Opposing force

thumbnail|right|200px|U.S. OPFOR soldiers playing the role of Iraqi insurgents in [[Fort Polk, Louisiana.]]

An opposing force (alternatively enemy force, abbreviated OPFOR or OpFor) is a military unit tasked with representing an enemy, usually for training purposes in war game scenarios. The related concept of aggressor squadron is used by some air forces.

At a basic level, a unit might serve as an opposing force for a single scenario, differing from its 'opponents' only in the objectives it is given. However, major armies commonly maintain specialized groups trained to accurately replicate real-life enemies, to provide a more realistic experience for their training opponents. (To avoid the diplomatic ramifications of naming a real nation as a likely enemy, training scenarios often use fictionalized versions with different names but similar military characteristics to the expected real-world foes.)

Units

Canada

The Canadian Armed Forces has OPFOR units from the Canadian Manoeuvre Training Centre.

China

France

In the French Army, a FORAD (, enemy force) is used to train the army, in both the (CENTAC, Combat Training Center) of Mailly-le-Camp Declassed AMX-30 tanks were used to simulate Soviet T-72s, until 2018.

Republic of Korea

Japan

United States

thumb|A [[Bell UH-1 Iroquois|UH-1H replicating a Mi-24 at Fort Irwin in 1985]]

There are three major training centers that utilize home-based OPFOR units for the US Army:

The National Training Center (NTC) at Fort Irwin, California—home unit is the 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment (the Blackhorse)
The Joint Readiness Training Center (JRTC) at Fort Polk, Louisiana—home unit is the 1st Battalion, 509th Parachute Infantry Regiment (the Geronimos)
The Joint Multinational Readiness Center (JMRC)—formerly known as the Combat Maneuver Training Center (CMTC)—at Hohenfels, Germany—home unit is the 1st Battalion, 4th Infantry Regiment (Separate) (the Warriors)

Over time, the Army has patterned the OPFOR units after real or imagined opponents and given them various fictional names, even though the US Army denies any resemblance.

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"Circle Triagonists" - patterned after the Wehrmacht from 1947 to 1978.

"Krasnovians" - patterned after the Soviet Red Army from 1978 to 1990 at the National Training Center in Fort Irwin.

The People's Republic of Pineland - a make believe foe for Army Special Forces candidates to face in their final test.

The Island of Aragon - an invasion scenario for troops to play out at the US Joint Readiness Training Center at Fort Polk, Louisiana.

Attica - a crisis to handle at White Sands Missile Range in New Mexico.

Various US military installations or major units have their own local versions of opposing force used for training exercises. The joint Australian–US military exercise "Crocodile '03" featured an Australian-led opposing force in which soldiers from a range of Australian units worked together with a US Marine Corps contingent.

Several state defense forces have served as OPFOR units when training with the National Guard. The California State Guard, the Georgia State Defense Force, and the New York Guard have provided OPFOR services to their respective National Guard counterparts. In 2018, the Georgia State Defense Force established the OPFOR Battalion to assist National Guard Soldiers with pre-deployment training.

Ranks

Officer ranks

{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px; text-align:center;"

|- style="text-align:center;"

| rowspan=2| Circle Trigonists Army

| colspan=2| 50px

|- style="text-align:center;"

| colspan=2| Marshal

| colspan=2| General of army

| colspan=2| General of corps

| colspan=2| General of division

| colspan=2| General of brigade

| colspan=2| Colonel

| colspan=2| Commandant

| colspan=2| Major

| colspan=2| Captain

| colspan=2| Lieutenant

| colspan=2| Sub-lieutenant

| colspan=2| Warrant officer

|- style="text-align:center;"

| rowspan=2| Circle Trigonists Army

| colspan=2| 50px

|- style="text-align:center;"

| colspan=2| Marshal

| colspan=2| General of army

| colspan=2| General of corps

| colspan=2| General of division

| colspan=2| General of brigade

| colspan=2| Colonel

| colspan=2| Commandant

| colspan=2| Major

| colspan=2| Captain

| colspan=2| Lieutenant

| colspan=2| Sub-lieutenant

| colspan=2| Warrant officer

| rowspan=2| Krasnovian Army

| colspan=10 rowspan=2|

| colspan=2| 50px

| colspan=2| Colonel

| colspan=2| Lieutenant colonel

| colspan=2| Major

| colspan=2| Captain

| colspan=2| Lieutenant

| colspan=2| Junior lieutenant

|- style="text-align:center;"

| rowspan=2| Circle Trigonists Air Force

| colspan=2| 50px

|- style="text-align:center;"

| colspan=2| Air marshal

| colspan=2| General of air

| colspan=2| General of air army

| colspan=2| General of air corps

| colspan=2| General of air division

| colspan=2| Colonel

| colspan=2| Commandant

| colspan=2| Major

| colspan=2| Captain

| colspan=2| Lieutenant

| colspan=2| Sub-lieutenant

| colspan=2| Warrant officer

|- style="text-align:center;"

| rowspan=2| Circle Trigonists Air Force

| colspan=2| 50px

| colspan=2| Air marshal

| colspan=2| General of air

| colspan=2| General of air army

| colspan=2| General of air corps

| colspan=2| General of air division

| colspan=2| Colonel

| colspan=2| Commandant

| colspan=2| Major

| colspan=2| Captain

| colspan=2| Lieutenant

| colspan=2| Sub-lieutenant

| colspan=2| Warrant officer

Circle Triagonist rank and collar tabs came in various colors - Red (rifle), White (artillery), Yellow (armor), Light Blue (airborne), Black (engineer), Tan (signal), Purple (chemical corps), Orange (propaganda)

| colspan=6| 50px

| colspan=2| 50px

| colspan=6| 50px

| colspan=4| 50px

| colspan=2| 50px

| colspan=8| No insignia

|- style="text-align:center;"

| colspan=6| Sergeant major

| colspan=2| Staff sergeant

| colspan=2| Senior sergeant

| colspan=6| Platoon sergeant

| colspan=6| Section sergeant

| colspan=4| Corporal

| colspan=2| Senior private

| colspan=8| Private

|- style="text-align:center;"

| rowspan=2| Circle Trigonists Army

| colspan=6| 50px

| colspan=2| 50px

| colspan=6| 50px

| colspan=4| 50px

| colspan=2| 50px

| colspan=8| 50px

|- style="text-align:center;"

| colspan=6| Sergeant major

| colspan=2| Staff sergeant

| colspan=2| Senior sergeant

| colspan=6| Platoon sergeant

| colspan=6| Section sergeant

| colspan=4| Corporal

| colspan=2| Senior private

| colspan=8| Private

| rowspan=2| Krasnovian Army

| colspan=6| 50px

| colspan=2 rowspan=2|

| colspan=2| 50px

| colspan=6 rowspan=2|

| colspan=6| 50px

| colspan=2| 50px

| colspan=2 rowspan=2|

| colspan=8| 50px

| colspan=6| Sergeant major

| colspan=2| Senior sergeant

| colspan=6| Sergeant

| colspan=2| Junior sergeant

| colspan=2| Corporal

| colspan=8| Private

|- style="text-align:center;"

| rowspan=2| Circle Trigonists Air Force

| colspan=6| 50px

| colspan=2| 50px

| colspan=6| 50px

| colspan=4| 50px

| colspan=2| 50px

| colspan=8| No insignia

|- style="text-align:center;"

| colspan=6| Sergeant major

| colspan=2| Staff sergeant

| colspan=2| Senior sergeant

| colspan=6| Platoon sergeant

| colspan=6| Section sergeant

| colspan=4| Corporal

| colspan=2| Senior airman

| colspan=8| Airman

|- style="text-align:center;"

| rowspan=2| Circle Trigonists Air Force

</gallery>

Opposing force

Units

Canada

China

France

Republic of Korea

Japan

United States

Ranks

Officer ranks

Notes

References

Further reading