Perumal (deity)

Perumal () or Tirumal ( ) is a Hindu deity. Perumal is worshipped mainly among Tamil Hindus in South India and the Tamil diaspora, who consider Perumal to be a form of Vishnu.

Some of the earliest known mentions of Perumal, and the Tamil devotional poems ascribed to him, are found in Paripāṭal – the Sangam era poetic anthology. He is a popular Hindu deity particularly among Tamils in Tamil Nadu and the Tamil diaspora, and in Vaishnava temples. One of the richest and largest Hindu temples complexes dedicated to Perumal is the Venkateswara temple in Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh. Other significant institutions include Srirangam's Ranganathaswamy temple, Kanchipuram's Varadaraja Perumal temple, and Thiruvananthapurum's Padmanabhaswamy Perumal temple.

Etymology

Scholars believe that both Perumal and Tirumal ultimately trace their origin to a tribal confederacy known as the Mallas in ancient India, whose name was Dravidian for "people of the mountains". Both of these terms were originally titles conferred by the Mallas upon their great chiefs and kings. This title was eventually employed as an epithet for the deity Vishnu, until its original meaning was widely forgotten over the course of time. However, in some regions of Kerala, Perumal continued to be employed as its original usage as an honorific for a ruler.

Perumal is also considered to be formed by two words Perum and al. Perum means great and al means person (used for god here). Therefore Perumal means the "great god" who showers his divine grace on people. He is considered the supreme god of Vaishnavism. Another derivation is the syncretic Tamil / Sanskrit 'Perum' - 'mā' - 'l' , literally "Great Measurer".

thumb|Srirangam temple complex across the river on left.

thumb|The temple tank in front of the main gateway|alt=temple tank in front of the gateway tower of [[Pundarikakshan PerumalTemple ]]

Veneration

The deity Perumal is identified with Mayon, sometimes translated as "the dark-complexioned one", or more literally, "He whose power is Maya" (i.e. the Saguna Brahman) who is first referenced in the texts Purananuru and Pattupattu. Regarded to be the Tamil equivalent of Krishna, poetry from this period compares his dark skin to the ocean. Originally a folk deity, he was syncretised with Krishna and Vishnu, gaining popularity in the Sri Vaishnava tradition. His consort is Lakshmi, the goddess of fortune, beauty, and prosperity, appearing in even the earliest strata of Tamil poetry.

Mayon is indicated to be the deity associated with the mullai tiṇai (pastoral landscape) in the Tolkappiyam. He is regarded to be the only deity who enjoyed the status of Paramporul (achieving oneness with Paramatma) during the Sangam age. He is also known as Māyavan, Māmiyon, Netiyōn, and Māl in Sangam literature. A reference to "Mukkol Pakavars" in Sangam literature indicates that only Vaishnava saints were holding Tridanda and were prominent during the period. Tirumal was glorified as "the supreme deity", whose divine lotus feet could burn all evil and grant moksha. During the post-Sangam period, his worship was further glorified by the poet-saints called the Alvars.

Festivals

thumb|Moolavar of Vishnu in athur during Vaikuntha Ekadashi

In the contemporary period, a major feature of the temple festivals of Perumal is the temple car procession. During this generally multiple-day event, an image of the processional deity (utsavar) and his consorts are adorned with lavish jewellery and garments. The image is accompanied by royal paraphernalia, such as elaborate umbrellas (chatra) and fly-whisks (chamara) flanking the deity on either side. The images are carried to and fro from the temple on a chariot along the streets in great pomp, halting at places to receive the obeisance of devotees. Adherents bearing sacred banners march at the head of the procession, followed by drummers and trumpeters to announce the presence of the deity. The car (vahanam) is accompanied by Vaishnava temple priests, beating cymbals and singing the praises of the deity. The vehicle is often in the form of Garuda, Hanuman, lions, swans, and horses on varying days of the festival. At the tail of the procession is a group of singers, reciting verses from sacred texts such as the Vedas and the Nalayira Divya Prabandham.

Hymns

Among the most renowned verses that hail Perumal is the Tirupallantu, composed by Periyalvar, one of the twelve Alvars of the Sri Vaishnava tradition:

Legend of Narasimha according to Paripāṭal

<poem>

O Lord with faultless red eyes! With

burning hatred in his heart and drying up the

sandal paste on his chest, Hiranyan the evil king

tortured his son Prahalathan for singing your

praises, inflicting on him great sorrow. The young

man was not disrespectful to his father who deserved

disrespect. You embraced Prahalathan’s fine chest

because of your love for him. You attacked and ruined

Hiranyan with great strength, leaping upon his

mountain-like chest as drums roared like thunder.

You tore him apart with your split claws and scattered

his flesh, along with broken pieces of pillar which you

split and came out, in your Narasimhan form.

Paripāṭal, poem 4, Verses 10–21

</poem>

Mention of Vishnu in Sangam literature

Vishnu or Perumal is considered the most mentioned god in the Sangam literature.

Akanaṉūṟu

Number of poems echo the Hindu puranic legends about Parashurama, Rama, Krishna and others in the Akanaṉūṟu. According to Alf Hiltebeitel – an Indian Religions and Sanskrit Epics scholar, the Akanaṉūṟu has the earliest known mentions of some stories such as "Krishna stealing sarees of Gopis" which is found later in north Indian literature, making it probable that some of the ideas from Tamil Hindu scholars inspired the Sanskrit scholars in the north and the Bhagavata Purana, or vice versa. However the text Harivamsa which is complex, containing layers that go back to the 1st or 2nd centuries BCE, consists the parts of Krishna playing with Gopis and stealing sarees.

The Akanāṉūṟu has a reference to the Ramayana in poem 70. The poem places a triumphant Rama at Dhanushkodi, sitting under a Banyan tree, involved in some secret discussions, when the birds are chirping away. This seems to indicate that the story of the Ramayana was familiar in the Tamil lands before the Kamba Ramayanam of the 12th century.

Manimekalai

Vishnu is described to be a major deity in the epic Manimekalai, such as the Canto XIII:

Aputra then meets and accuses the Brahmins of twisting the meaning of the Veda verses taught by Brahma born from the navel of Maha Vishnu who holds a golden disc as his weapon. Aputra reminds the Brahmins that the greatest Vedic teachers such as Vasishtha and Agastya were born of low birth.

Cilappatikaram

The 17th canto of the epic extols the beauty and greatness of Vishnu. The epic states that "Vain are the ears which do not hear the glory of Rama who is Vishnu, vain are the eyes which do not see the dark-hued Lord, the great God, the Mayavan Vishnu, vain is the tongue that will not praise him who triumphed over the deceit of the foolish schemer Kamsa (Krishna), vain is the tongue which does not say ‘Narayana’". The epic also praises the various incarnations of Vishnu namely Rama, Krishna, Balarama, Lakshmana, Narasimha, Vamana, and others. It also mentions prominent Vaishnavite temples like the Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam, Koodal Azhagar temple, Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala, and Kallalagar Temple.

According to D. Dennis Hudson – a World Religions and Tamil literature scholar, the Cilappatikaram is the earliest and first complete Tamil reference to Pillai (Nila, Nappinnai, Radha), who is described in the epic as the cowherd lover of Krishna.

Kural

Kural is a classic Tamil language text consisting of 1,330 short couplets, or kurals, of seven words each. In the introductory chapters of the Kural, Valluvar cites Indra, the king of heaven, to exemplify the virtue of conquest over one's senses. According to Tamil Hindu scholars such as Parimelalakar, other concepts and teachings found in Valluvar's text and also found in Hindu texts include Vedas, According to Purnalingam Pillai, who is known for his critique of Brahminism, a rational analysis of the Valluvar's work suggests that he was a Hindu, and not a Jain. Similarly, J. J. Glazov, a Tamil literature scholar and the translator of the Kural text into the Russian language, sees "Thiruvalluvar as a Hindu by faith", according to a review by Kamil Zvelebil.

Example:-

குறள் 610:

மடியிலா மன்னவன் எய்தும் அடியளந்தான்

தாஅய தெல்லாம் ஒருங்கு.

Couplet Explanation:

The king who never gives way to idleness will obtain entire possession of (the whole earth) passed over by Vishnu who measured (the worlds) with His foot. (Kural Number 610)

There are many more references which shows the Rama, Krishna, Parashurama, Vamana, Varaha and Narasimha in Cilappatikaram, Purananuru, Naṟṟiṇai and many other books.

Temples

Of the 108 Divya Desams that are revered according to the Alvar saints, 106 are stated to exist on earth. Prominent among these Divya Desams are:thumb|[[Varadharaja Perumal Temple, Kanchipuram]]

Sri Navamukundan Temple in Thirunavaya, Kerala, India
Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple, India
Sri Ananthapadmanabhaswamy Temple in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
Sri Varadaraja Perumal temple in Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu, India
Sri Oppiliappan Perumal Temple near Kumbakonam, Tamil Nadu, India
Sri Narashima Perumal Temple in Ahobilam, India
Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple in Srirangam, India
Thirumaliruncholai (Kallazhagar Temple) in Madurai, India
Thiruvengadam (Sri Venkateswara Temple), in Tirupathi, India
Aadhi Thiruvellarai (Pundarikatchan) in Thiruvellarai, India.

Prominent Perumal Temples in India

Sri Sathya-Narayana Perumal Temple in T-Nagar, Chennai, India
Sri Srinivasa Perumal Temple (TTD), in T-Nagar, Chennai, India
Sri Vinavaraya Perumal Temple, in Ambattur, Chennai, India
Sri Santhana Srinivasa Perumal Kovil, in Mogappair, Chennai, India
Udumalai Tirupathi, Dhali Road, Udumalpet, India

Sri Lanka

Sri Venkateswara Temple, Colombo, Sri Lanka
Vishnu Devalaya, Kandy, Sri Lanka
Devinuwara Devalaya, Dondra, Sri Lanka
Vallipuram Alwar Temple, Vallipuram, Sri Lanka

Malaysia

Sri Sunderaraja Perumal Temple Klang, Malaysia
Sri Alarmelamanga Samedha Shri Srinivasa Perumal Temple, Batu Caves, Selangor, Malaysia
Sri Renganathar Temple, Kawasan Institusi Bangi, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
Sri Varatharajah Perumal Temple, Persiaran Kewajipan, SS13, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
Sri Perumal Temple, Simpang Morib, Selangor, Malaysia
Sri Srinivasa Perumal Temple Devastanam, Pusat Bandar Puchong, Selangor, Malaysia
Hari Krishna Perumal Temple, Port Klang, Selangor, Malaysia
Sri Krishna Temple, Brickfields, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Shree Lakshmi Narayan Mandir, Jalan Kasipillay, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia