Nikos Xylouris (; 7 July 1936 – 8 February 1980), also known as Psaronikos ('), was a Greek singer, Cretan lyra player, and songwriter who performed both Cretan rural traditional and urban orchestral music arrangements.
Early life and education
Nikos Xylouris was born in Anogeia, a village on the slopes of Mount Ida as the fourth child and first son of Giorgos Xylouris; his younger brothers, Antonis Xylouris, or Psarantonis (), and Giannis Xylouris, or Psarogiannis (), are also familiar figures in Cretan music.
Xylouris' nickname "Psaronikos" – derives from the Greek psaro (ψαρο) meaning "fish-like", combined with his given name Nikos – which was inherited from his grandfather Antonis. According to Xylouris' family history, his grandfather took part in the Greek Revolution of 1821 and was said to "consume the Turks as if they were fish". The nickname was then passed down along the male line of the family, with each generation's given name substituting that of Antonis, while the prefix psaro- (ψαρο) remained.
After the razing of Anogeia during World War II, the Xylouris family and other residents of the area fled to villages in the Mylopotamos region. Nearly a year after the razing, the damage inflicted upon Anogeia was documented by a scientific committee officially appointed by the newly restored Greek government. The committee included writer Nikos Kazantzakis and Professor Ioannis Kakridis, remembered for their joint translation of the works of Homer.
Career
At the age of twelve, Xylouris obtained his first instrument, a Cretan lyra, after Xylouris's father, who was against his son turning to music, was convinced by a local schoolteacher and by Xylouris' persistence. In 1953, at the age of 17, Xylouris moved from Anogeia to Heraklion. There, Nikos performed at the venue "Kastron" (Greek: Κάστρον).
Xylouris' first studio recording in 1958 was a 7-inch 45 rpm vinyl single featuring "Μια μαυροφόρα όταν περνά" (When a woman clad in all black passes by) and "Δεν κλαίνε οι δυνατές καρδιές" (Strong hearts don't cry). Although Odeon Records granted them an audition, executives were worried that Cretan music lacked commercial potential and initially rejected the release; however, Pavlos Vardinogiannis (an MP of Crete at the time) intervened, vouching for Xylouris and promising to reimburse Odeon for every unsold unit. Over time, Xylouris gained renown as a musician in Heraklion.
The turning point in his career came in 1969, when Columbia Records released his most successful single to date, a 7-inch 45 rpm featuring “Anyfantou” (Greek: Ανυφαντού, “Weaver”) and “Kavgades me to giasemi” (Greek: Καβγάδες με το γιασεμί, “Quarrels with the Jasmine”). Following its success, Xylouris began performing in Athens, later establishing a permanent residency there. Though musicologist Simon Karas criticised “Anyfantou” and questioned Xylouris’ interpretation of traditional songs, the Hellenic Broadcasting Corporation later featured the piece in a special broadcast, affirming its status within Greek folk music. The meeting led to a collaboration between Markopoulos and Xylouris that lasted nearly a decade.
Xylouris collaborated with additional composers and conductors, such as Christodoulos Chalaris, Christos Leontis, and Linos Kokotos, performing poetry by Nikos Gatsos, Yannis Ritsos, Giorgos Seferis, Kostas Varnalis, Dionysios Solomos, Vitsentzos Kornaros, Kostas Karyotakis, Rigas Feraios, Kostas Kindynis, and Kostas Georgousopoulos (a.k.a. Kostas Myris).
Xylouris relocated to Athens during the Greek military junta of 1967–1974, which came to power after the coup d'état of April 21, 1967. Cretan traditional songs, especially Rizitika, were repurposed to voice opposition against the Junta and express longing for its demise. Xylouris used these songs to attempt to empower students rebelling against the dictatorship and stood by their side during the Athens Polytechnic School Uprising of 1973 by singing songs banned by the Junta, alongside Stavros Xarchakos. Ourania belonged to an affluent family, while Xylouris was regarded as an itinerant musician. Although Cretan society did not strictly enforce class divisions, relationships perceived as socially unequal were generally frowned upon. In the following months, Xylouris would regularly serenade Ourania, continuing a long-standing Cretan tradition rooted in medieval Italian influence, where young men would sing to woo the women they admired.
Xylouris eventually proposed to Ourania. The couple eloped to Anogeia, where they held their wedding. Ourania was initially ostracized by her family for eloping, which left a lasting emotional impact on her. Reconciliation was later achieved after Xylouris’s musical career gained prominence. Her father ultimately consented to the marriage. The couple's love story echoes the Erotokritos by Vitsentzos Kornaros, select verses of which were sung by Xylouris in one of his albums.
The couple had two children, a son named Giorgis (George) and a daughter named Rinio (Irene). Xylouris and Ourania remained married until Xylouris' passing.
Death and legacy
Nikos Xylouris died of lung cancer, which had metastasized to the brain, on 8 February 1980, in Piraeus, Greece, and was interred at the First Cemetery of Athens.
Discography
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Title
!Greek
!Year
|-
|Mia mavrofora otan perna
|Μια μαυροφόρα όταν περνά
|1958
|-
|Anyfantou
|Ανυφαντού
|1969
|-
|O Psaronikos
|Ο Ψαρονίκος
|1970
|-
|Mantinades kai Chorοi
|Μαντινάδες και χοροί
|1970
|-
|Chroniko
|Χρονικό
|1970
|-
|Rizitika
|Ριζίτικα
|1971
|-
|Dialeimma
|Διάλειμμα
|1972
|-
|Ithageneia
|Ιθαγένεια
|1972
|-
|Dionyse kalokairi mas
|Διόνυσε καλοκαίρι μας
|1972
|-
|O Tropikos tis Parthenou
|Ο Τροπικός της Παρθένου
|1973
|-
|O Xylouris tragouda yia tin Kriti
|Ο Ξυλούρης τραγουδά για την Κρήτη
|1973
|-
|O Stratis Thalassinos anamesa stous Agapanthous
|Ο Στρατής Θαλασσινός ανάμεσα στους Αγάπανθους
|1973
|-
|Perifani ratsa
|Περήφανη ράτσα
|1973
|-
|Akolouthia
|Ακολουθία
|1974
|-
|To megalo mas tsirko
|Το μεγάλο μας τσίρκο
|1974
|-
|Parastaseis
|Παραστάσεις
|1975
|-
|Anexartita
|Ανεξάρτητα
|1975
|-
|Komentia, i pali chorikon kai vasiliadon
|Κομέντια, η πάλη χωρικών και βασιλιάδων
|1975
|-
|Kapnismeno tsoukali
|Καπνισμένο τσουκάλι
|1975
|-
|Ta pou thymoumai tragoudo
|Τα που θυμούμαι τραγουδώ
|1975
|-
|Kyklos Seferi
|Κύκλος Σεφέρη
|1976
|-
|Erotokritos
|Ερωτόκριτος
|1976
|-
|I symfonia tis Gialtas kai tis pikris agapis
|Η συμφωνία της Γιάλτας και της πικρής αγάπης
|1976
|-
|I eleftheri poliorkimeni
|Οι ελεύθεροι πολιορκημένοι
|1977
|-
|Ta erotika
|Τα ερωτικά
|1977
|-
|Ta Xyloureika
|Τα Ξυλουρέικα
|1978
|-
|Ta antipolemika
|Τα αντιπολεμικά
|1978
|-
|Salpisma
|Σάλπισμα
|1978
|-
|14 Chryses Epitichies
|14 Χρυσές Επιτυχίες
|1978
|}
Posthumously released material
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Title
!Greek
!Year
|-
|Teleftaia ora Kriti
|Τελευταία ώρα Κρήτη
|1981
|-
|Nikos Xylouris
|Νίκος Ξυλούρης
|1982
|-
|Pantermi Kriti
|Πάντερμη Κρήτη
|1983
|-
|O Deipnos o Mystikos
|Ο Δείπνος ο Μυστικός
|1984
|-
|Stavros Xarchakos: Theatrika
|Σταύρος Ξαρχάκος: Θεατρικά
|1985
|-
|O Yiannis Markopoulos ston Elliniko Kinematografo
|Ο Γιάννης Μαρκόπουλος στον Ελληνικό Κινηματογράφο
|1988
|-
|I synavlia sto Irodio 1976
|Η συναυλία στο Ηρώδειο 1976
|1990
|-
|To chroniko tou Nikou Xylouri
|Το χρονικό του Νίκου Ξυλούρη
|1996
|-
|Nikos Xylouris
|Νίκος Ξυλούρης
|2000
|-
|I psychi tis Kritis
|Η ψυχή της Κρήτης
|2002
|-
|Itane mia fora...
|Ήτανε μια φορά...
|2005
|-
|Tou Chronou Ta Girismata
|Του Χρόνου Τα Γυρίσματα
|2005
|-
|Itane Mia Fora... Kai Emeine Gia Panta!
|Ήτανε Μια Φορά... Και Έμεινε Για Πάντα!
|2017
|}
See also
- Music of Crete
References
External links
- Documentary traces the musical legacy of the great Nikos Xylouris
- Thirty Two Years After the Death Of Cretan Singer Nikos Xylouris
- Nikos Xylouris (Νίκος Ξυλούρης) — The Archangel of Crete
- Nikos Xylouris on YouTube
- Happy Birthday Filedem! Born 100 Years Ago Today