The Politburo Standing Committee (PSC), officially the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, is a committee consisting of the top leadership of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and the state, as some of its members concurrently hold the most senior positions within the state council. Historically it has been composed of five to eleven members, and currently has seven members. Its officially mandated purpose is to conduct policy discussions and make decisions on major issues when the Politburo, a larger decision-making body, is not in session. According to the party's constitution, the general secretary of the Central Committee must also be a member of the Politburo Standing Committee.
According to the party's Constitution, the party's Central Committee elects the Politburo Standing Committee. The method by which membership is determined has evolved over time. In turn, the Politburo chooses the Politburo Standing Committee through secretive negotiations. The Standing Committee functions as the epicenter of the CCP's power and leadership, and its membership has ranged from five to eleven people. During the Mao Zedong era, Mao himself selected and expelled members, while during the Deng Xiaoping era, consultations among party elders on the Central Advisory Commission determined membership. Since the 1990s, Politburo membership has been determined through deliberations and straw polls by incumbent and retired members of both the Politburo and the Standing Committee. No woman has ever served on the PSC. The PSC is theoretically responsible to the Politburo, which is in turn responsible to the larger Central Committee. Additionally, because China is a one-party state, Standing Committee decisions must be converted into State Council or NPC regulations to acquire the force of law. Its membership is closely watched by both the national media as well as political watchers abroad. Historically, the role of the PSC has varied and evolved. During the Cultural Revolution, for example, the PSC had little power.
The membership of the PSC is strictly ranked in protocol sequence. Historically, the General Secretary (or Party Chairman) has been ranked first; the rankings of other leaders have varied over time. Since the 1990s, the General Secretary, the State President, the Premier of the State Council, first-ranked Vice Premier, the Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, the Chairman of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, the Secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, and the first-ranking member of the CCP Secretariat have consistently also been members of the Politburo Standing Committee, though their relative seniority has shifted between congresses. In turn, its members are officially referred to as "Members of Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee". The head of the Political and Legal Affairs Commission did not feature in the new Standing Committee, neither did the vice-president. The positions of executive secretary of the Secretariat and that of "propaganda chief" were consolidated into one person, Liu Yunshan.
Contemporary selection method and considerations
Selection of members is believed to be largely the result of high-level deliberations among incumbent members of the party's Politburo and PSC as well as retired PSC members. Prospective candidates for membership in the PSC typically rely on individual members of this high level group to act as their patrons. The current and former Politburo members conduct several rounds of deliberations interspersed with a series of straw polls to determine their support for the candidacy of new Politburo and PSC members. These straw polls are not binding and instead reflect the evolving consensus of the group on a new member's candidacy. The Politburo may also conduct a straw poll of all incumbent Central Committee members on the candidacy of new Politburo and PSC members, but this poll is only consultative. The process of selecting the new Politburo and PSC begins with a closed door session of the incumbent PSC at Beidaihe in the last summer before the Party Congress convenes in the fall. The list of Politburo and PSC candidates for the Central Committee to formally confirm is usually complete several weeks before the Party Congress.
According to informed academic observers such as Cheng Li, a scholar at Brookings Institution, and Susan Shirk of the Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies, rise in the Chinese political system and selection to the Standing Committee depends more on loyalty to powerful patrons than on ability. It was widely believed, for example, that the Standing Committee line-up of the 16th Party Congress included several members who were elevated based on their relationship with outgoing General Secretary Jiang Zemin, including, most notably, Zeng Qinghong, Huang Ju, and Jia Qinglin. At the same time, since the 16th Party Congress in 2002, PSC members who were 68 or older at the time of a Party Congress have retired without exception. This has been known as the rule of (; "seven up, eight down"), referring to the fact that if a PSC member is 68 or older at the time of a party congress, he must retire, but if he is 67 or younger, he may still enter the committee. Recently, however, doubt has been cast over this "rule". A senior party cadre named Deng Maosheng, in a statement to state-run news agency Xinhua in October 2016, stated that "The strict boundaries of 'seven up, eight down' don’t exist. This is something from folklore, and cannot be trusted."
In 2002, apart from Hu Jintao, the entire PSC retired and was replaced. Strict age-based retirement instituted in the CCP meant de facto term limits and relatively high turnover, with the vast majority of members serving for one or two terms. Since 1989, the only two PSC members to have served more than three terms on the body has been Hu Jintao, who served for four terms between 1992 and 2012, and Xi Jinping, who is currently serving serving his fourth term. Policy views of ambitious aspirants are routinely concealed in order to gain the broadest level of consensus, with Hu Jintao being a prime example. Various theories have been proposed, mostly by academic outside of mainland China, to discern the 'factions' within a Standing Committee (often between "conservatives" and "reformers"), though in practice due to its opaque operations, faction membership has never been a hard-and-fast rule. Overly showy or high-profile 'campaigning' for the PSC, such as the actions of former Chongqing party secretary Bo Xilai, were considered detrimental to PSC selection. Organizationally below them are the Politburo, and then the Central Committee. The Party Constitution also stipulates that General Secretary of the Central Committee must also be a member of the PSC. The General Secretary is responsible for convening the meetings of the PSC and decides their agenda. The PSC meets roughly every week, though its meetings are rarely publicized. The membership of the Politburo Standing Committee has ranged from five to nine people, but is currently at seven. All members of the PSC are national-level leaders. , Politburo Standing Committee members receive a monthly salary of approximately US$1,833.
A Politburo meeting in October 2017 after the first plenary session of the 19th CCP Central Committee stipulated that the CCP Secretariat, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, the Leading Party Members Group of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, the Leading Party Members Group of the State Council, the Leading Party Members Group of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, the Leading Party Members Group of the Supreme People's Court and the Leading Party Members Group of the Supreme People's Procuratorate must report their work to the Politburo and its Standing Committee every year.
Current members (in order)
Historical membership and rankings
The following is a list of the historical composition of the Standing Committee since the formation of the Standing Committee of the CCP's 4th Central Bureau in 1927. Starting from 1943, those ranked first have consistently held the title of Chairman or General Secretary of the CCP. The remaining ranks vary.
- 4th CSC (elected April 1927): Qu Qiubai, Tan Pingshan, Zhang Guotao
- 5th PSC (elected May 1927): Chen Duxiu, Qu Qiubai, Zhang Guotao, Cai Hesen, Li Weihan, Zhou Enlai, Li Lisan, Zhang Tailei, Su Zhaozheng, Luo Yinong
- 6th PSC (elected July 1928): Xiang Zhongfa (D), Bo Gu (elevated January 1934), Qu Qiubai, Zhang Guotao, Cai Hesen, Zhou Enlai, Li Lisan, Su Zhaozheng (D), Xiang Ying, Zhang Wentian, Wang Ming
- 6th PSC (Zunyi re-shuffle, elected January 1935): Zhang Wentian, Mao Zedong (elevated July 1937), Zhou Enlai, Bo Gu, Wang Ming, Wang Jiaxiang, Chen Yun, Kang Sheng, Ren Bishi, Liu Shaoqi, Zhu De
- 7th Secretariat (elected June 1945): Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai, Chen Yun, Ren Bishi (D), Zhu De, Liu Shaoqi
- 8th PSC (elected September 1956): Mao Zedong, Liu Shaoqi, Zhou Enlai, Zhu De, Chen Yun, Lin Biao (X), Deng Xiaoping
- 8th PSC (Cultural Revolution re-shuffle, elected August 1966): Mao Zedong, Lin Biao (X), Zhou Enlai, Tao Zhu, Chen Boda (X), Deng Xiaoping, Kang Sheng (X), Liu Shaoqi (R), Zhu De, Li Fuchun, Chen Yun
- 9th PSC (elected April 1969): Mao, Lin Biao (D, X), Zhou Enlai, Chen Boda (X), Kang Sheng (X)
- 10th PSC (elected August 1973): Mao (D), Hua Guofeng (elevated April 1976), Zhou Enlai (D), Wang Hongwen (X), Kang Sheng (D, X), Ye Jianying, Li Desheng, Zhu De (D), Zhang Chunqiao (X), Dong Biwu (D), Deng Xiaoping (elected January 1975)
- 11th PSC (elected August 1977): Hua Guofeng, Ye Jianying, Deng Xiaoping, Li Xiannian, Wang Dongxing (resigned February 1980), Chen Yun, Hu Yaobang, Zhao Ziyang (elected February 1980)
- 12th PSC (elected September 1982): Hu Yaobang (removed January 1987), Ye Jianying (resigned September 1985), Deng Xiaoping, Zhao Ziyang, Li Xiannian, Chen Yun
- 13th PSC (elected November 1987): Zhao Ziyang, Li Peng, Qiao Shi, Hu Qili, Yao Yilin
- 13th PSC (Post-Tiananmen re-shuffle, elected June 1989): Jiang Zemin, Li Peng, Qiao Shi, Yao Yilin, Song Ping, Li Ruihuan
- 14th PSC (elected October 1992): Jiang Zemin, Li Peng, Qiao Shi, Li Ruihuan, Zhu Rongji, Liu Huaqing, Hu Jintao
- 15th PSC (elected September 1997): Jiang Zemin, Li Peng, Zhu Rongji, Li Ruihuan, Hu Jintao, Wei Jianxing, Li Lanqing
- 16th PSC (elected November 2002): Hu Jintao, Wu Bangguo, Wen Jiabao, Jia Qinglin, Zeng Qinghong, Huang Ju (D), Wu Guanzheng, Li Changchun, Luo Gan
- 17th PSC (elected October 2007): Hu Jintao, Wu Bangguo, Wen Jiabao, Jia Qinglin, Li Changchun, Xi Jinping, Li Keqiang, He Guoqiang, Zhou Yongkang (X)
- 18th PSC (elected November 2012): Xi Jinping, Li Keqiang, Zhang Dejiang, Yu Zhengsheng, Liu Yunshan, Wang Qishan, Zhang Gaoli
- 19th PSC (elected October 2017): Xi Jinping, Li Keqiang, Li Zhanshu, Wang Yang, Wang Huning, Zhao Leji, Han Zheng
- 20th PSC (elected October 2022): Xi Jinping, Li Qiang, Zhao Leji, Wang Huning, Cai Qi, Ding Xuexiang, Li Xi
Notes:
- (D): Died in office.
- (X): Expelled from party (including posthumously)
- (R): Expelled from the party, then rehabilitated
<timeline>
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Define $nc04 = 27/04/1927
Define $nc05 = 09/05/1927
Define $nc06 = 11/07/1928
Define $bufferdash = 21/11/1929
Define $spacernc06 = 01/12/1931
Define $nc06a = 17/01/1935
Define $nc07 = 11/06/1945
Define $prc = 01/10/1949
Define $nc08 = 27/09/1956
Define $nc08a = 12/08/1966
Define $nc09 = 24/04/1969
Define $nc10 = 28/08/1973
Define $nc11 = 18/08/1977
Define $nc12 = 11/09/1982
Define $nc13 = 01/11/1987
Define $nc13a = 24/06/1989
Define $nc14 = 18/10/1992
Define $nc15 = 18/09/1997
Define $nc16 = 14/11/2002
Define $nc17 = 21/10/2007
Define $nc18 = 14/11/2012
Define $nc19 = 24/10/2017
Define $nc20 = 22/10/2022
Define $now = 01/01/2024
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bar:zhouenlai from: 06/12/1927 till: $nc06a color:full
bar:zhouenlai from: 21/05/1944 till: 08/01/1976 color:full
bar:zhouenlai from: 01/10/1949 till: 08/01/1976 color:premier text:"Zhou Enlai"
bar:lilisan from: 04/07/1927 till: 01/08/1927 color:full
bar:lilisan from: $nc06 till: 28/09/1930 color:full text:"Li Lisan"
bar:zhangtailei from: 04/07/1927 till: 01/08/1927 color:full text:"Zhang Tailei"
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bar:luoyinong from: 01/08/1927 till: $nc06 color:full text:"Luo Yinong"
bar:xiangzhongfa from: $nc06 till: 24/06/1931 color:full text:"Xiang Zhongfa"
bar:xiangying from: $nc06 till: 28/09/1930 color:full
bar:xiangying from: 18/01/1934 till: $nc06a color:full text:"Xiang Ying"
bar:wangming from: 07/01/1931 till: 01/06/1931 color:full
bar:wangming from: 14/12/1937 till: 20/03/1943 color:full text:"Wang Ming"
bar:bogu from: 18/01/1934 till: 14/12/1937 color:full text:"Bo Gu"
bar:zhangwentian from: 18/01/1934 till: $nc06a color:full
bar:zhangwentian from: $nc06a till: 20/03/1943 color:full text:"Zhang Wentian"
bar:maozedong from: $nc06a till: 09/09/1976 color:full
bar:maozedong from: 01/10/1949 till: 09/09/1976 color:pl text:"Mao Zedong"
bar:wangjiaxiang from: $nc06a till: 14/12/1937 color:full text:"Wang Jiaxiang"
bar:chenyun from: 14/12/1937 till: 20/03/1943 color:full
bar:chenyun from: 27/10/1950 till: $nc09 color:full
bar:chenyun from: $nc11 till: $nc13 color:full text:"Chen Yun"
bar:kangsheng from: 14/12/1937 till: 20/03/1943 color:full
bar:kangsheng from: $nc08a till: 16/12/1975 color:full text:"Kang Sheng"
bar:renbishi from: 06/11/1938 till: 27/10/1950 color:full text:"Ren Bishi"
bar:liushaoqi from: 20/03/1943 till: 31/10/1968 color:full text:"Liu Shaoqi"
bar:zhude from: $prc till: $nc09 color:full
bar:zhude from: $nc10 till: 06/07/1976 color:full text:"Zhu De"
bar:dengxiaoping from: $nc08 till: 31/08/1968 color:full
bar:dengxiaoping from: 01/01/1975 till: 01/04/1976 color:full
bar:dengxiaoping from: 01/07/1977 till: $nc13 color:full
bar:dengxiaoping from: 22/12/1978 till: 09/11/1989 color:pl text:"Deng Xiaoping"
bar:linbiao from: 25/05/1958 till: 13/09/1971 color:full text:"Lin Biao"
bar:taozhu from: $nc08a till: 04/01/1967 color:full text:"Tao Zhu"
bar:chenboda from: $nc08a till: 31/08/1970 color:full text:"Chen Boda"
bar:lifuchun from: $nc08a till: 31/08/1968 color:full text:"Li Fuchun"
bar:wanghongwen from: $nc10 till: 06/10/1976 color:full text:"Wang Hongwen"
bar:yejianying from: $nc10 till: 01/09/1985 color:full text:"Ye Jianying"
bar:lidesheng from: $nc10 till: 01/01/1975 color:full text:"Li Desheng"
bar:dongbiwu from: $nc10 till: 02/04/1975 color:full text:"Dong Biwu"
bar:zhangchunqiao from: $nc10 till: 06/10/1976 color:full text:"Zhang Chunqiao"
bar:huaguofeng from: 07/04/1976 till: $nc12 color:full text:"Hua Guofeng"
bar:huaguofeng from: 07/04/1976 till: 10/09/1980 color:premier
bar:huaguofeng from: 09/09/1976 till: 22/12/1978 color:pl
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bar:zhaoziyang from: 10/09/1980 till: 24/11/1987 color:premier
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bar:zhurongji from: $nc14 till: $nc16 color:full
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bar:lichangchun from: $nc16 till: $nc18 color:full text:"Li Changchun"
bar:luogan from: $nc16 till: $nc17 color:full text:"Luo Gan"
bar:xijinping from: $nc17 till: $now color:full
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bar:likeqiang from: $nc17 till: $nc20 color:full
bar:likeqiang from: 15/03/2013 till: $nc20 color:premier text:"Li Keqiang"
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</timeline>
See also
- Longest-serving members of the Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party
- Standing Committee of the Central Committee of the Kuomintang
- Presidium of the Politburo of the Workers' Party of Korea
- Five pillars (Vietnam)