Ralph McQuarrie

Ralph Angus McQuarrie (; June 13, 1929 – March 3, 2012) was an American concept artist who worked in film and television. His career included work on the original Star Wars trilogy, the original Battlestar Galactica television series, the film E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial, and the film Cocoon, for which he won an Academy Award.

Early life

Ralph McQuarrie was born on June 13, 1929, in Gary, Indiana, and was raised on a farm near Billings, Montana. He served in the United States Army during the Korean War, surviving a shot to the head. studying at the Art Center School,

While there, McQuarrie was asked by Hal Barwood to produce some illustrations for a film project he and Matthew Robbins were starting. In 1975, Lucas commissioned McQuarrie to illustrate several scenes from the script of the film. McQuarrie may have been inspired by some of Berkey's works, in particular a painting of a rocket-plane diving down through space towards a gigantic mechanical planet (the image had been used as cover art for the 1972 reprint of the short story anthology Star Science Fiction Stories No.4).

McQuarrie's concept paintings were instrumental in helping Lucas to win approval from 20th Century Fox; armed with vivid illustrations of his planned movie, Lucas was able to convince Fox executives to take a gamble and fund his Star Wars project. Despite their scepticism, it became a huge success upon release in 1977. Among McQuarrie's Star Wars portfolio were concept paintings depicting scenes on the planet Tatooine, inside the Mos Eisley cantina, inside the Death Star and on the moon of Yavin. During filming, Lucas ensured that many shots reproduced McQuarrie's paintings exactly, such was his esteem for McQuarrie's work. McQuarrie has said of his work on Star Wars, "I thought I had the best job that an artist ever had on a film, and I had never worked on a feature film before. ... I still get fan mail — people wondering if I worked on Episode I or just wanting to have my autograph." The painting had a particular impact on actor Anthony Daniels, who was about to turn down the part of C-3PO: "He had painted a face and a figure that had a very wistful, rather yearning, rather bereft quality, which I found very appealing," said Daniels, and the appeal of McQuarrie's image convinced him to accept the role. In an interview with Star Wars Insider Magazine, McQuarrie said that Lucas' artistic direction was to portray a malevolent figure in a cape with samurai armour. "For Darth Vader, George [Lucas] just said he would like to have a very tall, dark fluttering figure that had a spooky feeling like it came in on the wind." McQuarrie noted that the script indicated that Vader would travel between spaceships and needed to survive in the vacuum of space, and he proposed that Vader should wear some sort of space suit. Lucas agreed, and McQuarrie combined a full-face breathing mask with a samurai helmet, thus creating one of the most iconic designs of space fantasy cinema. A 1975 production painting of Darth Vader engaged in a lightsaber duel with Deak Starkiller (a character prototype for Luke Skywalker) depicts Vader wearing black armour, a flowing cape and an elongated, skull-like mask and helmet. Its similarity to the final design of Vader's costume demonstrates that McQuarrie's earliest conception of Vader was so successful that very little needed to be changed for production. Working from McQuarrie's artwork, the costume designer John Mollo devised a costume that could be worn by an actor on-screen using a combination of clerical robes, a motorcycle suit, a German military helmet and a gas mask. The prop sculptor Brian Muir created the helmet and armour used in the film from McQuarrie's designs.

File:Ralph McQuarrie Darth Vader production painting.jpg|McQuarrie's concept art for Darth Vader

File:Suji kabuto Met 14.100.160.jpg|McQuarrie's design brief specified samurai influences, such as this kabuto helmet.

File:Star Wars - Darth Vader.jpg|The final design of Darth Vader's helmet

File:Figueres - Museu del Joguet de Catalunya 14.jpg|The robot from Metropolis (1927) that inspired McQuarrie

File:Toronto 2015 - Stormtrooper (16311161393).jpg|Imperial stormtroopers

File:C-3PO droid.png|The final design of the robot

File:2022-04-30 10-31-35 necro-Andelnans.jpg|R2-D2

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While McQuarrie was working on visualisation work for Lucas, he was also commissioned by an executive of Ballantine Books, Judy-Lynn del Rey, to produce the cover art of the forthcoming novelization of Star Wars. The first edition of Star Wars: From the Adventures of Luke Skywalker went to press in 1976 featuring McQuarrie's version of Darth Vader's helmet on the cover. Like the film, the book was a runaway success, and McQuarrie began a long relationship with the publisher, producing the artwork for 22 further titles for Del Rey Books between 1978 and 1987. The design was later used in 2017's Star Trek: Discovery as the basis of the titular ship.

Star Wars sequels

thumb|Model of the Mother Ship from Close Encounters of the Third Kind, based on McQuarrie's design

When Lucas began work on his sequel to Star Wars, The Empire Strikes Back (1980), McQuarrie was once again brought in to supply previsualization artwork. His sketches and production paintings established the appearance of some of the saga's most enduring elements, such as the gigantic AT-AT Walkers in the battle on the ice planet Hoth and the wizened elf creature Yoda. McQuarrie's design for Cloud City, a floating city in the clouds, actually originated from his early sketches for Star Wars from 1975, when he was illustrating a concept for the planet Alderaan, as described in Lucas' 1975 draft script, Adventures of the Starkiller as taken from the Journal of the Whills, Saga I: The Star Wars.

By the time McQuarrie was engaged on Lucas' third Star Wars picture, Return of the Jedi (1983), he had begun to experience creative fatigue. "It became less fun as time went on. I had done the best part already and I was just rehashing everything. I kept meeting myself in my thinking. It became more and more difficult to keep my enthusiasm up," McQuarrie has said. Despite his earlier success, fewer of his design ideas were included in the final cut of the film.

Other film and TV work

McQuarrie designed the alien ships in Steven Spielberg's films Close Encounters of the Third Kind (1977) and E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982), He also worked on the 1978 TV series Battlestar Galactica, including the planet Orto Plutonia, which was based on McQuarrie's original design of Hoth,

Personal life

McQuarrie married Joan Benjamin in 1983 and stayed married until his death at age 82 on March 3, 2012, in his Berkeley, CA home. McQuarrie died from complications of Parkinson's disease.

Critical assessment

Christian Blauvelt of Entertainment Weekly praised McQuarrie's works as "pioneering of the 'used future' aesthetic" which unlike other science-fiction, "imagined a lived-in galaxy that was gritty, dirty, and in advance states of decay." He described McQuarrie's style as "strongly geometric subjects rendered in muted colors against a flat, purposefully compressed backdrop. A McQuarrie Star Wars design looks like what would have resulted if Salvador Dalí had sketched concepts for Universal's 1936 Flash Gordon serial by way of Sergio Leone's Old West."

Neil Kendricks of The San Diego Union-Tribune emphasised McQuarrie's importance to the Star Wars franchise, saying that the artist "holds a unique position when it comes to defining much of the look of the "Star Wars" universe."

Legacy

The current Lucasfilm creative team is employing parts of McQuarrie's original unused concept art from the seventies and eighties in the development of new Star Wars-related media.

For Star Wars Day in 2023, Lego Star Wars: The Skywalker Saga released a free DLC character named Luke Starkiller, based on McQuarrie's design.

Filmography

Star Wars (1977) (production illustrator)
Close Encounters of the Third Kind (1977) (Mother Ship designer)
Battlestar Galactica (1978) (production and concept illustrator)
Star Wars Holiday Special (1978) (illustrator)
The Empire Strikes Back (1980) (design consultant and concept artist)
Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981) (ILM illustrator)
E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982) (scenic artist/spaceship design)
Return of the Jedi (1983) (concept artist)
Cocoon (1985) (concept artist)
Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home (1986) (visual consultant)
Batteries Not Included (1987) (concept artist)
Nightbreed (1990) (concept artist)
Back to the Future: The Ride (1991) (concept artist) (uncredited)

Actor

The Empire Strikes Back (1980) as General McQuarrie (uncredited)

Bibliography

McQuarrie's previsualization artwork, production sketches and paintings, and matte paintings feature prominently in the first three volumes of The Art of Star Wars book series.

<br/>Reprinted 1994
<br/>Reprinted 1994
<br/>Reprinted 1995

References

Citations

General and cited references

External links

Ralph McQuarrie Concept Sketches and Concept Paintings for Battlestar Galactica (1978)
"Ralph McQuarrie obituary: Conceptual artist who brought Star Wars to life" (Guardian article)