The North Eastern Province was one of the provinces of Sri Lanka. The province was created in September 1988 by merging the Northern and Eastern provinces. This merger was declared illegal by the Supreme Court of Sri Lanka in 2006.
On 14 November 1987 the Sri Lankan Parliament passed the 13th Amendment to the 1978 Constitution of Sri Lanka and the Provincial Councils Act No 42 of 1987, establishing provincial councils. Nine provincial councils were created by order on 3 February 1988.
The merger was bitterly opposed by Sinhalese nationalists. The combined North Eastern Province occupied one fourth of Sri Lanka. The thought of the Tamil people controlling this province, directly or indirectly, alarmed them greatly. On 14 July 2006, after a long campaign against the merger, the JVP filed three separate petitions with the Supreme Court of Sri Lanka requesting a separate Provincial Council for the East.
Elections in the newly merged North Eastern Province were scheduled for 19 November 1988. However, the Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF), which at that time occupied the province, rigged the elections in the north so that the Eelam People's Revolutionary Liberation Front (EPRLF) and Eelam National Democratic Liberation Front (ENDLF), two Indian backed paramilitary groups, won all of the 36 seats in the north uncontested. However, elections did take place for the 35 seats in the east. The Sri Lanka Muslim Congress won 17 seats, EPRLF 12 seats, ENDLF 5 seats and the United National Party 1 seat. On 10 December 1988 Annamalai Varadaraja Perumal, a former lecturer at the Jaffna University Economics Department, of the EPRLF became the first Chief Minister of the North Eastern Provincial Council. President Premadasa reacted to Perumal's UDI by dissolving the provincial council and imposing direct rule on the province.
The province was ruled directly from Colombo until May 2008 when elections were held for the demerged Eastern Provincial Council. The first consecutive Northern Provincial Council elections took place in 2013, with ITAK securing a majority of votes. C. V. Vigneswaran was appointed as the 1st Chief Minister of Northern Province following the results.
Governors
The governors of the Sri Lankan provinces tend to be mostly retired politicians, judges and military officers. The North Eastern Province had six governors in its 18 years of existence:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! width="30"|No. !! width="250"|Name !! width="150"|Took office !! width="150"|Left office
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| 1 || align=left|Lieutenant General Nalin Seneviratne || 30 November 1988 || 30 November 1993
|-
| 2 || align=left|Lionel Fernando || 30 November 1993 || 23 August 1994
|-
| 3 || align=left|Gamini Fonseka || 13 January 1995 || 20 October 1998
|-
| 4 || align=left|Major General Asoka Jayawardena || 13 November 1998 || 30 November 2004
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| 5 || align=left|Tyronne Fernando || 6 December 2004 || 20 January 2006
|-
| 6 || align=left|Rear Admiral Mohan Wijewickrama || 21 January 2006 || 31 December 2006
|}