Pan-nationalism () in the social sciences includes forms of nationalism that aim to transcend (overcome, expand) traditional boundaries of basic or historical national identities in order to create a "higher" pan-national (all-inclusive) identity, based on various common denominators. In relation to classical state nationalism, pan-nationalism manifests itself through various political movements that advocate the formation of "higher" (pan-national) forms of political identity, based on a regional or continental grouping of national states, such as Pan-Africanism, Pan-Americanism, Pan-Arabism, Pan-Asianism, Pan-Slavism, and Pan-Turkism. In terms of ethnic nationalism, pan-nationalism can also manifest itself through specific ethnic movements that advocate setting up "higher" (pan-national) forms of common identity that are based on ethnic grouping (for example: Pan-Germanism or Pan-Slavism). Other forms of nationalism also have their pan-national variants.
Some forms of pan-nationalism, such as Pan-Germanism, manifest themselves on two levels: wider - relating to the unity of all Germanic peoples - and narrower - relating to the unity of all ethnic Germans, also including (on either of those two levels) German-speaking Austrians and German-speaking Swiss people, many of who may not self-identify as strictly "German", while still belonging to the wider family of contemporary Germanic peoples.
History and outcomes
Pan-nationalism emerged from the nineteenth-century European nationalism, beginning with the Pan-Slavism movement, which developed among various Slavic nations within the Austro-Hungarian and Turkish empires. At the heart of this development was Ján Kollár, who maintained that the Slavs were a fundamentally single people, sharing the same cultural heritage. This gave the concept a mantle of permanence because it called upon a biological connection that bound a "Volk" together.
Recent developments
Thomas Hegghammer of the Norwegian Defence Research Establishment has outlined the emergence of "macro-nationalism" in the late Cold War era, which kept a low profile until the September 11 attacks. Hegghammer traces the origins of modern macro-nationalism to both the Western counter-jihad movement and Islamist terrorist organisations such as al-Qaeda. In the aftermath of the 2011 Norway attacks, he described the ideologies of perpetrator Anders Behring Breivik as "not fitting the established categories of right-wing ideology, like white supremacism, ultranationalism or Christian fundamentalism", but more akin to a "doctrine of civilisational war that represents the closest thing yet to a Christian version of Al-Qaeda".
List of Pan-nationalisms
- Pan-Africanism
- Pan-Americanism
- Pan-Arabism
- Pan-Asianism
- Pan-Caucasianism
- Pan-Celticism
- Pan-Dravidianism
- Pan-Finnicism
- Pan-European nationalism
- Pan-European identity
- Pan-Germanicism
- Pan-Germanism
- Panhellenism
- Pan-Iranism
- Pan-Indianism
- Pan-Latinism
- Pan-Hispanism
- Pan-Iberism
- Pan-Mongolism
- Pan-Netherlands
- Pan-Oceanian
- Pan-Scandinavianism
- Pan-Slavism
- Yugoslavism
- Pan-Thaiism
- Pan-Turanianism
- Pan-Turkism
See also
- British Unionism
- Canzuk
- Composite nationalism
- Europe a Nation
- Expansionist nationalism
- Fourth Reich
- GEACPS
- Greater Finland
- Greater Romania
- Hungarian irredentism
- Indian nationalism
- Irredentism
- Pan-Latinamericanism
- Megali Idea
- Neo-nationalism
- Galicia irredenta
- Pan-Catalanism
- Pan-Huiism
- Pan-Italianism
- Pan-Somalism
- Patria Grande
- Sinosphere
- United Ireland
- White Unity
- United States of Europe
- World government