The Obotrites (, Abodritorum, Abodritos) or Obodrites, also spelled Abodrites (), were a confederation of medieval West Slavic tribes within the territory of modern Mecklenburg and Holstein in northern Germany (see Polabian Slavs). For decades, they were allies of Charlemagne in his wars against the Germanic Saxons and the Slavic Veleti. The Obotrites under Prince Thrasco defeated the Saxons in the Battle of Bornhöved (798). The still-Pagan Saxons were dispersed by the emperor, and the part of their former land in Holstein north of Elbe was awarded to the Obotrites in 804, as a reward for their victory. This however was soon reverted through an invasion of the Danes. The Obotrite regnal style was abolished in 1167, when Pribislav was restored to power by Duke Henry the Lion, as Prince of Mecklenburg, thereby founding the Germanized House of Mecklenburg.

Etymology

The ethnonym Obotrites (≈ Abodrites) is commonly traced to the Slavic root *bodr- ('cheerful, lively, brave; vigorous; alert'; cf. Bulg. бодър, Rus. бодрый, Pol. bodry [arch.], OCS бодръ). In this interpretation, Bodriči (≈ Obodrity) would signify 'the spirited/brave ones', with o- as a common Slavic prefix and -it- / -ič- serving as an ethnonymic formation.

History

Obotritic confederation

The Bavarian Geographer, an anonymous medieval document compiled in Regensburg in 830, contains a list of the tribes in Central Eastern Europe to the east of the Elbe. The list includes the Nortabtrezi (Obotrites) - with 53 civitates.

Adam of Bremen referred to them as the Reregi because of their lucrative trade emporium Reric. In common with other Slavic groups, they were often described by Germanic sources as Wends.

thumb|left|upright|Map of the [[Billunger Mark (c. 1000) showing different tribes of the Obotritic confederation]]

The main tribes of the Obotritic confederation were:

  • the Obotrites proper (Wismar Bay to Lake Schwerin);
  • the Wagrians (the eastern Holstein as part of Saxony);
  • the Warnower (the upper Warnow and Mildenitz);
  • the Polabians proper (between the Trave and the Elbe).

Other tribes associated with the confederation include:

The ruling clan of the Obotrites kept its power throughout the Germanisation and ruled their country (except during a short interruption in Thirty Years' War) as House of Mecklenburg until the end of monarchies in Germany in November Revolution 1918. Previously, the Obodrites were dominated by the Naconids; Eastern (Far) Pomerania was ruled by the Pomeranian House (Grifichi).

List of Obotrite leaders

thumb|upright=0.6|[[Niklot (1090–1160), prince of the Obotritic confederation and founder of the Mecklenburg House, Schwerin Castle]]

{| class="wikitable"

|-

! Ruler

! Reign

! Notes

|-

| Witzlaus

| ?–ca. 795

|-

| Thrasco

| ?–ca. 795–810

|-

| Slavomir

| ?–810–819

|Ally of the Frankish Empire. In 816, he joined the rebellion of the Sorbs. Eventually captured and abandoned by his own people, being replaced by Ceadrag in 818.

|-

| Ceadrag

|819–after 826

| Ally of the Frankish Empire. He rebelled against the Franks with alliance with the Danes, but later was reconciled with Franks.

|-

| Selibur

|-

| Nako

| 954–966

| Nako and his brother Stoigniew were defeated at the Raxa river (955) by Otto I, after which Stoigniew was beheaded and Nako accepted Christianity, resulting in thirty years of peace.

|-

| Mstivoj and Mstidrag

| 966–995

| Sons of Nako. They abandoned Christianity and revolted against the Germans (Great Slav Rising).

|-

| Mieceslas III

| 919–999

| in 995 defeated by Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor.

|-

| Mstislav

| 996–1018

|-

| Udo or Przybigniew

| 1018–1028

|-

| Ratibor

| 1028–1043

|-

| Gottschalk

| 1043 to 1066

|-

| Budivoj

| 1066 and 1069

|-

| Kruto

| 1066–1069 and 1069–1093

|-

| Henry

| 1093–1127

|-

| Canute & Sviatopolk

| 1127–1128

|-

| Sviatopolk

| 1128–1129

|-

| Zwinike

| 1129–1129

|-

| Canute

| 1129–1131

| Great-great-great-great-grandson of Mstivoj

|-

| Niklot

| 1131–1160

| Born around 1090. Also ruled the subdued Polabian Slav tribes of Kessinians and Circipanians.

|-

| Pribislav

| 1160–1167

| Last Obotrite prince. Accepted Saxon suzerainty in 1167.

|}

The rulers of Obotrite lands were later the dukes and grand dukes of Mecklenburg.

See also

  • List of Medieval Slavic tribes
  • Praedenecenti
  • Slavic settlement of the Eastern Alps

Notes

References

Literature

  • Müller-Wille, Michael (2002). "Zwischen Kieler Förde und Wismarbucht: Archäologie der Obodriten vom späten 7. bis zur Mitte des 12. Jahrhunderts." In: Bericht der Römisch-Germanischen Kommission, vol. 83, pp. 243–264.
  • Turasiewicz A., Dzieje polityczne Obodrzyców od IX wieku do utraty niepodległości w latach 1160–1164, Warszawa, 2004,
  • Emperor Charles the Great in 804 gave Saxon land to Obodrites, dispersed Saxons