thumb|The ringfort at Rathrar in County Roscommon, Ireland

thumb|The in [[County Donegal, Ireland, is one of the more impressive stone-walled ringforts.]]

Ringforts or ring forts are small circular fortified settlements built during the Bronze Age, Iron Age and early Middle Ages up to about the year 1000 AD. They are found in Northern Europe, especially in Ireland. There are also many in South Wales and in Cornwall, where they are called rounds. Ringforts come in many sizes and may be made of stone or earth. Earthen ringforts would have been marked by a circular rampart (a bank and ditch), often with a stakewall. Both stone and earthen ringforts would generally have had at least one building inside.

Distribution

Ireland

thumb|The distribution of known, surviving ringforts in Ireland

In Irish language sources they are known by a number of names: ' (anglicised rath, also Welsh ), ' (anglicised lis; cognate with Cornish '), ' (anglicised cashel), ' (anglicised caher or cahir; cognate with Welsh ', Cornish and Breton ') and ' (anglicised dun or doon; cognate with Welsh and Cornish '). The ' and ' was an earthen ringfort; the ' being the enclosing bank and the ' being the open space within. The ' and ' was a stone ringfort. They are common throughout the country, with a mean density of just over one ringfort within any area of . It is likely that many have been destroyed by farming and urbanisation. Mapping in County Cork and Waterford in 1773 showed 73 "earthworks" with only 20 recorded in 1937. However, many hitherto unknown ringforts have been found thanks to early Ordnance Survey maps, aerial photography, and the archaeological work that has accompanied road-building.

England and Wales

In Cornwall, including the circular shape and (), and their continuing occupation from the Iron Age into the early medieval period; the form later influencing the distinctive circular shell-keeps found across the medieval Severnside region. Few Cornish examples have been archaeologically excavated, with the exception of Trethurgy Rounds.

Scandinavia

Hillforts are also known from Scandinavia, of which nineteen can be found on the Swedish island of Öland alone.

These hillforts are not to be confused with Viking ring fortresses, of which seven are known from Denmark and southern Sweden, all from around 980 in the Viking Age. The Viking forts all share a strikingly similar design and are collectively referred to as Trelleborgs, after the first excavated fortress of that type in 1936. All the Viking ring fortresses are believed to have been built within a very short timeframe, during the reign of Harald Bluetooth, but for yet unknown military purposes. They might have served as boot camps for Sweyn Forkbeard's men before his invasion of England in 1013.

Chronology

The debate on chronology is primarily a result of the huge number of ringforts and the failure of any other form of settlement site to survive to modern times in any great quantity from the period before the Early Christian period or from Gaelic Ireland after the Anglo-Norman arrival. Three general theories mark the debate on the chronology of Irish ringforts; firstly the theory that wishes to date ringforts back into the Iron Age period; secondly, the theory that seeks to see the continuation of ringfort habitation into the later medieval and even the Modern Period; finally, the more common and generally accepted theory that ringforts were a product of the second half of the first millennium (543-991), a theory which has been given greater definition by Matthew Stout in recent years. According to the authoritative New History of Ireland (2005), "archaeologists are agreed that the vast bulk of them are the farm enclosures of the well-to-do of early medieval Ireland".

Evidence suggests that not all ringforts were farmsteads, but rather that ringforts appeared to have fulfilled a variety of other functions as well. The most celebrated example of this is Garryduff II in County Cork. This ringfort which is overlooked and in close proximity to another larger ringfort, Garryduff I, has provided archaeologists with no evidence of habitation or settlement, and the pre-eminent theory at the moment is that this ringfort was possibly used as an enclosure for livestock.

However, this interpretation <!--which one?-->is still the most commonly held in academic, archaeological and popular debate, although pollen studies and other evidence have greatly modified the traditional view of the dominance of livestock as opposed to arable farming in early medieval Ireland, making it clear that cereal production was much more important than once thought in the early medieval period.

Industry

Other sites have provided evidence that ringforts may not have principally been farmsteads, but rather had a more diverse and significant role in the economy. A good example of this is provided by the large, tri-vallate ringfort in Garannes, County Cork, which offers no evidence for habitation or settlement but provides a great deal of evidence to suggest that the site had an industrial nature. Furthermore, the finds of continental pottery at the site, suggests that the site was trading with the continent and/or may have been acting as a gateway centre for similar high status goods into the local economy. Both Garannes, and especially Garryduff II, highlight the other roles that ringforts may have had in early Christian Ireland. While it would seem that most ringforts fitted the traditional explanation as farmsteads, that should not be used as a blanket explanation. A number of other functions for many of the surviving ringforts, such as those outlined above and possibly other settlement functions, still need to be considered.

thumb|The gate of [[Chûn Castle in Cornwall]]

Defence

A ringfort is a defensive feature that would appear to be obvious both from the name with the defensive implications that fort implies, and also from the generally understood morphological definition of the ringfort, with the banks and fosse been commonly seen as defensive. Indeed, in S. Ó Ríordáin's common morphological definition, he refers to the banks and fosses of the ringfort as defences.

One presumes that the ringfort had a defensive aspect, and in a cattle-dominated society it is generally argued that the purpose of the ringfort was to provide protection to a small community and their livestock during a 'hit and run' raid for cattle, the idea being that the ringfort would provide adequate defence for a short period of time. During the early Christian period in Ireland, cattle raids were a common occurrence and ringforts would provide a level of security. This theory is strengthened by the idea of 'visual territories' which operates from the assumption that all ringfort in a region were probably occupied contemporarily, and that in a particular area one ringfort would be in the sight of at least one other neighbouring ringfort so that if one ringfort were attacked, relief would possibly come from a neighbouring one. Furthermore, a number of aspects of the generally circular nature of the ringfort highlight the defensive advantages, most notably that a circle as a shape "offered broad perspectives of approaching attackers and allowed the maximum area to be enclosed relative to the length of the bank constructed."

Status

While defence may be expanded as the modern day explanation for the surrounding banks of a ringfort, this was not the contemporary explanation, rather the explanations forthcoming from the Early Christian texts stress the importance and role of the banks in signifying nobility, kingship and authority. This relationship can be quite clearly seen in the following extract from the Críth Gablach:

As can be seen from the above text, the relationship between the banks of a ringfort and vassalage is quite clear. With the argument being that the more elaborate the ringfort, usually in the forms of multiple outlying banks, the higher the status of the occupant. This emphasis on status in the function of the ringfort over that of defence would explain a number of defensive weaknesses of the ringfort. Banks, or multiples of them, would not appear to offer the best return to their builders for their defensive value in comparison to a fence or a hedge. Also, few of the ringforts where buildings have been found inside, would be able to survive a night with a herd of cattle brought inside the ringfort. Furthermore, little effort would appear to have been expended on the upkeep of ditches and fosses to prevent decay and silting. Another key difficulty with viewing the ringfort primarily as a defensive unit is the general lack of ability to fight out from the ringforts, from the top of the banks.

Legends and folklore concerning ringforts and rounds

The materials used to construct ringforts frequently disintegrated over time. Tradition associated their circular remains with fairies and leprechauns, and they were called “fairy forts". Castle Pencaire on Tregonning Hill was regarded as the abode of giants. Chun Castle in Morvah is related as the home of the giant Denbras who is buried by the character Tom at Chun Quoit from oral folklore recorded by William Bottrell published 1870.

Kelly Rounds (Castle Kilibury) in Triggshire is often proposed as the location of King Arthur's Celliwig, known from the Welsh poem Pa Gwr yw y Porthawr? and described in the 11th century Culhwch and Olwen.

Castle Dore is often proposed as the court of King Mark (Mergh Cunomor / Marcus Cunomorus) in the romance Drustan hac Yseult, the doomed hero sailing the seas from Brittany to Ireland to seek his love.

List of notable ringforts

Ireland

  • Cahercommaun (Cathair Chomáin) – ringfort/promontory fort
  • Caherconnell (Cathair Chonaill)
  • Caherconree (Cathair Conraoi) – ringfort/promontory fort
  • Caherdaniel (Cathair Dónall)
  • Dún Aonghasa – ringfort/promontory fort
  • Dún Dúchathair – ringfort/promontory fort
  • Grianán Ailigh
  • Leacanabuaile
  • Lisnagade (Lios na gCead)
  • Mooghaun (An Múchán)
  • Mount Sandel Fort (Cill Santail)
  • Staigue (An Stéig)

The royal sites of Ireland are also sometimes called ringforts, although their role seems to have been mainly ceremonial. They include:

  • Uisneach (Uisnigh)
  • Cruachan
  • Dún Ailinne
  • Navan Fort (Eamhain Mhacha)
  • Tara (Teamhair)
  • Tlachta
  • Tullahoge (Tulaigh Óg)

Cornwall (Cornish rounds)

  • Caer Bran
  • Carlidnack
  • Castle an Dinas
  • Castle Dore
  • Chûn Castle
  • Helsbury Castle – well preserved circular fort
  • Prideaux (Pridias)
  • Tregonning – rounds associated with circular hillfort
  • Trethurgy – an excavated round
  • Warbstow Bury – regarded as 'one of the largest and best preserved multivallate hillforts' in Cornwall English heritage Report
  • Cadson Bury, Callington – often associated with the Arthurian Celliwig

Denmark (Viking ring fortresses)

  • Aggersborg
  • Fyrkat
  • Nonnebakken
  • Trelleborg (Slagelse)

Sweden

  • Eketorp
  • Ismantorp
  • Sandby borg – site of a preserved massacre

Germany

  • Ringwall of Burg
  • Ringwall of Otzenhausen

Estonia

  • Valjala Stronghold
  • Varbola Stronghold

See also

Notes

References

  • "New History", Ó Cróinín, Dáibhí ed. (2005). A New History of Ireland: Prehistoric and early Ireland, (Volume 1 of series), Oxford University Press,

Further reading/sources

  • GF Barrett and BJ Graham, Some considerations concerning the dating and distribution of Ring-Forts in Ireland in Ulster Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 38., 1975 pp.&nbsp;33–45
  • Michelle Comber, Trade and Communication Networks in Early Historic Ireland in The Journal of Archaeology, X, 2001
  • Nancy Edward, The archaeology of early medieval Ireland, Batsford, London, 1996
  • PJ Graham & LJ Proudfoot, An Historical Geography of Ireland, Academic Press, London, 1993
  • Darren Limbert, Irish Ringforts: A review of their Origins in Archaeological Journal, 153, 1996, pp.&nbsp;243–289
  • CJ Lynn Some Early Ringforts and crannógs in The Journal of Irish Archaeology, I, 1983, p.&nbsp;47–58
  • Eoin MacNeill Ancient Irish Law: The Law of Status or Franchise" in the Royal Irish Academy, Volume XXXVI, C, 1923 pp. 365–316
  • JP Mallory & TE McNeill, The Archaeology of Ulster from Colonisation to Plantation, Institute of Irish Studies, Belfast, 1991
  • Tadhg O'Keefe, Medieval Ireland – An archaeology, Tempus, Gloucestershire, 2000
  • MJ O'Kelly, Two Ringforts at Garryduff, Co. Cork in Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, 63C, 1962 pp.&nbsp;17–125
  • SP Ó Ríordáin The excavation of a large Earthen Ringfort at Garranes, Co. Cork in Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, 47C, 1942, pp.&nbsp;77–150
  • Matthew Stout, Early Christian Ireland: Settlement and environment in A History of Settlement in Ireland, TB Barry (ed), London, 2000, pp.&nbsp;81–109
  • Matthew Stout, The Irish Ringfort, Four Court Press, Dublin, 1997
  • Aiden O'Sullivan, Finbar McCormick, Thomas R. Kerr, and Lorcan Harney, Early Medieval Ireland AD 400–1100: The Evidence from Archaeological Excavations, Royal Irish Academy, Dublin, 2013, 2014.
  • Details of archaeological excavations in Ireland
  • Information on Ringforts in the Burren Ireland
  • A glossary of field monuments (in Ireland)