Petkov (), feminine Petkova () is a Bulgarian surname derived from the first name Petko. Notable people with the surname include:
- Dimitar Petkov (1856–1907), Bulgarian politician, Mayor of Sofia, Prime Minister, assassinated
- Dobrin Petkov (1923–1987), Bulgarian conductor
- Eva Petkova, Bulgarian-American biostatistician
- Georgi Petkov (footballer, born 1976), Bulgarian football goalkeeper
- Georgi Petkov (footballer, born 1988), Bulgarian football defender
- Georgi Petkov (rower) (born 1956), Bulgarian Olympic rower
- Gergana Petkova (born 2004), American rhythmic gymnast
- Irena Petkova, Bulgarian singer
- Ivaylo Petkov (born 1976), Bulgarian footballer
- Kiril Petkov (born 1980), Bulgarian politician, Prime Minister of Bulgaria from December 2021 to August 2022
- Kristina Petkova (born 1991), Bulgarian politician
- Marin Petkov (footballer) (born 2002), Bulgarian footballer
- Mario Petkov (footballer, born 1971), Bulgarian footballer
- Mario Petkov (footballer, born 1996), Bulgarian footballer
- Mariya Petkova (born 1950), a retired Bulgarian discus thrower
- Martin Petkov (footballer, born 2001), Bulgarian football winger for Lokomotiv Gorna Oryahovitsa on loan from Levski Sofia
- Martin Petkov (footballer, born 2002), Bulgarian football winger for Levski Sofia
- Milen Petkov (born 1974), Bulgarian footballer
- Nedelya Petkova (1826–1894), Bulgarian education pioneer
- Nelly Petkova (born 1960), Russian journalist
- Nicolai Petkov, computer scientist
- Nikola Petkov (1893–1947), Bulgarian politician and son of Dimitar, leading anti-Communist following World War II, executed
- Ogniana Petkova (born 1964), Bulgarian sprint canoeist and 1998 Olympic bronze medallist
- Petko Petkov (footballer) (1946–2020), Bulgarian football player and manager
- Petko Petkov (football manager) (born 1968), Bulgarian football manager and former player
- Petko Petkov (volleyball) (born 1958), Bulgarian former volleyball player
- Rossen Petkov (born 1967), Bulgarian writer and teacher
- Stoyan Petkov (1886–1972), since 1947 Andrey, Metropolitan of New York
- Temenuzhka Petkova (born 1967), Bulgarian politician, Minister of Energy of Bulgaria since 2014
- Vladimir Petkov (born 1971), Bulgarian chess grandmaster
- Zhivko Petkov (born 1993), Bulgarian footballer