Pierre de Rigaud de Vaudreuil de Cavagnial, marquis de Vaudreuil (; 22 November 1698 – 4 August 1778) was a French military officer and colonial administrator. Born in Quebec, he was governor of French Louisiana (1743–1753) and in 1755 became the last Governor-General of New France. In 1759 and 1760 the British conquered the colony in the Seven Years' War (known in the United States as the French and Indian War).
Life and work
175px|thumb|left|Coat of Arms of Pierre de Rigaud, Marquis de Vaudreuil-Cavagnial
He was born to the Governor-General of New France, Philippe de Rigaud Vaudreuil and his wife, Louise-Élisabeth, the daughter of Pierre de Joybert de Soulanges et de Marson, in Quebec. He was the uncle of Louis-Philippe de Vaudreuil. Commissioned into the French Royal Army while still a youth, in 1730, he was awarded the Cross of St. Louis. In 1733 he was appointed governor of Trois-Rivières, and in 1742 of French Louisiana, serving there from to May 10, 1743, to February 9, 1753, and proving himself a skilled officer and capable administrator. While governor of Louisiana, he married Jeanne-Charlotte de Fleury Deschambault, a widow about 15 years his elder.
He moved to France in 1753 before being appointed by King Louis XV as governor of New France in 1755. Although Vaudreuil held supreme civil authority in Canada and was technically commander-in-chief of all French forces there, he clashed often with Montcalm, the military commander in the field, who resented his oversight role. The two men grew to detest one another, much to the detriment of the French war effort. Exonerated in a military tribunal held in December 1763, he was awarded a pension and military decoration. After selling his Canadian seigneuries at Vaudreuil and Rigaud to his cousin, Michel Chartier de Lotbinière, Marquis de Lotbinière, he retired to his ancestral estate near Rouen, although the episode ruined his fortunes. He died in Paris on 4 August 1778.
His nephew Louis-Philippe de Vaudreuil was the second in command of the French naval units supporting the Americans during the American Revolution. He was present at the crucial French victory over the Royal Navy at the Battle of the Chesapeake during the siege of Yorktown in 1781, although he was later defeated by the British navy at the Battle of the Saintes. Vaudreuil was one of three governors-general of Canada known to have owned enslaved people. During his tenure, he owned 16 people, 13 of whom were Africans.
Legacy
In Literature
Vaudreuil is a menacing offstage presence in Kenneth Roberts' Arundel novels, Arundel and Rabble in Arms.
See also
- Canadian Hereditary Peers
- Articles of Capitulation of Montreal
- Timeline of Quebec history
- Philippe de Rigaud Vaudreuil
- Louis-Philippe de Vaudreuil
- Joseph Hyacinthe François de Paule de Rigaud, Comte de Vaudreuil