thumb|First poem card of the , featuring [[Emperor Tenji]]
thumb|Ogura ' by Teika
is a classical Japanese anthology of one hundred Japanese waka by one hundred poets. Hyakunin Isshu can be translated to "one hundred people, one poem [each]"; it can also refer to the card game of uta-garuta, which uses a deck composed of cards based on the Hyakunin Isshu.
The most famous and standard version was compiled by Fujiwara no Teika (1162–1241) while he lived in the Ogura district of Kyoto. It is therefore also known as .
Compilation
One of Teika's diaries, the Meigetsuki, says that his son Tameie asked him to arrange one hundred poems for Tameie's father-in-law, Utsunomiya Yoritsuna, who was furnishing a residence near Mount Ogura; hence the full name of Ogura Hyakunin Isshu. In order to decorate screens of the residence, Fujiwara no Teika produced the calligraphy poem sheets.
Hishikawa Moronobu (1618–1694) provided woodblock portraits for each of the poets included in the anthology. Katsukawa Shunshō (1726–1793) designed prints for a full-color edition published in 1775.
In his own lifetime, Teika was better known for other work. For example, in 1200 (Shōji 2), he prepared another anthology of one hundred poems for ex-Emperor Go-Toba, called the Shōji Hyakushu.
Poets
Poems
thumb|right|250px|An [[Edo period|Edo-period illustrated Hyakunin Isshu book, with Priest Kisen and Ono no Komachi]]
Poem number 1
A poem by Emperor Tenji about the hardships of farmers. Teika chose this poem from the Gosen Wakashū:
Poem number 2
A visually-descriptive poem attributed to Empress Jitō. Teika chose this poem from the Shin Kokin Wakashū:
The original was likely based from a poem of the Man'yōshū (book 1, poem 28) by the same poet.
Poem number 26
thumb|Illustration of Poem 26, after an 18th-century Japanese print
A quite different poem is attributed to Sadaijin Fujiwara no Tadahira in the context of a very specific incident. After abdicating, former Emperor Uda visited Mount Ogura in Yamashiro Province. He was so greatly impressed by the beauty of autumn colours of the maples that he ordered Fujiwara no Tadahira to encourage Uda's son and heir, Emperor Daigo, to visit the same area.
was Tadahira's posthumous name, and this is the name used in William Porter's translation of the poem which observes that "[t]he maples of Mount Ogura / If they could understand / Would keep their brilliant leaves / until [t]he Ruler of this land / Pass with his Royal band." The accompanying 18th century illustration shows a person of consequence riding an ox in a procession with attendants on foot. The group is passing through an area of maple leaves.
Teika chose this poem from the Shūi Wakashū for the hundred poems collection:
Poem number 86
A poem by Saigyō about the pain of love. This poem was chosen from the Senzai Wakashū:
Order of arrangement of the collection
<gallery>
File:Hyakuninisshu 001.jpg|1.<br />Emperor Tenji<br />天智天皇
File:Hyakuninisshu 002.jpg|2.<br />Empress Jitō<br />持統天皇
File:Hyakuninisshu 003.jpg|3.<br />Kakinomoto no Hitomaro<br />柿本人麿
File:Hyakuninisshu 004.jpg|4.<br />Yamabe no Akahito<br />山辺赤人
File:Hyakuninisshu 005.jpg|5.<br />Sarumaru Dayū<br />猿丸大夫
File:Hyakuninisshu 006.jpg|6.<br />Chūnagon Yakamochi<br />中納言家持
File:Hyakuninisshu 007.jpg|7.<br />Abe no Nakamaro<br />安倍仲麿
File:Hyakuninisshu 008.jpg|8.<br />Kisen Hōshi<br />喜撰法師
File:Hyakuninisshu 009.jpg|9.<br />Ono no Komachi<br />小野小町
File:Hyakuninisshu 010.jpg|10.<br />Semimaru<br />蝉丸
File:Hyakuninisshu 011.jpg|11.<br />Sangi Takamura<br />参議篁
File:Hyakuninisshu 012.jpg|12.<br />Sōjō Henjō<br />僧正遍昭
File:Hyakuninisshu 013.jpg|13.<br />Retired Emperor Yōzei<br />陽成院
File:Hyakuninisshu 014.jpg|14.<br />Minister of the Left of Kawara<br />河原左大臣
File:Hyakuninisshu 015.jpg|15.<br />Emperor Kōkō<br />光孝天皇
File:Hyakuninisshu 016.jpg|16.<br />Chūnagon Yukihira<br />中納言行平
File:Hyakuninisshu 017.jpg|17.<br />Ariwara no Narihira Ason<br />在原業平朝臣
File:Hyakuninisshu 018.jpg|18.<br />Fujiwara no Toshiyuki Ason<br />藤原敏行朝臣
File:Hyakuninisshu 019.jpg|19.<br />Ise<br />伊勢
File:Hyakuninisshu 020.jpg|20.<br />Prince Motoyoshi<br />元良親王
File:Hyakuninisshu 021.jpg|21.<br />Sosei Hōshi<br />素性法師
File:Hyakuninisshu 022.jpg|22.<br />Fun'ya no Yasuhide<br />文屋康秀
File:Hyakuninisshu 023.jpg|23.<br />Ō'e no Chisato<br />大江千里
File:Hyakuninisshu 024.jpg|24.<br />Kanke<br />菅家
File:Hyakuninisshu 025.jpg|25.<br />Minister of the Right of Sanjō<br />三条右大臣
File:Hyakuninisshu 026.jpg|26.<br />Teishin-kō<br />貞信公
File:Hyakuninisshu 027.jpg|27.<br />Chūnagon Kanesuke<br />中納言兼輔
File:Hyakuninisshu 028.jpg|28.<br />Minamoto no Muneyuki Ason<br />源宗于朝臣
File:Hyakuninisshu 029.jpg|29.<br />Ōshikōchi no Mitsune<br />凡河内躬恒
File:Hyakuninisshu 030.jpg|30.<br />Mibu no Tadamine<br />壬生忠岑
File:Hyakuninisshu 031.jpg|31.<br />Sakanoue no Korenori<br />坂上是則
File:Hyakuninisshu 032.jpg|32.<br />Harumichi no Tsuraki<br />春道列樹
File:Hyakuninisshu 033.jpg|33.<br />Ki no Tomonori<br />紀友則
File:Hyakuninisshu 034.jpg|34.<br />Fujiwara no Okikaze<br />藤原興風
File:Hyakuninisshu 035.jpg|35.<br />Ki no Tsurayuki<br />紀貫之
File:Hyakuninisshu 036.jpg|36.<br />Kiyohara no Fukayabu<br />清原深養父
File:Hyakuninisshu 037.jpg|37.<br />Fun'ya no Asayasu<br />文屋朝康
File:Hyakuninisshu 038.jpg|38.<br />Ukon<br />右近
File:Hyakuninisshu 039.jpg|39.<br />Sangi Hitoshi<br />参議等
File:Hyakuninisshu 040.jpg|40.<br />Taira no Kanemori<br />平兼盛
File:Hyakuninisshu 041.jpg|41.<br />Mibu no Tadami<br />壬生忠見
File:Hyakuninisshu 042.jpg|42.<br />Kiyohara no Motosuke<br />清原元輔
File:Hyakuninisshu 043.jpg|43.<br />Acting Chūnagon Atsutada<br />権中納言敦忠
File:Hyakuninisshu 044.jpg|44.<br />Chūnagon Asatada<br />中納言朝忠
File:Hyakuninisshu 045.jpg|45.<br />Kentoku-kō<br />謙徳公
File:Hyakuninisshu 046.jpg|46.<br />Sone no Yoshitada<br />曽禰好忠
File:Hyakuninisshu 047.jpg|47.<br />Egyō Hōshi<br />恵慶法師
File:Hyakuninisshu 048.jpg|48.<br />Minamoto no Shigeyuki<br />源重之
File:Hyakuninisshu 049.jpg|49.<br />Ōnakatomi no Yoshinobu Ason<br />大中臣能宣朝臣
File:Hyakuninisshu 050.jpg|50.<br />Fujiwara no Yoshitaka<br />藤原義孝
File:Hyakuninisshu 051.jpg|51.<br />Fujiwara no Sanekata Ason<br />藤原実方朝臣
File:Hyakuninisshu 052.jpg|52.<br />Fujiwara no Michinobu Ason<br />藤原道信朝臣
File:Hyakuninisshu 053.jpg|53.<br />Mother of the Right Captain Michitsuna<br />右大将道綱母
File:Hyakuninisshu 054.jpg|54.<br />Mother of the Honorary Grand Minister<br />儀同三司母
File:Hyakuninisshu 055.jpg|55.<br />Dainagon Kintō<br />大納言公任
File:Hyakuninisshu 056.jpg|56.<br />Izumi Shikibu<br />和泉式部
File:Hyakuninisshu 057.jpg|57.<br />Murasaki Shikibu<br />紫式部
File:Hyakuninisshu 058.jpg|58.<br />Daini no San'mi<br />大弐三位
File:Hyakuninisshu 059.jpg|59.<br />Akazome Emon<br />赤染衛門
File:Hyakuninisshu 060.jpg|60.<br />Ko Shikibu no Naishi<br />小式部内侍
File:Hyakuninisshu 061.jpg|61.<br />Ise no Taifu<br />伊勢大輔
File:Hyakuninisshu 062.jpg|62.<br />Sei Shōnagon<br />清少納言
File:Hyakuninisshu 063.jpg|63.<br />Sakyō no Daibu Michimasa<br />左京大夫道雅
File:Hyakuninisshu 064.jpg|64.<br />Acting Chūnagon Sadayori<br />権中納言定頼
File:Hyakuninisshu 065.jpg|65.<br />Sagami<br />相模
File:Hyakuninisshu 066.jpg|66.<br />Dai Sōjō Gyōson<br />大僧正行尊
File:Hyakuninisshu 067.jpg|67.<br />Suō no Naishi<br />周防内侍
File:Hyakuninisshu 068.jpg|68.<br />Retired Emperor Sanjō<br />三条院
File:Hyakuninisshu 069.jpg|69.<br />Nō'in Hōshi<br />能因法師
File:Hyakuninisshu 070.jpg|70.<br />Ryōsen Hōshi<br />良暹法師
File:Hyakuninisshu 071.jpg|71.<br />Dainagon Tsunenobu<br />大納言経信
File:Hyakuninisshu 072.jpg|72.<br />Kii of Princess Yūshi's Household<br />祐子内親王家紀伊
File:Hyakuninisshu 073.jpg|73.<br />Acting Chūnagon Masafusa<br />権中納言匡房
File:Hyakuninisshu 074.jpg|74.<br />Minamoto no Toshiyori Ason<br />源俊頼朝臣
File:Hyakuninisshu 075.jpg|75.<br />Fujiwara no Mototoshi<br />藤原基俊
File:Hyakuninisshu 076.jpg|76.<br />Lay Novice of Hosshō-ji Temple, former Kampaku and Chancellor of the Realm<br />法性寺入道前関白太政大臣
File:Hyakuninisshu 077.jpg|77.<br />Retired Emperor Sutoku<br />崇徳院
File:Hyakuninisshu 078.jpg|78.<br />Minamoto no Kanemasa<br />源兼昌
File:Hyakuninisshu 079.jpg|79.<br />Sakyō no Daibu Akisuke<br />左京大夫顕輔
File:Hyakuninisshu 080.jpg|80.<br />Taikenmon In no Horikawa<br />待賢門院堀河
File:Hyakuninisshu 081.jpg|81.<br />Go-Tokudaiji Sa-daijin<br />後徳大寺左大臣
File:Hyakuninisshu 082.jpg|82.<br />Dōin Hōshi<br />道因法師
File:Hyakuninisshu 083.jpg|83.<br />Master of the Empress Dowager's Household Toshinari<br />皇太后宮大夫俊成
File:Hyakuninisshu 084.jpg|84.<br />Fujiwara no Kiyosuke Ason<br />藤原清輔朝臣
File:Hyakuninisshu 085.jpg|85.<br />Shun'e Hōshi<br />俊恵法師
File:Hyakuninisshu 086.jpg|86.<br />Saigyō Hōshi<br />西行法師
File:Hyakuninisshu 087.jpg|87.<br />Jakuren Hōshi<br />寂蓮法師
File:Hyakuninisshu 088.jpg|88.<br />Attendant to Empress Kōka<br />皇嘉門院別当
File:Hyakuninisshu 089.jpg|89.<br />Princess Shokushi<br />式子内親王
File:Hyakuninisshu 090.jpg|90.<br />Attendant to Empress Inpu<br />殷富門院大輔
File:Hyakuninisshu 091.jpg|91.<br />Gokyōgoku Regent and former Chancellor of the Realm<br />後京極摂政前太政大臣
File:Hyakuninisshu 092.jpg|92.<br />Nijō In no Sanuki<br />二条院讃岐
File:Hyakuninisshu 093.jpg|93.<br />Kamakura U-daijin<br />鎌倉右大臣
File:Hyakuninisshu 094.jpg|94.<br />Sangi Masatsune<br />参議雅経
File:Hyakuninisshu 095.jpg|95.<br />Saki no Daisōjō Jien<br />前大僧正慈円
File:Hyakuninisshu 096.jpg|96.<br />Lay Novice and former Chancellor of the Realm<br />入道前太政大臣
File:Hyakuninisshu 097.jpg|97.<br />Acting Chūnagon Sadaie<br />権中納言定家
File:Hyakuninisshu 098.jpg|98.<br />Ju-nii Ietaka<br />従二位家隆
File:Hyakuninisshu 099.jpg|99.<br />Retired Emperor Go-Toba <br />後鳥羽院
File:Hyakuninisshu 100.jpg|100.<br />Retired Emperor Juntoku<br />順徳院
</gallery>
English translations
The Ogura Hyakunin Isshu has been translated into many languages and into English many times.
English translations include:
- F. V. Dickins, Hyaku-Nin-Isshu, or Stanzas by a Century of Poets (1866)
- Clay MacCauley, Hyakunin-isshu (Single Songs of a Hundred Poets), TASJ, 27(4), 1–152 (1899)
- Yone Noguchi, ' (1907)
- William N. Porter, ' (1909)
- Tom Galt, The Little Treasury of One Hundred People, One Poem Each (1982)
- Joshua S. Mostow, Pictures of the Heart: The Hyakunin Isshu in Word and Image (1996)
- Peter MacMillan, One Hundred Poets, One Poem Each: A Treasury of Classical Japanese Verse (2008; Penguin Classics, revised edition 2018)
- Emiko Miyashita and Michael Dylan Welch, 100 Poets: Passions of the Imperial Court (2008)
- Hideaki Nakano, WAKA WAKA 100 - Hyakunin Isshu (2023)
Other Hyakunin Isshu anthologies
Many other anthologies compiled along the same criteria—one hundred poems by one hundred poets—include the words hyakunin isshu, notably the World War II-era , or One Hundred Patriotic Poems by One Hundred Poets. Also important is , a series of parodies of the original Ogura collection.
Card game
Teika's anthology is the basis for many karuta games (card games), which have been popular since the Edo period.
A prominent example is Uta-garuta, the basis for competitive karuta (kyōgi karuta).
See also
- Nisonin, Kyoto
- Shigureden, a museum in Kyoto about this subject
Notes
References
- Fujiwara no Sadaie, Thomas Galt. (1982). The Little Treasury of One Hundred People, One Poem Each. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
- Fujiwara no Sadaie, Yoritsuna Utsunomiya, William Ninnis Porter. (1979) A Hundred Verses from Old Japan, Being a Translation of the Hyaku-nin-isshiu: Being a Translation of the Hyaku-nin-isshiu. Tokyo: Tuttle Publishing.
- Mostow, Joshua S., ed. (1996). Pictures of the Heart: The Hyakunin Isshu in Word and Image. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ; OCLC 645187818
- 新総合 図説国語 新訂版, 東京書籍株式会社, (2016), 池内輝雄・三角洋一・吉原英夫, <!-- https://www.e-hon.ne.jp/bec/SA/Detail?refShinCode=0100000000000033909808&Action_id=121&Sza_id=GG --> SINSOUGOU ZUSETSUKOKUGO revised edition, TOKYO SHOSEKI CO., LTD.(2016), Teruo Ikeuchi・Youichi Misumi・Hideo Yosiwara.
- 古語辞典 第十版, 旺文社, (2008), 松村明・山口明穂・和田利政, <!-- https://books.google.com/books?id=CQUaAQAAMAAJ --> KOGOZITEN 10th edition, OBUNSHA(2008), Akari Matsumura・Akiho Yamaguchi・Toshimasa Wada.
- 全訳古語辞典 第四版, 旺文社, (2011), 宮腰賢・石井正己・小田勝, <!-- https://books.google.com/books?id=dxgfywAACAAJ --> ZENYAKU KOGOZITEN 4th edition, OBUNSYA(2011), Masaru Miyakoshi・Masami Ishii・Masaru Oda
Further reading
- One Hundred Poets, One Poem Each: A Translation of the Ogura Hyakunin Isshu, Peter McMillan, foreword by Donald Keene. New York: Columbia University Press, 2008. <!-- http://cup.columbia.edu/book/978-0-231-14398-1/one-hundred-poets-one-poem-each -->
- One Hundred Poets, One Poem Each: A Treasury of Classical Japanese Verse, Peter McMillan. London: Penguin Classics, 2018. <!-- https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/269418/one-hundred-poets-one-poem-each/ -->
- 100 Poets: Passions of the Imperial Court, Emiko Miyashita and Michael Dylan Welch, translators. Tokyo: PIE Books, 2008. <!-- http://www.piebooks.com/search/detail.php?ID=1108 --> This book is also available as an iPad/iPhone application.
External links
- , with English translations of each poem
- , with links to published English translations
- Ogura Hyakunin Isshu
- Ogura Hyakunin Isshu - 100 Poems by 100 Poets at University of Virginia Library Japanese Text Initiative