Willard Reynolds, Bud Powell, and Max Ernst, who have accidentally appeared in a spaceship at the moment of the bank incident. Eleanor's vision is conceptually of the four operas that bear her name, although Linda's vision introduces its four characters (Linda, Eleanor, Don, and Junior Jr.) as a foursome. The first section of the opera Now Eleanor's Idea, entitled Improvement, features a retelling of these events.

Now Eleanor's Idea tetralogy

Now Eleanor's Idea is an opera tetralogy, part of the larger trilogy described above, based on the idea of heading westward in America, eventually arriving at the Pacific Ocean. Each opera is centered on one of the characters briefly introduced in Episode 3 of Perfect Lives. According to Kyle Gann, the order of the tetralogy is (1) Improvement (representing Linda, one of the bank tellers), (2) el/Aficionado (representing Don Jr, i.e. "D, the Captain of the Football Team"), (3) Foreign Experiences (representing Junior Jr., Don and Linda's Son), and (4) Now Eleanor's Idea (representing Now Eleanor, another teller). According to Gann, the overall four-part structure of the cycle mirrors the four-movement symphonic form.

These works are subtle in their narrative links to one another. The flow from Perfect Lives leads to Now Eleanor's Idea (the opera, not the tetralogy), focusing on Eleanor and her journey from Midwestern-small-town bank teller to television news reporter to prophet for the Southwestern Hispanic low rider car culture. Don's story is chronicled in Foreign Experiences. Don has moved to California with his family and becomes a professor. Unsatisfied with his existence, Don embarks on a mystical quest. Improvement (Don Leaves Linda) focuses on Linda—here a metaphor for the Jews forced out of Spain in 1492—who is abandoned by her husband Don at a highway rest stop. Linda meets many characters in her travels, including a tap dancer who is a stand-in for Giordano Bruno, and settles into a cosmopolitan existence with her son, Junior Jr. In a dream that echoes the uncertain journey of his father, Junior, Jr.'s opera, el/Aficionado, is a post-mortem on a mysteriously botched exercise in espionage. Ashley says that each of these scenarios is in reality the simultaneous dream of the protagonist, happening at the focal moment of Perfect Lives.

Ashley, along with Sam Ashley, Thomas Buckner, Jacqueline Humbert, and Joan LaBarbara, performed the complete tetralogy in 1994 in Avignon and at the Brooklyn Academy of Music. Recordings of the operas have been released gradually, first with Improvement in 1992, followed by el/Aficionado in 1994, Foreign Experiences in 2006, and Now Eleanor's Idea in 2007.

Additional allegory

Ashley has ascribed various meanings to the individual elements of the trilogy. One layer of meaning is the journey, presumably of European-Americans, westward across America. Atalanta represents those in the new world who are acutely aware of their tradition in the old world. This is represented in the lengthy stories on great figures of the past (the "Anecdotes", etc.). Perfect Lives represents life in the Midwest, which Ashley was interested in "because it was flat". The stories have gotten shorter and are now just quaint colloquialisms and idioms (think of the string of phrases punctuated by "AND" in Episode 4). Now Eleanor's Idea is about the journey beyond the familiar to the West Coast, presumably the end of the world, i.e. a certain civilization was established when European adventurers found themselves in California and figured they would likely never make it home. Rather than anecdotes and sayings, the story telling unit in these operas is much smaller, and hence the language is more abstract. Ashley says in the liner notes to Atalanta that the three works represent "architecture, agriculture, and genealogy", respectively.

Ashley has also described the Now Eleanor's Idea tetralogy as cataloging four American varieties of religion: Judaism in Improvement, Pentecostal Evangelism in Foreign Experiences, "corporate mysticism" in el/Aficionado, and Roman Catholicism as derived from Spain in Now Eleanor's Idea.

Automatic Writing

Automatic Writing is a piece that took five years to complete and was released by Lovely Music Ltd. in 1979. Ashley used his own involuntary speech that results from what he says is his Tourette syndrome as one of the voices in the music. This was considered a very different way of composing and producing music. Ashley stated that he wondered since Tourette's had to do with "sound-making and because the manifestation of the syndrome seemed so much like a primitive form of composing whether the syndrome was connected in some way to his obvious tendencies as a composer".

Ashley was intrigued by his involuntary speech, and the idea of composing music that was unconscious. Seeing that the speech that resulted from having Tourette's could not be controlled, it was a different aspect from producing music that is deliberate and conscious, and music that is performed is considered "doubly deliberate" according to Ashley.

Use of electronics

In the dialogue for Automatic Writing, the words themselves were not necessarily the primary source of meaning—especially not after the kind of audio manipulation Ashley used to modify them. Some of the dialogue became totally incomprehensible.

Ashley engineered the first version of the piece using live electronics and reactive computer circuitry. He recorded his vocal part himself, with the mic barely an inch from his mouth and the recording level just shy of feedback. He then added "subtle and eerie modulations" to the recording, modifying his voice to the point that much of what he read could not be understood. Following his continual interest in forms of speech, the immortality songs are all invested in ranting as a form of uncontrolled speech. Ashley commenced this series by writing a list of forty nine titles for projects (not only operas), the rhythm of the title often influencing the rhythm of the subsequent project or opera (most especially within Your Money My Life Goodbye [1998]). Several of these projects include: Yellow Man with Heart with wings (opera, originally from 1979, remixed in 1990 to become the first of The Immortality Songs), Regards to Natalie Wood (Poem, 1990), Outcome Inevitable (Orchestral, 1991), Love is a good example (Lecture to be sung, 1991), When Famous Last Words Fail You (Lecture to be sung, 1997), Dust (Opera, 1998), Your Money My Life Goodbye (Opera, 1998), Yes, but is it edible? (Lecture to be sung, 1999), Celestial Excursions (opera, 2003), Practical Anarchism (Lecture to be sung, 2003), Hidden Similarities (Adapted from a section of Concrete, opera, 2005), and Concrete (opera, 2006). The sections of Concrete itself contain some of the titles from his list.

Films

  • 1976 - Music With Roots in the Aether: Opera for Television. Tape 7: Robert Ashley. Produced and directed by Robert Ashley. New York, New York: Lovely Music.
  • 1983 - Perfect Lives (an opera for television). Released on DVD by Lovely Music, 2005. Directed by John Sanborn, featuring "Blue" Gene Tyranny, Jill Kroesen and David Van Tieghem.
  • 1984 - Atalanta Strategy. Released on VHS by Lovely Music. Draws from a variety of sections of the opera and features performative commentary from Ashley himself.

Books

  • 1991 - Perfect Lives: an opera. Published by Burning Books, edited by Melody Sumner Carnahan. Libretto plus lectures by Ashley.
  • 2000 - Music With Roots in the Aether. Published by MusikTexte. Transcriptions of the television opera with introductory essays by various composers before each section.
  • 2010 - Outside of Time: Ideas About Music. Published by MusikTexte, edited by Ralf Dietrich.
  • 2011 - Quicksand. Published by Burning Books. A Quadrants Series Novel.
  • 2011 - Atalanta (Acts of God). Published by Burning Books. Libretto plus afterword by Ashley.
  • 2014 - Crash. Published by Burning Books. Libretto by Ashley.

Exhibitions

  • Robert Ashley - Perfect Lives, 2011, Trade (gallery), Nottingham, United Kingdom

References

Further reading

  • Bailin, David. 1985. “Space and Time in the World,” Formations 5, Volume 2, No. 1.
  • Gagne, Cole and Tracy Caras. 1982. Soundpieces: Interviews with American Composers. Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press.
  • Gann, Kyle. 2012. Robert Ashley: A Biography. Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press.
  • Gena, Peter. 1985, “Everything is Opera,” Formations 2, no. 1: 42–51.
  • Gutkin, David. 2014. "'Meanwhile, Let's Go Back in Time': Allegory, Actuality, and History in Robert Ashley's Television Opera Trilogy." Opera Quarterly, (winter 2014) Volume 30 (1): 5-48.
  • Herold, Christian. 1997. “The Other side of Echo: The Adventures of a Dyke-Mestiza-Chicana-Marimacharanchera Singer in (Robert) Ashleyland,” Women & Performance: A Journal of Feminist Theory, 9:2: 163–197.
  • Lucier, Alvin, ed. 2018. Eight Lectures on Experimental Music. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press.
  • Miller, Tyrus. 2010. “The 'Approach-of-the-End-of-the-World-Feeling': Allegory and Eschatology in the Operas of Robert Ashley,” Ars Aeterna. Unfolding the Baroque: Cultures and Concepts 2 (1). Nitra, Slovakia: Constantine the Philosopher University: 40-51.
  • Rockwell, John. 1984. All American Music. New York: Vintage Books. (pbk)
  • Sabatini, Arthur. 1990. ”Performance Novels: Notes Towards an Extensions of Bakhtin's Theories of Genre and the Novel,” Discours Social/Social Discourse 3, nos. 1-2: 135–45.
  • ______ 2002. “The Sonic Landscapes of Robert Ashley,” in Land/Scape/Theater. Edited by Elinor Fuchs and Una Chaudhuri. Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Press.
  • Zimmerman, Walter, Desert Plants – Conversations with 23 American Musicians, Berlin: Beginner Press in cooperation with Mode Records, 2020 (originally published in 1976 by A.R.C., Vancouver). The 2020 edition includes a cd featuring the original interview recordings with Larry Austin, Robert Ashley, Jim Burton, John Cage, Philip Corner, Morton Feldman, Philip Glass, Joan La Barbara, Garrett List, Alvin Lucier, John McGuire, Charles Morrow, J.B. Floyd (on Conlon Nancarrow), Pauline Oliveros, Charlemagne Palestine, Ben Johnston (on Harry Partch), Steve Reich, David Rosenboom, Frederic Rzewski, Richard Teitelbaum, James Tenney, Christian Wolff, and La Monte Young.
  • Archivio Conz
  • Robert Ashley homepage
  • UBUWEB: Music with Roots in the Aether
  • Lovely Music Artist: Robert Ashley
  • Robert Ashley Interview with Theresa Stern Nov 1997
  • The University of Akron Bierce Library Composer Profile: Robert Ashley
  • Robert Ashley in conversation with Thomas Moore
  • Robert Ashley in conversation with André Éric Létourneau – site of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
  • Robert Ashley – Perfect Lives
  • Composer's entry on IRCAM's database

Listening

  • Interview with Robert Ashley (4 December 1979)
  • UbuWeb: Robert Ashley featuring Interiors with Flash, and In Sara Mencken, Christ and Beethoven there were men and women (1972)
  • Untitled Mixes (1965)