Oxidizing agent

thumb|125px|The [[Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals|international pictogram for oxidizing chemicals.]]

thumb|125px|[[Dangerous goods label for oxidizing agents]]

An oxidizing agent (also known as an oxidant, oxidizer, electron recipient, or electron acceptor) is a substance in a redox chemical reaction that gains or "accepts"/"receives" an electron from a (called the , , or electron donor). In other words, an oxidizer is any substance that oxidizes another substance. The oxidation state, which describes the degree of loss of electrons, of the oxidizer decreases while that of the reductant increases; this is expressed by saying that oxidizers "undergo reduction" and "are reduced" while reducers "undergo oxidation" and "are oxidized".

Common oxidizing agents are oxygen, hydrogen peroxide, and the halogens.

In one sense, an oxidizing agent is a chemical species that undergoes a chemical reaction in which it gains one or more electrons. In that sense, it is one component in an oxidation–reduction (redox) reaction. In the second sense, an oxidizing agent is a chemical species that transfers electronegative atoms, usually oxygen, to a substrate. Combustion, many explosives, and organic redox reactions involve atom-transfer reactions.

Electron acceptors

thumb|right|100px|[[Tetracyanoquinodimethane is an organic electron-acceptor.]]

Electron acceptors participate in electron-transfer reactions. In this context, the oxidizing agent is called an electron acceptor and the reducing agent is called an electron donor. A classic oxidizing agent is the ferrocenium ion , which accepts an electron to form Fe(C₅H₅)₂. One of the strongest acceptors commercially available is "magic blue", the radical cation derived from N(C₆H₄-4-Br)₃.

For extensive tabulations of ranking the electron accepting properties of various reagents (redox potentials), see Standard electrode potential (data page).

Atom-transfer reagents

In more common usage, an oxidizing agent transfers oxygen atoms to a substrate. In this context, the oxidizing agent can be called an oxygenation reagent or oxygen-atom transfer (OAT) agent. Examples include (permanganate), (chromate), OsO₄ (osmium tetroxide), and especially (perchlorate). Notice that these species are all oxides.

In some cases, these oxides can also serve as electron acceptors, as illustrated by the conversion of to , ie permanganate to manganate.

Common oxidizing agents

• Oxygen (O₂)
• Ozone (O₃)
• Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and other inorganic peroxides, Fenton's reagent
• Fluorine (F₂), chlorine (Cl₂), and other halogens
• Nitric acid (HNO₃) and nitrate compounds such as potassium nitrate (KNO₃), the oxidizer in black powder
• Potassium chlorate (KClO₃)
• Xenon difluoride (XeF₂)
• Xenon tetrafluoride (XeF₄)
• Xenon hexafluoride (XeF₆)
• Krypton difluoride (KrF₂)
• Sulfur (S₈)
• Peroxydisulfuric acid (H₂S₂O₈)
• Peroxymonosulfuric acid (H₂SO₅)
• Hypochlorite, chlorite, chlorate, perchlorate, and other analogous halogen oxyanions
• Fluorides of chlorine, bromine, and iodine
• Hexavalent chromium compounds such as chromic and dichromic acids and chromium trioxide, pyridinium chlorochromate (PCC), and chromate/dichromate compounds such as Sodium dichromate (Na₂Cr₂O₇)
• Permanganate compounds such as potassium permanganate (KMnO₄)
• Sodium perborate (·)
• Nitrous oxide (N₂O), Nitrogen dioxide/Dinitrogen tetroxide (NO₂ / N₂O₄)
• Sodium bismuthate (NaBiO₃)
• Cerium (IV) compounds such as ceric ammonium nitrate and ceric sulfate
• Lead dioxide (PbO₂)

Dangerous materials definition

The dangerous goods definition of an oxidizing agent is a substance that can cause or contribute to the combustion of other material. By this definition some materials that are classified as oxidizing agents by analytical chemists are not classified as oxidizing agents in a dangerous materials sense. An example is potassium dichromate, which does not pass the dangerous goods test of an oxidizing agent.

The U.S. Department of Transportation defines oxidizing agents specifically. There are two definitions for oxidizing agents governed under DOT regulations. These two are Class 5; Division 5.1(a)1 and Class 5; Division 5.1(a)2. Division 5.1 "means a material that may, generally by yielding oxygen, cause or enhance the combustion of other materials." Division 5.(a)1 of the DOT code applies to solid oxidizers "if, when tested in accordance with the UN Manual of Tests and Criteria (IBR, see § 171.7 of this subchapter), its mean burning time is less than or equal to the burning time of a 3:7 potassium bromate/cellulose mixture." 5.1(a)2 of the DOT code applies to liquid oxidizers "if, when tested in accordance with the UN Manual of Tests and Criteria, it spontaneously ignites or its mean time for a pressure rise from 690 kPa to 2070 kPa gauge is less than the time of a 1:1 nitric acid (65 percent)/cellulose mixture."

Common oxidizing agents and their products

{| class="wikitable"

! Agent

! Product(s)

|-

|O₂ oxygen

|Various, including the oxides H₂O and CO₂

|-

|O₃ ozone

|Various, including ketones, aldehydes, and H₂O; see ozonolysis

|-

|F₂ fluorine

|F⁻

|-

|Cl₂ chlorine

|Cl⁻

|-

|Br₂ bromine

|Br⁻

|-

|I₂ iodine

|I⁻,

|-ok

|ClO⁻ hypochlorite

|Cl⁻, H₂O

|-

| chlorate

|Cl⁻, H₂O

|-

|HNO₃ nitric acid

|NO nitric oxide (Dilute nitric acid)<br/>NO₂ nitrogen dioxide (Concentrated nitric acid)

|-

|H₂SO₄(l) Concentrated sulphuric acid

SO₃ Sulphur trioxide

|SO₂ Sulphur dioxide (non-aqueous)

H₂SO₃ Sulphurous acid (In aqueous solution)

|-

|SO₂ sulfur dioxide

|S sulfur<br/>(Claus process, ultramarine production, more commonly reducing agent)

|-

|Hexavalent chromium<br/>CrO₃ chromium trioxide<br/> chromate <br/> dichromate

|Cr³⁺, H₂O

|-

| permanganate<br/> manganate

|Mn²⁺ (acidic) or<br/>MnO₂ (basic)

|-

|Ag⁺ ion Silver ion

|Ag (Metal)

|-

|SbF₅ antimony pentafluoride

|SbF₆⁻ hexafluoroantimonate or SbF₃ antimony trifluoride

|-

|PtF₆ platinum hexafluoride

|PtF₆⁻ hexafluoroplatinate

|-

| ruthenium tetroxide<br/> osmium tetroxide

|in organic lab scale synthesis

|-

|H₂O₂, other peroxides

|Various, including oxides and H₂O

|-

|Tl(III) thallic compounds

|Tl(I) thallous compounds, in organic lab scale synthesis

|}

See also

References

External links