Pelmeni (, ; pelmen, , ) are dumplings of Russian cuisine that consist of a filling wrapped in thin, unleavened dough. They are considered a national dish.
Pelmeni became a staple of Russian cuisine during the period of Russian expansion into the Ural Mountains and Siberia. Pelmeni also have deep roots in the traditions and folklore of the regions of Komi and Udmurtia in Russia, and figure prominently in Komi and Udmurt cuisine. The name itself was borrowed from the languages of the Komi and Udmurts.
Description
thumb|Modeling pelmeni. [[Buryatia, Russia]]
The dough is made from flour and water, sometimes adding a small portion of eggs.Traditional Siberian preparations often include smetana (sour cream) in the dough to relax the gluten. This allows for an ultra-thin, resilient shell. It survives the boil. To achieve the signature soup inside, ice-water is kneaded into the raw meat filling. The water emulsifies with fats. This creates a pressurized internal broth.
Pelmeni can be served in several ways; for example, they can be cooked in stock, or they can be cooked consommé and served in a bowl with soup. Pelmeni can be served as a main dish for lunch or dinner, either smothered in butter or prepared Siberian-style, which involves sprinkling them with vinegar and adding freshly ground pepper for extra flavor.
The filling can be minced meat (pork, lamb, beef, fish or any other kind of meat, venison being particularly traditional for colder regions) or mushrooms, or a combination of the two. The mixing together of different kinds of meat is also popular. In European Russia, ground beef is used and mushroom-filled pelmeni are also accepted. The traditional Udmurt recipe requires a mixture of 45% beef, 35% mutton, and 20% pork. Various spices, such as black pepper and diced onions as well as garlic, are mixed into the filling. They are commonly topped with sour cream, mayonnaise, dill, red onions or vinegar, all of which are traditional to the region and can be produced in the Siberian climate.
Adding small amounts of cabbage, tomato and horseradish into the mince is also common for certain regional recipes.
Temperature and humidity have considerable impact on dough consistency and stability.
Similar dishes
550px|thumb|right|Preparation of pelmeni
Pelmeni belong to the family of dumplings, and resemble the Ukrainian and Polish uszka.
In the United States and Canada, the term pierogi or perogies is often used to describe all kinds of Eastern European dumplings, regardless of the shape, size, or filling. Pelmeni are also similar to Mongolian bansh, Chinese jiaozi (Cantonese gaau) or Chinese húntún (Cantonese wonton). They are cousins to the Armenian, Turkish and Kazakh manti, the Georgian khinkali, the Nepalese and Tibetan momo, the Uyghur and Uzbek chuchvara, the Korean mandu, the Japanese gyoza, the Italian tortellini and ravioli, and Swabian Maultaschen. Somewhat similar are the fried or baked empanadas encountered in Hispanic-influenced cultures.
The most important difference between pelmeni, varenyky, and pierogi is the thickness of the dough shell—in pelmeni and vareniki this is as thin as possible, and the proportion of filling to dough is usually higher. Pelmeni are never served with a sweet filling, which distinguishes them from vareniki and Polish pierogi, which sometimes are. Also, the fillings in pelmeni are usually raw, while the fillings of vareniki and pierogi are typically precooked.
The main difference between pelmeni and momos is their size—a typical pelmen is about in diameter, whereas momos are often at least twice that size.
Regional differences
thumb|Fried pelmeni
In Siberia, pelmeni are traditionally frozen outdoors in the winter and treated as preserved food. Hunters or explorers heading into the taiga would carry sacks of frozen pelmeni with their provisions since they can be stored frozen for a long time and are easily cooked.
Pelmeni are prepared immediately before eating by boiling in salted water until they float, and then two to five minutes more. In the Urals, they are boiled in plain water, while in Siberia they are boiled in salted water or sometimes meat or chicken broth. although in Siberia this is considered in poor taste and pelmeni are carefully strained before serving. Alternatively, it is literally translated as "dough ears".
The origins of pelmeni are contested, but they are widely viewed as a Siberian contribution to Russian cuisine. One theory suggests pelmeni, or stuffed boiled dumplings in general, originated in Siberia, possibly a simplified adaptation of the Chinese jiaozi (in some dialects it is called Bāomiàn "包麵/包面"). This theory is corroborated by the fact that traditional pelmeni fillings are strongly flavored with black pepper and other spices that are not native to Russia. Therefore, pelmeni may have been carried by the Mongols from China to Siberia and the Urals. Another theory is that they originated in the Urals and were then spread to Central Asia by Russian explorers and pioneers. Pelmeni may have also been developed by hunters, who needed food that was light and easy to prepare in order to be able to take with them on hunting trips.
Pelmeni began to appear in restaurants in late 19th-century France at a time when Russian dishes had already made a considerable impact on haute cuisine. Auguste Escoffier included them as a hot hors d'oeuvre in Le Guide Culinaire, which was contrary to the Russian custom.
Culture
Pelmeni hold an important place in Russian and Udmurt culture. In Izhevsk, the capital of Udmurtia, a monument dedicated to pelmeni has been erected,