Pierre-Auguste Renoir (; ; 25 February 1841 – 3 December 1919) was a leading French Impressionist artist. In his depiction of feminine beauty, Renoir has been described as "the final representative of a tradition which runs directly from Rubens to Watteau."

He was the father of the actor Pierre Renoir (1885–1952), the filmmaker Jean Renoir (1894–1979) and the ceramic artist Claude Renoir (1901–1969). He was the grandfather of the filmmaker Claude Renoir (1913–1993), son of Pierre.

Life

Youth

thumb|296x296px|A Box at the Theater (At the Concert), 1880, [[Clark Art Institute, Williamstown]]

Pierre-Auguste Renoir was born in Limoges, Haute-Vienne, France, in 1841. His father, Léonard Renoir, was a tailor of modest means, so, in 1844, Renoir's family moved to Paris in search of more favorable prospects. The location of their home, in rue d'Argenteuil in central Paris, placed Renoir in proximity to the Louvre. Although the young Renoir had a natural proclivity for drawing, he exhibited a greater talent for singing. His talent was encouraged by his teacher, Charles Gounod, who was the choirmaster at the Church of St Roch at the time. However, due to the family's financial circumstances, Renoir had to discontinue his music lessons and leave school at the age of thirteen to pursue an apprenticeship at a porcelain factory.

Although Renoir displayed a talent for his work, he frequently tired of the subject matter and sought refuge in the galleries of the Louvre. The owner of the factory recognized his apprentice's talent and communicated this to Renoir's family. Following this, Renoir started taking lessons to prepare for entry into Ecole des Beaux Arts. When the porcelain factory adopted mechanical reproduction processes in 1858, Renoir was forced to find other means to support his learning.

In 1862, he began studying art under Charles Gleyre in Paris. There he met Alfred Sisley, Frédéric Bazille, and Claude Monet. At times, during the 1860s, he did not have enough money to buy paint. Renoir had his first success at the Salon of 1868 with his painting Lise with a Parasol (1867), which depicted Lise Tréhot, his lover at the time. Although Renoir first started exhibiting paintings at the Paris Salon of 1864, recognition was slow in coming, partly as a result of the turmoil of the Franco-Prussian War.

During the Paris Commune in 1871, while Renoir painted on the banks of the Seine River, some Communards thought he was a spy and were about to throw him into the river, when a leader of the Commune, Raoul Rigault, recognized Renoir as the man who had protected him on an earlier occasion. In 1874, a ten-year friendship with Jules Le Cœur and his family ended, and Renoir lost not only the valuable support gained by the association but also a generous welcome to stay on their property near Fontainebleau and its scenic forest. This loss of a favorite painting location resulted in a distinct change of subjects.

Adulthood

Renoir was inspired by the style and subject matter of the previous modern painters Camille Pissarro and Édouard Manet. After a series of rejections by the Salon juries, he joined forces with Monet, Sisley, Pissarro, and several other artists to mount the First Impressionist Exhibition in April 1874, in which Renoir displayed six paintings. Although the critical response to the exhibition was largely unfavorable, Renoir's work was comparatively well received. Renoir did not exhibit in the fourth or fifth Impressionist exhibitions, and instead resumed submitting his works to the Salon. By the end of the 1870s, particularly after the success of his painting Mme Charpentier and her Children (1878) at the Salon of 1879, Renoir was a successful and fashionable painter. then to Madrid, to see the work of Diego Velázquez. Following that, he traveled to Italy to see Titian's masterpieces in Florence and the paintings of Raphael in Rome. On 15 January 1882, Renoir met the composer Richard Wagner at his home in Palermo, Sicily. Renoir painted Wagner's portrait in just thirty-five minutes. In the same year, after contracting pneumonia which permanently damaged his respiratory system, Renoir convalesced for six weeks in Algeria.

In 1883, Renoir spent the summer in Guernsey, one of the islands in the English Channel with a varied landscape of beaches, cliffs, and bays, where he created fifteen paintings in little over a month. Most of these feature Moulin Huet, a bay in Saint Martin's, Guernsey. These paintings were the subject of a set of commemorative postage stamps issued by the Bailiwick of Guernsey in 1983. While living and working in Montmartre, Renoir employed Suzanne Valadon as a model, who posed for him (The Large Bathers, 1884–1887; Dance at Bougival, 1883) and many of his fellow painters; during that time, she studied their techniques and eventually became one of the leading painters of the day. In 1887, the year when Queen Victoria celebrated her Golden Jubilee, and upon the request of the queen's associate, Phillip Richbourg, Renoir donated several paintings to the "French Impressionist Paintings" catalog as a token of his loyalty.

thumb|250px|[[Luncheon of the Boating Party, 1880–1881, The Phillips Collection, Washington D.C.]]

In 1890, he married Aline Victorine Charigot, a dressmaker twenty years his junior, who, along with a number of the artist's friends, had already served as a model for Le Déjeuner des canotiers (Luncheon of the Boating Party; she is the woman on the left playing with the dog) in 1881, and with whom he had already had a child, Pierre, in 1885. Renoir painted during the last twenty years of his life even after his arthritis severely limited his mobility. He developed progressive deformities in his hands and ankylosis of his right shoulder, requiring him to change his painting technique. It has often been reported that in the advanced stages of his arthritis, he painted by having a brush strapped to his paralyzed fingers, but this is erroneous; Renoir remained able to grasp a brush, although he required an assistant to place it in his hand. The wrapping of his hands with bandages, apparent in late photographs of the artist, served to prevent skin irritation.

Family legacy

Renoir's great-grandson, Alexandre Renoir, has also become a professional artist. In 2018, the Monthaven Arts and Cultural Center in Hendersonville, Tennessee, United States, hosted Beauty Remains, an exhibition of his works. The exhibition title comes from a famous quotation by Renoir who, when asked why he continued to paint with his painful arthritis in his advanced years, replied "The pain passes, but the beauty remains."

Artworks

thumb|left|[[Two Sisters (On the Terrace), oil on canvas, 1881, Art Institute of Chicago]]

Renoir's paintings are notable for their vibrant light and saturated color, most often focusing on people in intimate and candid compositions. The female nude was one of his primary subjects. However, in 1876, a reviewer in Le Figaro wrote "Try to explain to Monsieur Renoir that a woman's torso is not a mass of decomposing flesh with those purplish green stains that denote a state of complete putrefaction in a corpse." Yet in characteristic Impressionist style, Renoir suggested the details of a scene through freely brushed touches of colour, so that his figures softly fuse with one another and their surroundings.

thumb|[[Portrait of Irène Cahen d'Anvers (La Petite Irène), 1880, Foundation E.G. Bührle, Zürich]]

His initial paintings show the influence of the colorism of Eugène Delacroix and the luminosity of Camille Corot. He also admired the realism of Gustave Courbet and Édouard Manet, and his early work resembles theirs in his use of black as a color. Renoir admired Edgar Degas' sense of movement. Other painters Renoir greatly admired were the 18th-century masters François Boucher and Jean-Honoré Fragonard.

A fine example of Renoir's early work and evidence of the influence of Courbet's realism, is Diana, 1867. Ostensibly a mythological subject, the painting is a naturalistic studio work; the figure carefully observed, solidly modeled and superimposed upon a contrived landscape. If the work is a "student" piece, Renoir's heightened personal response to female sensuality is present. The model was Lise Tréhot, the artist's mistress at that time, and inspiration for a number of paintings.

In the late 1860s, through the practice of painting light and water en plein air (outdoors), he and his friend Claude Monet discovered that the color of shadows is not brown or black, but the reflected color of the objects surrounding them, an effect known today as diffuse reflection. Several pairs of paintings exist in which Renoir and Monet worked side-by-side, depicting the same scenes (La Grenouillère, 1869).

One of the best-known Impressionist works is Renoir's 1876 Dance at Le Moulin de la Galette (Bal du moulin de la Galette). The painting depicts an open-air scene, crowded with people at a popular dance garden on the Butte Montmartre close to where he lived. The works of his early maturity were typically Impressionist snapshots of real life, full of sparkling color and light.

thumb|One of [[Blonde Bather|a series, Blonde Bather (1881), marked a distinct change in style following a trip to Italy. The work is part of the permanent collection of the Clark Art Institute.]]

By the mid-1880s, however, he had broken with the movement to apply a more disciplined formal technique to portraits and figure paintings, particularly of women. It was a trip to Italy in 1881 when he saw works by Raphael, Leonardo da Vinci, Titian, and other Renaissance masters, that convinced him that he was on the wrong path. At that point he declared, "I had gone as far as I could with Impressionism and I realized I could neither paint nor draw".

For the next several years he painted in a more severe style in an attempt to return to classicism. Concentrating on his drawing and emphasizing the outlines of figures, he painted works such as Blonde Bather (1881 and 1882) and The Large Bathers (1884–1887; Philadelphia Museum of Art) during what is sometimes referred to as his "Ingres period".

left|thumb|[[Girls at the Piano, 1892, Musée d'Orsay, Paris]]

After 1890 he changed direction again. To dissolve outlines, as in his earlier work, he returned to thinly brushed color.

From this period onward he concentrated on monumental nudes and domestic scenes, fine examples of which are Girls at the Piano, 1892, and Grandes Baigneuses, 1887. The latter painting is the most typical and successful of Renoir's late, abundantly fleshed nudes.

A prolific artist, he created several thousand paintings. The warm sensuality of Renoir's style made his paintings some of the most well-known and frequently reproduced works in the history of art. The single largest collection of his works—181 paintings in all—is at the Barnes Foundation, in Philadelphia, United States.

Catalogue raisonné

A five-volume catalogue raisonné of Renoir's works (with one supplement) was published by Bernheim-Jeune between 1983 and 2014. Bernheim-Jeune is the only surviving major art dealer that was used by Renoir. The Wildenstein Institute is preparing, but has not yet published, a critical catalogue of Renoir's work. A disagreement between these two organizations concerning an unsigned work in Picton Castle was at the centre of the second episode of the fourth season of the television series Fake or Fortune.

Posthumous prints

In 1919, Ambroise Vollard, a renowned art dealer, published a book on the life and work of Renoir, La Vie et l'Œuvre de Pierre-Auguste Renoir, in an edition of 1000 copies. In 1986, Vollard's heirs started reprinting the copper plates, generally, etchings with hand applied watercolor. These prints are signed by Renoir in the plate and are embossed "Vollard" in the lower margin. They are not numbered, dated or signed in pencil.

Posthumous sales

A small version of Bal du moulin de la Galette sold for $78.1 million 17 May 1990 at Sotheby's New York.

In 2012, Renoir's Paysage Bords de Seine was offered for sale at auction but the painting was discovered to have been stolen from the Baltimore Museum of Art in 1951. The sale was cancelled.<!-- File:CathedralRouen.JPG -->

Portraits and landscapes

<gallery widths="250" heights="250" perrow="4">

File:Romaine Lacaux, by Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Cleveland Museum of Art, 1942.1065.jpg|Portrait of Romaine Lacaux, 1864, Cleveland Museum of Art

File:Pierre-Auguste Renoir - Spring Bouquet - 1943.277 - Fogg Museum.jpg|Spring Bouquet, 1866, Fogg Museum, Cambridge

File:Dans la forêt de Fontainebleau 1866.jpg|Dans la forêt de Fontainebleau, 1866, private collection

File:Pierre-Auguste Renoir - Frédéric Bazille.jpg|Frédéric Bazille at his Easel, 1867, Musée Fabre, Montpellier

File:Auguste Renoir - La Grenouillère - Google Art Project.jpg|La Grenouillère, 1868, Nationalmuseum, Stockholm

File:Pierre-Auguste Renoir 110.jpg|Portrait of Alfred Sisley, 1868, Foundation E. G. Bührle, Zürich

File:Auguste Renoir - En été - La bohémienne - Google Art Project.jpg|In Summer (En été), 1868, Alte Nationalgalerie, Berlin

File:Pont-Neuf (1872) - Pierre-Auguste Renoir (National Gallery of Art, Washington D.C.).jpg|Pont-Neuf, 1872, National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.

File:La Loge de P.-A. Renoir (Fondation Vuitton, Paris) (46499625955).jpg|La Loge (The Theatre Box), 1874, The Courtauld Institute of Art, London

File:Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Danseuse.jpg|The Dancer, 1874, National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.

File:Renoirgarden.jpg|Woman with a Parasol in a Garden, 1875, Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum, Madrid

File:Pierre August Renoir, Claude Monet Reading.jpg|Portrait of Claude Monet reading, c. 1875, Musée Marmottan Monet, Paris, France

File:Les Grands Boulevards - Renoir - 1875 - NG.jpg|The Grands Boulevards, 1875, Philadelphia Museum of Art

File:Auguste Renoir - A Girl with a Watering Can - Google Art Project.jpg|A Girl with a Watering Can, 1876, National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.

File:Eugène Murer (Hyacinthe-Eugène Meunier, 1841–1906) MET DT1882.jpg|Portrait of Eugène Murer, 1876, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York

File:Pierre-Auguste Renoir - La Promenade - Google Art Project.jpg|Mother and Children, 1876, Frick Collection, New York

File:Pierre-Auguste Renoir 096.jpg|Portrait of Jeanne Samary, 1877, Pushkin Museum, Moscow

File:Renoir - Madame Georges Charpentier et ses enfants.jpg|Mme. Charpentier and her children, 1878, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York

File:Campo de trigo.jpg|Wheatfield, 1879, Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum, Madrid

File:La Yole - The Skiff - Renoir.jpg|Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Boating on the Seine (La Yole), c. 1879, National Gallery, London

File:Pierre-Auguste Renoir - By the Water.jpg|By the Water, 1880, Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois

File:Pierre-Auguste Renoir, The Umbrellas, ca. 1881-86.jpg|The Umbrellas, c. 1880–1886, National Gallery, London

File:Renoir Девушки в черном.jpg|Young Women in Black, c.1880–1882, Pushkin Museum, Moscow

File:Renoir Mlles Cahen d Anvers.jpg|Pink and Blue showing Alice and Elisabeth Cahen d'Anvers, 1881, São Paulo Museum of Art, São Paulo

File:Pierre Auguste Renoir - The Piazza San Marco, Venice - Google Art Project.jpg|The Piazza San Marco, Venice, 1881 Minneapolis Institute of Art

File:Pierre-Auguste Renoir - Jeanne Henriot.jpg|Fillette au chapeau bleu, 1881, (Jane Henriot), private collection

File:Pierre-Auguste Renoir 107.jpg|Portrait of Charles and Georges Durand-Ruel, 1882

File:Dance-At-Bougival.jpg|Dance at Bougival, 1882–1883, (woman at left is painter Suzanne Valadon), Boston Museum of Fine Arts

File:Pierre Auguste Renoir - Country Dance - Google Art Project.jpg|Dance in the Country (Aline Charigot and Paul Lhote), 1883, Musée d'Orsay, Paris

File:Pierre-Auguste Renoir 019.jpg|Dance in the City, 1883, Musée d'Orsay, Paris

File:Pierre-Auguste Renoir - Children on the Seashore, Guernsey (Enfants au bord de la mer à Guernesey) - BF10 - Barnes Foundation.jpg|Children at the Beach at Guernsey, 1883, Barnes Foundation, Philadelphia

File:Pierre-Auguste Renoir - Sailor Boy (Portrait of Robert Nunès) - BF325 - Barnes Foundation.jpg|Jeune garçon sur la plage d'Yport, 1883, Barnes Foundation, Philadelphia

File:Girl with a Hoop.JPG|Girl With a Hoop, 1885, National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.

File:Pierre-Auguste Renoir - Suzanne Valadon - La Natte - Girl Braiding Her Hair.jpg|Girl Braiding Her Hair (Suzanne Valadon), 1885, Langmatt Museum, Baden

File:Still Life with Flowers and Prickly Pears MET DP257756.jpg|Still Life with Flowers and Prickly Pears, 1885, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York

File:Pierre Auguste Renoir - Portrait of Mme. Paulin - Google Art Project.jpg|Portrait of madame Paulin, c. 1885–1890, Israel Museum, Jerusalem

File:Pierre Auguste Renoir - Paysage à La Roche-Guyon.jpg|Paysage à La Roche-Guyon, c. 1887, Pérez Simón Collection, Mexico City

File:Auguste Renoir - Julie Manet - Google Art ProjectFXD.jpg|Julie Manet with cat, 1887, Musée d'Orsay, Paris

File:Pierre-Auguste Renoir - Jeune fille au ruban bleu.jpg|Young Woman with a Blue Choker, 1888, Museum of Fine Arts of Lyon

File:Two Girls Reading LACMA M.68.46.1.jpg| Girls Reading, c. 1890–1891, LACMA, Los Angeles

File:Renoir - Jeune fille se peignant (La Toilette), 1894.jpg|Young Girl with Red Hair, 1894, Private Collection

File:Pierre-Auguste Renoir - Christine Lerolle brodant.jpg|Christine Lerolle Embroidering, 1895, Columbus Museum of Art

File:Gabrielle et Jean, by Pierre-Auguste Renoir, from C2RMF cropped.jpg|Gabrielle Renard and infant son Jean Renoir, 1895, Musée de l'Orangerie, Paris

File:Renoir - The guitar player, c. 1896.jpg|The guitar player, 1896, National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne

File:Pierre-Auguste Renoir - The Artist's Family (La Famille de l'artiste) - BF819 - Barnes Foundation.jpg|The Artist's Family, 1896, The Barnes Foundation, Philadelphia

File:Pierre-Auguste Renoir 042.jpg|Gabrielle with Open Blouse, 1907, Tehran Museum of Contemporary Art

File:Pierre-Auguste Renoir 106.jpg|Portrait of Ambroise Vollard, 1908, Courtauld Institute of Art, London

File:Pierre-Auguste Renoir - Jean en tant que Chasseur (1910).jpg|Portrait of Jean Renoir as a Huntsman, 1910, LACMA, Los Angeles

File:Pierre-Auguste Renoir 113.jpg|Portrait of Paul Durand-Ruel, 1910

File:The Farm at Les Collettes, Cagnes MET DT215205.jpg|The Farm at Les Collettes, Cagnes, c. 1908–1914, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York

File:Pierre-Auguste Renoir - Vera Sergine Renoir.jpg|Portrait of Vera Sergine Renoir, 1918, Botero Museum, Bogotá

</gallery>

Self-portraits

<gallery widths="250px" heights="250px" perrow="4">

File:Pierre-Auguste Renoir - Autoportrait, 1875.jpg|Self-portrait, 1875

File:Renoir, Pierre-Auguste - Self-portrait - Harvard Art Museums.Fogg Museum.jpg|Self-portrait, 1876

File:Renoir Self-Portrait 1910.jpg|Self-portrait, 1910

File:Pierre-Auguste Renoir - Autoportrait 5.JPG|Self-portrait, 1910

</gallery>

Nudes

<gallery widths="250px" heights="250px" perrow="4">

File:Pierre-Auguste Renoir - Diana (1867).jpg|Diana, 1867, The National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.

File:Pierre-Auguste Renoir - Torse, effet de soleil.jpg|Nude in the Sun, 1875, Musée d'Orsay, Paris

File:Femme Nue dans un Paysage, by Pierre-Auguste Renoir, from C2RMF cropped.jpg|Seated Girl, 1883

File:The river (Le Fleuve) - Renoir - 1885.jpg|The river (Le Fleuve), 1885

File:Pierre-Auguste Renoir, French - The Large Bathers - Google Art Project.jpg|The Large Bathers, 1887, Philadelphia Museum of Art

File:1887, Renoir, Nu Dans un Paysage.jpg|Nude in a Landscape, 1887, Princeton University Art Museum

File:Pierre-Auguste Renoir - Trois Baigneuses au crabe.jpg|Three Bathers, 1895, Cleveland Museum of Art Cleveland, Ohio

File:Renoir's Nude.jpg|Nude, National Museum of Serbia, Belgrade

File:Renoir18.jpg|After The Bath, 1910, Barnes Foundation, Philadelphia

File:Pierre-Auguste Renoir 030.jpg|Woman at the Well, 1910

File:Pierre-Auguste Renoir - Baigneuse assise s'essuyant une jambe.jpg|Seated Bather Drying Her Leg, 1914, Musée de l'Orangerie, Paris

File:Bathing Women (Auguste Renoir) - Nationalmuseum - 19163.tif|Women Bathers, 1916, National Museum, Stockholm

File:Pierre Auguste Renoir Les baigneuses.jpg|Bathers, 1918, Barnes Foundation, Philadelphia

</gallery>

Interactive image

Close-ups

See also

  • List of paintings by Pierre-Auguste Renoir

References

Further reading

  • Kang, Cindy. "Auguste Renoir (1841–1919)." In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. (May 2011)

On 7 December 2019 the Alberta Symphony Orchestra presented a Tribute to Renoir at Triffo Theater in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, under the direction of pianist and conductor Emilio De Mercato, for the 100th anniversary of the death of Renoir.

  • Avant-Gardist in Retreat, Holland Cotter, The New York Times, 17 June 2010
  • Impressionism: a centenary exhibition, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Renoir (p.&nbsp;179–200)
  • Renoir works at the Art Institute of Chicago, a digital catalogue
  • , (1:49) Frick Collection
  • , (6:14) Frick Collection