Pogrom

A pogrom is a violent riot incited with the aim of massacring or expelling an ethnic or religious group, usually applied to attacks on Jews. The term entered the English language from Russian to describe late 19th- and early 20th-century attacks on Jews in the Russian Empire (mostly within the Pale of Settlement). Retrospectively, similar attacks against Jews which occurred in other times and places were renamed pogroms. Contemporarily, the word is also used to describe publicly sanctioned purgative attacks against non-Jewish groups. The characteristics of a pogrom vary widely, depending on the specific incident, at times leading to, or culminating in, massacres.

Significant pogroms which occurred in the Russian Empire included the Odessa pogroms, Warsaw pogrom (1881), Kishinev pogrom (1903), Kiev pogrom (1905), and Białystok pogrom (1906). After the collapse of the Russian Empire in 1917, several pogroms occurred amidst the power struggles in Eastern Europe, including the Lwów pogrom (1918) and Kiev pogroms (1919).

The most significant pogrom which occurred in Nazi Germany was the 1938 Kristallnacht. At least 91 Jews were killed, a further thirty thousand were arrested and subsequently incarcerated in concentration camps, and the 2002 Gujarat pogrom against Indian Muslims.

The word pogrom

Etymology

First recorded in English in 1882, the Russian word (, ) is derived from the common prefix () and the verb (, ) meaning 'to destroy, wreak havoc, demolish violently'. The noun pogrom, which has a relatively short history, is used in English and many other languages as a loanword, possibly borrowed from Yiddish (where the word takes the form ).

Usage of the word

thumb|The 1921 [[Tulsa race massacre, which destroyed the wealthiest black community in the United States, has been described as a pogrom.]]

According to Encyclopædia Britannica, "the term is usually applied to attacks on Jews in the Russian Empire in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, [and] the first extensive pogroms followed the assassination of Tsar Alexander II in 1881". Abramson points out that "in mainstream usage the word has come to imply an act of antisemitism", since while "Jews have not been the only group to suffer under this phenomenon ... historically Jews have been frequent victims of such violence."

Werner Bergmann suggests that all such incidents have a particularly unifying characteristic: "By the collective attribution of a threat, the pogrom differs from other forms of violence, such as lynchings, which are directed at individual members of a minority group, while the imbalance of power in favor of the rioters distinguishes pogroms from other forms of riots (food riots, race riots or 'communal riots' between evenly matched groups); and again, the low level of organization separates them from vigilantism, terrorism, massacre and genocide".

History of anti-Jewish pogroms

thumb|The [[Hep-Hep riots in Würzburg, 1819. On the left, two peasant women are assaulting a Jewish man with a pitchfork and a broom. On the right, a man wearing spectacles, tails and a six-button waistcoat, "perhaps a pharmacist or a schoolteacher," and Strasbourg. Some 510 Jewish communities were destroyed during this period, extending further to the Brussels massacre of 1370. On Holy Saturday of 1389, a riot began in Prague that led to the burning of the Jewish quarter, the killing of many Jews, and the suicide of many Jews trapped in the main synagogue; the number of dead was estimated at 400–500 men, women and children. Attacks against Jews also took place in Barcelona and other Spanish cities during the massacre of 1391.

The brutal murders of Jews and Poles occurred during the Khmelnytsky Uprising of 1648–1657 in present-day Ukraine, then within the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Modern historians give estimates of the scale of the murders by Khmelnytsky's Cossacks ranging between 40,000 and 100,000 men, women and children, or perhaps many more. However, these figures are contested as being too high, with the lowest estimates suggesting that 18,000–20,000 Jews died out of a total population of 40,000, many due to disease and famine.

An outbreak of violence against Jews (Hep-Hep riots) occurred at the beginning of the 19th century in reaction to Jewish emancipation in the German Confederation.

Pogroms in the Russian Empire

thumb|Victims of a pogrom in [[Chișinău|Kishinev, Bessarabia, 1903]]

The Russian Empire, which previously had very few Jews, acquired territories in the Russian Partition that contained large Jewish populations, during the military partitions of Poland in 1772, 1793 and 1795. In conquered territories, a new political entity called the Pale of Settlement was formed in 1791 by Catherine the Great. Most Jews from the former Commonwealth were allowed to reside only within the Pale, including families expelled by royal decree from St. Petersburg, Moscow and other large Russian cities. The 1821 Odessa pogroms marked the beginning of the 19th century pogroms in Tsarist Russia; there were four more such pogroms in Odessa before the end of the century. Following the assassination of Alexander II in 1881 by Narodnaya Volya, anti-Jewish events turned into a wave of over 200 pogroms by their modern definition, which lasted for several years. Jewish self-governing Kehillah were abolished by Tsar Nicholas I in 1844.

There is some disagreement about the level of planning from the Tsarist authorities and the motives for the attacks.

The first in 20th-century Russia was the Kishinev pogrom of 1903 in which 49 Jews were killed, hundreds wounded, 700 homes destroyed and 600 businesses pillaged. The Kishinev pogrom occurred after a newspaper promoted a blood libel (a false claim that Jews had murdered a boy to use his blood in a ritual). Local authorities supported the perpetrators of the pogram, and Tsar Nicholas II excused the murders they committed. and the Kiev pogrom of October 1905 resulting in a massacre of approximately 100 Jews. At about that time, the Jewish Labor Bund began organizing armed self-defense units ready to shoot back, and the pogroms subsided for a number of years. According to professor Colin Tatz, between 1881 and 1920 there were 1,326 pogroms in Ukraine (see: Southwestern Krai parts of the Pale) which took the lives of 70,000 to 250,000 civilian Jews, leaving half a million homeless.

Eastern Europe after World War I

thumb|Map of pogroms in Ukraine between 1918 and 1920 per casualties

Large-scale pogroms, which began in the Russian Empire several decades earlier, intensified during the period of the Russian Civil War in the aftermath of World War I. Professor Zvi Gitelman (in A Century of Ambivalence, originally published in 1988) estimated that only in 1918–1919 over 1,200 pogroms took place in Ukraine, thus amounting to the greatest slaughter of Jews in Eastern Europe since 1648. The Kiev pogroms of 1919, according to Gitelman, were the first of a subsequent wave of pogroms in which between 30,000 and 70,000 Jews were massacred across Ukraine; although more recent assessments put the Jewish death toll at more than 100,000.

Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn in his controversial 2002 book Two Hundred Years Together provided additional statistics from research conducted by Nahum Gergel (1887–1931), published in Yiddish in 1928 and English in 1951. Gergel counted 1,236 incidents of anti-Jewish violence between 1918 and 1921, and estimated that 887 mass pogroms occurred, the remainder being classified as "excesses" not assuming mass proportions. After May 1919 the Directory lost its role as a credible governing body; almost 75 percent of pogroms occurred between May and September of that year. Thousands of Jews were killed only for being Jewish, without any political affiliations.

25 percent by the Ukrainian Green Army and various Ukrainian nationalist gangs,
17 percent by the White Army, especially the forces of Anton Denikin,
8.5 percent of Gergel's total was attributed to pogroms carried out by men of the Red Army (more specifically Semyon Budenny's First Cavalry, most of whose soldiers had previously served under Denikin).

Gergel's overall figures, which are generally considered conservative, are based on the testimony of witnesses and newspaper reports collected by the Mizrakh-Yidish Historiche Arkhiv which was first based in Kiev, then Berlin and later New York. The English version of Gergel's article was published in 1951 in the YIVO Annual of Jewish Social Science titled "The Pogroms in the Ukraine in 1918–1921".

On 8 August 1919, during the Polish–Soviet War, Polish troops took over Minsk in Operation Minsk. They killed 31 Jews suspected of supporting the Bolshevist movement, beat and attacked many more, looted 377 Jewish-owned shops (aided by the local civilians) and ransacked many private homes. Morgenthau's report of October 1919 stated "there is no question that some of the Jewish leaders exaggerated these evils." According to Elissa Bemporad, the "violence endured by the Jewish population under the Poles encouraged popular support for the Red Army, as Jewish public opinion welcomed the establishment of the Belorussian SSR."

After the First World War, during the localized armed conflicts of independence, 72 Jews were killed and 443 injured in the 1918 Lwów pogrom. The following year, pogroms were reported by the New York Tribune in several cities in the newly established Second Polish Republic.

Britain and Ireland

thumb|upright|A [[Adana massacre|massacre of Armenians and Assyrians in the city of Adana, Ottoman Empire, April 1909]]

In the early 20th century, pogroms broke out elsewhere in the world as well. In 1904 in Ireland, the Limerick boycott caused several Jewish families to leave the town. During the 1911 Tredegar riot in Wales, Jewish homes and businesses were looted and burned over a period of a week, before the British Army was called in by the then Home Secretary Winston Churchill, who described the riot as a "pogrom". The sectarian rioting that followed resulted in about 20 deaths in just three days. These sectarian actions are often referred to as the Belfast Pogrom. In Lisburn, County Antrim, on 23–25 August 1920 Protestant loyalist crowds looted and burned practically every Catholic business in the town and attacked Catholic homes. About 1,000 people, a third of the town's Catholics, fled Lisburn. By the end of the first six months of 1922, hundreds of people had been killed in sectarian violence in newly formed Northern Ireland. On a per capita basis, four Roman Catholics were killed for every Protestant.

In the worst incident of anti-Jewish violence in Britain during the interwar period, the "Pogrom of Mile End", that occurred in 1936, 200 Blackshirt youths ran amok in Stepney in the East End of London, smashing the windows of Jewish shops and homes and throwing an elderly man and young girl through a window. Though less serious, attacks on Jews were also reported in Manchester and Leeds in the north of England.

Germany and Nazi-occupied Europe

thumb|left|[[Iași pogrom in Romania, June 1941]]

The first pogrom in Nazi Germany was the Kristallnacht, often called , in which at least 91 Jews were killed, a further 30,000 arrested and incarcerated in Nazi concentration camps,

A large number of pogroms occurred during the Holocaust at the hands of non-Germans. Perhaps the deadliest of these Holocaust-era pogroms was the Iași pogrom in Romania, perpetrated by Ion Antonescu, in which as many as 13,266 Jews were killed by Romanian citizens, police and military officials.

thumb|upright|Jewish woman chased by men and youth armed with clubs during the [[Lviv pogroms, July 1941]]

In June–July 1941, encouraged by the Einsatzgruppen in the city of Lviv the Ukrainian People's Militia perpetrated two citywide pogroms in which around 6,000 Polish Jews were murdered,

Asia and North Africa before 1948

1834 pogroms in Ottoman Syria

There were two pogroms in Ottoman Syria in 1834.

1910 Shiraz pogrom

The 1910 Shiraz pogrom was a violent anti-Jewish riot that took place in the Jewish quarter of Shiraz, Iran, on October 30, 1910. Sparked by false accusations of ritual murder, the event resulted in the deaths of 12 Jews and left the city's Jewish community entirely destitute.

1921 Urga pogrom

The 1921 Urga pogrom occurred during the final stages of the Russian Civil War, while Urga (present-day Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia) was occupied by forces loyal to Russian White Army warlord Baron Roman von Ungern-Sternberg.

1929 in Mandatory Palestine

In Mandatory Palestine under British administration, Jews were targeted by Arabs in the 1929 Hebron massacre during the 1929 Palestine riots. They followed other violent incidents such as the 1920 Nebi Musa riots and 1921 Jaffa riots.

Thrace pogroms in Turkey in 1934

Constantine Pogrom in French Algeria in 1934

British North Africa in 1945

Anti-Jewish rioters killed over 140 Jews in the 1945 Anti-Jewish Riots in Tripolitania. The 1945 Anti-Jewish riots in Tripolitania was the most violent rioting against Jews in North Africa in modern times. From 5 November to 7 November 1945, more than 140 Jews were killed and many more injured in a pogrom in British-military-controlled Tripolitania. 38 Jews were killed in Tripoli from where the riots spread. 40 were killed in Amrus, 34 in Zanzur, 7 in Tajura, 13 in Zawia and 3 in Qusabat.

In Syria in 1947 and Morocco 1948

Following the start of the 1947–48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine, a number of anti-Jewish events occurred throughout the Arab world, some of which have been described as pogroms. In 1947, half of Aleppo's 10,000 Jews left the city in the wake of the Aleppo riots, while other anti-Jewish riots took place in British Aden and then in 1948 in the French Moroccan cities of Oujda and Jerada.

1984 anti-Sikh riots

Sikhs were targeted in Delhi and other parts of India during a pogrom in October 1984.

May 1998 pogrom of Chinese Indonesians

Indonesia's minority ethnic Chinese population were targeted in a pogrom in the lead-up to the downfall of the Suharto regime. The events were mainly in the cities of Medan, Jakarta, and Surakarta, with smaller incidents in other parts of Indonesia.

Under the Suharto regime, there had been rampant and systematic discrimination against Chinese Indonesians. During the pogrom, there were extensive looting and torching of Chinese Indonesian properties. There were also widespread murders and rape against this minority group.

Pogroms and race riots in the 21st century

2002 Gujarat pogrom

The 2002 Gujarat riots, also known as the Gujarat pogrom,

Following the initial riot incidents, there were further outbreaks of violence in Ahmedabad for three months; statewide, there were further outbreaks of violence against the minority Muslim population of Gujarat for the next year.

2005 Cronulla riots

The 2005 Cronulla riots (also known as the "Cronulla Race Riots" or the "Cronulla pogrom") were a series of race riots in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.

Attacks in the Israeli occupied West Bank in 2008

In 2008, two attacks in the Occupied West Bank by Jewish Israeli settlers on Palestinian Arabs were labeled as pogroms by then-Prime Minister Ehud Olmert. particularly in Rakhine State.

West Bank settler pogroms in the early 2020s

There were many attacks by Israeli settlers against Palestinians in the occupied West Bank leading up to and during the full scale war in the Gaza Strip starting in 2023.

The Huwara rampage in February 2023

On 26 February, 2023, violent riots broke out from Israeli settlers in Huwara after two Israelis were shot and killed by a Palestinian gunman there earlier that afternoon. The rioters killed one Palestinian, 37-year-old Sameh Aqtash, and wounded dozens, while torching houses and cars.

Top Israeli general in the West Bank, Yehuda Fuchs, referred to the Israeli settlers' actions as a "pogrom": "The incident in Hawara was a pogrom carried out by outlaws," and Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu condemned "vigilantism". A legal expert said that the rioters could face war crime charges if Israel did not conduct an investigation into the perpetrators.

Jewish American documentary maker Simone Zimmerman also used the term pogrom to describe the attacks on Palestinians by Israeli settlers in Hawara in February 2023. Zimmerman described these attacks as being committed by settlers while the Israeli army stood by and let it happen. initiated an attack on Israel. In addition to the military, the attack also targeted civilian communities and resulted in the deaths of over 695 Israeli civilians, most of whom were Israeli Jews and some of whom were Arab Israelis. In the attacks Al Qassam and other armed groups from Gaza also took approximately 250 people, many of which were non-Israelis hostage, including infants, elderly, and people who had already been severely injured.

The 7 October attacks were described as a "pogrom" by Suzanne Rutland, who defined a pogrom as a government-approved attack on Jews and pointed out that the attacks were initiated by the Hamas, the governing authority of Gaza. Others who have described the 7 October attacks as a pogrom include then-UK Foreign Secretary David Cameron, and think tanks such as the Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs. An editorial by the Wall Street Journal Editorial Board referred to 7 October attacks as a pogrom.

Survivors of October 7 have also described the attack on their kibbutzim as pogroms.

Some historians have objected to the characterisation of 7 October as a pogrom, saying the events on 7 October do not resemble the original historical pogroms in Russia.The Jerusalem Post described the 7 October attacks as "historically unique", as well as "foreseeable" and "expected". Judith Butler, controversially described the attacks as an "act of armed resistance".

West Bank pogroms in 2023

Khirbet Zanuta is a Palestinian Bedouin village in the Hebron Governorate in the southern West Bank, south of Hebron, which was ethnically cleansed during the Gaza war. Some farmers remained or returned and the attacks continued. The location has previously been attacked in 2022.

In a surge of Israeli settlers' violence after the October 7 attacks by Hamas, 16 Palestinian villages of total population of about 1,000 were violently depopulated by settlers' pogroms or under the threat of pogrom, including Al-Qanoub (north of Hebron), Southern al-Nassariyah (Jordan Valley), Wadi al-Siq (south of Ramallah), Zanuta (South Hebron Hills), Ein al-Rashash (near Ramallah). In the hearings before the Israeli Supreme Court Palestinians complained that the Israeli police ignores complaints about settlers' violence and refuses to collect evidence.

2024 riots against Syrian refugees in Turkey

In 2024 there were pogroms against Syrian refugees in Turkey.

November 2024 Amsterdam riots

The November 2024 Amsterdam riots preceding and following the AFC Ajax - Maccabi Tel Aviv football match were described by some as a "pogrom". Israeli diplomat Danny Danon stated that, "We are receiving very disturbing reports of extreme violence against Israelis and Jews on the streets of Holland. There is a pogrom currently taking place in Europe in 2024". The Mayor of Amsterdam later said that the word "pogrom" was inappropriate and that it had been misused as "propaganda". In the weeks after the event, the initial media coverage was widely criticized for misrepresenting the event.

Targets of the violence included Israeli Maccabi Tel Aviv fans, an Arab taxi driver, and pro-Palestinian protestors.

In the run-up to the match, some Maccabi Tel Aviv fans were filmed pulling Palestinian flags from houses, making anti-Arab chants such as "Death to Arabs", assaulting people, and vandalising local property. Calls to target Israeli supporters were subsequently shared via social media.

List of events named pogroms

Scope: This is a partial list of events for which one of the commonly accepted names includes the word pogrom. Inclusion in this list is based solely on evidence in multiple reliable sources that a name including the word pogrom is one of the accepted names for that event. A reliable source that merely describes the event as being a pogrom does not qualify the event for inclusion in this list. The word pogrom must appear in the source as part of a name for the event.

<!-------------------------

INCLUSION CRITERIA :

Talk:Pogrom/Archive 5#RfC: Pogrom list inclusion criteria

-------------------------->

{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"

! Date

! Pogrom name

! Alternative name(s)

! data-sort-type=number | Deaths

! Targeted group

! Physical destruction

! Location and region

! Notes

! Name needs verification

| 38

| Alexandrian pogrom (name disputed)

| Alexandrian riots

| Jews in Egypt

| data-sort-value="MENA, Egypt" | MENA: Roman Egypt

| 1066

| Granada pogrom

| 1066 Granada massacre

| 4,000 Jews

| Jews

| Europe: Iberian Peninsula

| 1096

| 1096 pogroms

| Rhineland massacres

| 2,000 Jews

| Jews

| Europe: Germany

| 1113

| Kiev pogrom (name disputed)

| Kiev revolt

| Jews and others.

| Europe: Ukraine in the 12th century

| 1349

| Strasbourg pogrom

| Strasbourg massacre

| persecution of Jews during the Black Death

| Jews

| Europe: Strasbourg

| 1391

| 1391 pogroms

| Massacre of 1391

| Jews

| Europe: Iberian Peninsula

| 1506

| Lisbon pogrom

| Lisbon massacre

| 1,000+ New Christians

| Jewish converts to Christianity

| Europe: Iberian Peninsula

| 1563

| Polotsk pogrom (name disputed)

| Limerick boycott

| None

| Jews

| Europe: Ireland

| 1909

| Adana pogrom

| Adana massacre

| 30,000 Armenians

| Armenians

| MENA / Europe: Caucasus

| 1910

| Slocum pogrom

| Slocum massacre

| 6 Blacks confirmed; 100 Blacks estimated

| African Americans

| Americas: USA

| 1914

| Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo

| Sarajevo frenzy of hate

| 2 Serbs

| Serbs

| Europe: Balkans

| 1918

| Lwów pogrom

| Lemberg massacre

| data-sort-value=320 | 52–150 Jews 270 Ukrainians

| Jews

| Europe: Jews in Poland

| 1919

| Proskurov pogrom

| 1500–1700 Jews

| Jews

| Europe: Proskurov

| 1919

| Kiev pogroms (1919)

| 60+

| Jews

| data-sort-value="Europe: USSR, Ukraine" | Europe: Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic

| 1919

| Pinsk pogrom (name disputed)

| Pinsk massacre

| 36 Jews

| Jews

| data-sort-value="Europe: Poland / Belarus" | Europe: Pinsk, Belarus / Poland.

| 1919–20

| Vilna pogrom

| Vilna offensive

| 65+ Jews and non-Jews

| Jews and others

| Europe: Vilna

| 1920

| Shusha pogrom

| Shusha massacre

| 500-20,000 Armenians

| Armenians

| MENA / Europe: Caucasus

| 1923

| Kantō pogrom

| Kantō Massacre

| 6000+

| Koreans and Chinese

| East Asia: Empire of Japan

| 1929

| Hebron pogrom

| Hebron massacre

| 67 Jews

| Jews

| data-sort-value="MENA, Levant" | MENA: Mandatory Palestine

| 1934

| 1934 Thrace pogroms

| None

| Jews

| MENA / Europe: Turkey

| 1936

| Przytyk pogrom

| Przytyk riot

| data-sort-value=3 | 2 Jews and 1 Polish

| Jews

| Europe: Poland

| 1938

| November pogrom

| Kristallnacht

| 91+ Jews

| Jews

| Europe: Nazi Germany

| 1940

| Dorohoi pogrom

| 53 Jews

| Jews

| Europe: Romania

| 1941

| Iași pogrom

| 13,266 Jews

| Jews

| Europe: Romania

| 1941

| Antwerp Pogrom

| part of the Holocaust in Belgium

| 0

| Jews

| Europe: Belgium

| 1941

| Bucharest pogrom

| Legionnaires' rebellion

| data-sort-value=155 | 125 Jews and 30 soldiers

| Jews

| data-sort-value="Europe: Hungary" | Europe: Bucharest, Hungary

| 1941

| Tykocin pogrom

| 1,400–1,700 Jews

| Jews

| Europe: Poland

| 1941

| Jedwabne pogrom

| 380 to 1,600 Jews

| Jews

| Europe: Poland

| 1941

| Farhud

| 180 Jewish Iraqis

| Jews

| data-sort-value="MENA, Iraq" | MENA: Iraq

| 1941

| Lviv pogroms

| data-sort-value=9000 | Thousands of Jews

| Jews

| Europe: Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic

| 1945

| Kraków pogrom

| 1 Jew

| Jews

| Europe: Poland

| 1946

| Kunmadaras pogrom

| 4 Jews

| Jews

| Europe: Hungary

| 1946

| Miskolc pogrom

| 2 Jews

| Jews

| Europe: Hungary

| 1946

| Kielce pogrom

| 38–42 Jews

| Jews

| Europe: Poland

| 1955

| Istanbul pogrom

| Istanbul riots

| 13–30 Greeks

| Greeks in Turkey (Ottoman Greeks)

| MENA / Europe: Turkey

| 1956

| 1956 anti-Tamil pogrom

| 150 Primarily Tamils

| Tamils

| data-sort-value="South Asia, Sri Lanka" | South Asia: SriLanka

| 1958

| 1958 anti-Tamil pogrom

| 58 riots

| 300 Primarily Tamils

| Tamils

| data-sort-value="South Asia, Sri Lanka" | South Asia: SriLanka

| 1959

| Kirkuk massacre

| 79

| Iraqi Turkmen

| data-sort-value="MENA, Iraq" | MENA: Iraq

| 1966

| 1966 anti-Igbo pogrom

| 30,000-50,000 Primarily Igbo People

| Igbo

| Sub-Saharan Africa: Nigeria

| data-sort-value="1969-08-14" | 14–15 August 1969

| 1969 Northern Ireland Anti-Catholic pogroms

| 1969 Northern Ireland riots

| 6 Catholics

| Catholics

| Europe: Northern Ireland

| 1977

| 1977 anti-Tamil pogrom

| 300-1500 Primarily Tamils

| Tamils

| data-sort-value="South Asia, Sri Lanka" | South Asia: SriLanka

|1978

|Malatya pogrom

|Malatya massacre

|8 Alevis

|Alevis

|businesses and houses

|MENA / Europe: Turkey

|1978

|Maraş pogrom

|Maraş massacre

|111 to 500+ Alevis

|Alevis

|businesses, houses, printing works, pharmaiescy

|MENA / Europe: Turkey

|1980

|Çorum pogrom

|Çorum massacre

|57 Alevis

|Alevis

|businesses and houses

|MENA / Europe: Turkey

| 1983

| Black July

| 1983 anti-Tamil pogrom

| 400–3,000 Tamils

| Tamils

| data-sort-value="South Asia, Sri Lanka" | South Asia: SriLanka

| 1984

| 1984 anti-Sikh riots

| 8,000 Sikhs

| Sikhs

| data-sort-value="South Asia, India" | South Asia: India

| Crown Heights riot

| 2 (1 Jew and 1 non-Jew)

| Jews in the USA

| Americas: United States

| 1995

| Srebrenica massacre

| 8000 Muslims

| Muslims (Bosniaks)

| Europe: Balkans

| 2002

| Gujarat pogrom

| Muslims in India

| data-sort-value="South Asia, India" | South Asia: Gujarat, India

| 2004

| March pogrom

| 2004 unrest in Kosovo

| 16 ethnic Serbs

| Serbs

| Europe: Balkans

| 2005

| Cronulla pogrom

| Cronulla Race Riots

| Muslims and Arab Australians

| Pacific: Cronulla in Sydney, Australia.

| 2013

| Muzaffarnagar Pogrom

| Muslims in India

| data-sort-value="South Asia, India" | South Asia: Muzaffarnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India

| 2017

| Rohingya pogrom

| data-sort-value="2023-02-26" | 2023

| Huwara pogrom

| Huwara rampage

| 1 Sameh Aqtash

| Palestinians

| cars and businesses

| data-sort-value="MENA, Levant" | MENA: West Bank, Palestine.

! Date

! Pogrom Name

! Alternative name(s)

! Deaths

! Targeted Group

! Physical Destruction

! Region

! Notes

! Name needs verification

|} <!-- -- >

Al-Qanoub pogroms – 11 October to 1 November 2023

In the Palestinian village of Al-Qanoub Israeli settlers descended from the nearby settlement of Asfar and the adjacent outpost of Pnei Kedem, burned houses, set their dogs on the farm animals, and, at gunpoint, ordered the residents to leave or else they would be killed.

Al Qassam Brigades militant wing (based in the Gaza Strip) initiated an attack on Israel, and incited other groups and individuals to join them. This resulted in the deaths of over 695 Israeli civilians, some of whom were Arab Israelis. In the attacks Al Qassam and other armed groups from Gaza also took approximately 250 people, many of which were non-Israelis hostage, including infants, elderly, and people who had already been severely injured.

The 7 October attacks were described as a "Pogrom" by Suzanne Rutland, who defined a Pogrom as a government approved attack on Jews and pointed out that the attacks were initiated by the Hamas Government of Gaza. This label is also used for 7 October by pro-Israel sources, such as the Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs. An editorial in the Wall Street Journal referred to 7 October attacks as a pogrom as well, while rejecting that label for the Huwara rampage in that same year. The Jerusalem Post described the 7 October attacks as "historically unique", as well as "foreseeable" and "expected". Judith Butler, controversially described the attacks as an "act of armed resistance".

The word pogrom

Etymology

Usage of the word

History of anti-Jewish pogroms

Pogroms in the Russian Empire

Eastern Europe after World War I

Britain and Ireland

Germany and Nazi-occupied Europe

Asia and North Africa before 1948

1834 pogroms in Ottoman Syria

1910 Shiraz pogrom

1921 Urga pogrom

1929 in Mandatory Palestine

Thrace pogroms in Turkey in 1934

Constantine Pogrom in French Algeria in 1934

British North Africa in 1945

In Syria in 1947 and Morocco 1948

1984 anti-Sikh riots

May 1998 pogrom of Chinese Indonesians

Pogroms and race riots in the 21st century

2002 Gujarat pogrom

2005 Cronulla riots

Attacks in the Israeli occupied West Bank in 2008

West Bank settler pogroms in the early 2020s

The Huwara rampage in February 2023

West Bank pogroms in 2023

2024 riots against Syrian refugees in Turkey

November 2024 Amsterdam riots

List of events named pogroms

Al-Qanoub pogroms – 11 October to 1 November 2023

See also

References and notes

Table Footnotes

Descriptions of the events in the table

Notes from the text

Citations

Works cited

Further reading