Niagara Falls, Ontario

Niagara Falls is a city in Ontario, Canada, adjacent to, and named after, Niagara Falls. As of the 2021 census, The Niagara Falls area had some European settlement in the 17th century. Louis Hennepin, a French priest and missionary, is considered to be the first European to visit the area in the 1670s. French colonists settled mostly in Lower Canada, beginning near the Atlantic, and in Quebec and Montreal.

After surveys were completed in 1782 the area was referred to as Township Number 2 as well as Mount Dorchester after Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester (and today is only honoured by Dorchester Road and the community of Dorchester Village). The earliest settlers of Township Number 2 were Philip George Bender (namesake of Bender Street and Bender Hill near Casino Niagara originally from Germany and later New Jersey and Philadelphia

thumb|Whirlpool House-Stamford, built 1796-Niagara Falls-Ontario

thumb|Old St. John's Anglican Church (Stamford), built in 1825

In 1791, John Graves Simcoe renamed the town as Stamford after Stamford, Lincolnshire in England In 1856, the Town of Clifton was incorporated by Ogden Creighton after Clifton, Bristol. The name of the town was changed to Niagara Falls in 1881. In 1882, the community of Drummondville (near the present-day corner of Lundy's Lane and Main Street) was incorporated as the village of Niagara Falls (South). The village was referred to as Niagara Falls South to differentiate it from the town. In 1904, the town and village amalgamated to form the City of Niagara Falls. In 1963, the city amalgamated with the surrounding Stamford Township. In 1970, the Niagara regional government was formed. This resulted in the village of Chippawa, Willoughby Township, and part of Crowland Township being annexed into Niagara Falls.

An internment camp for Germans was set up at The Armoury (now Niagara Military Museum) in Niagara Falls from December 1914 to August 1918.

Black history

thumb|right|R. Nathaniel Dett Chapel, British Methodist Episcopal Church

Niagara Falls has had a Black population since at least 1783. Up to 12 African-Americans were a part of the Butler's Rangers, including Richard Pierpoint. When they were disbanded in 1783, they tried to establish themselves through farming nearby, making them among the first Black settlers in the region. It is estimated that nearly 10 percent of the Loyalists to settle in the area were Black Loyalists.

Niagara Falls' Black population increased in the following decades, as a destination on the Underground Railroad. In 1856, a British Methodist Episcopal (BME) Church was established for African-Canadian worshipers. The BME Church, Nathaniel Dett Memorial Chapel is now a National Historic Site, remaining in operation into the 21st century. Composer, organist, pianist and music professor Nathaniel Dett was born in Niagara Falls in 1882.

In 1886, Burr Plato became one of the first African Canadians to be elected to political office, holding the position of City Councillor of Niagara Falls until 1901.

Geography

thumb|right|Looking north on the Niagara River towards Niagara Falls, Ontario

Niagara Falls is approximately by road from Ontario's capital of Toronto, which is across Lake Ontario to the north. The area of the Niagara Region is approximately .

Topography

The city is built along the Niagara Falls waterfalls and the Niagara Gorge on the Niagara River, which flows from Lake Erie to Lake Ontario.

Climate

The city of Niagara Falls has a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfa) which is moderated to an extent in all seasons by proximity to bodies of water. Winters are cold, with a January high of and a low of .

|metric first = yes

|single line = yes

|Jan record high C = 22.2

|Feb record high C = 21.5

|Mar record high C = 26.5

|Apr record high C = 33.0

|May record high C = 35.0

|Jun record high C = 34.5

|Jul record high C = 37.0

|Aug record high C = 38.3

|Sep record high C = 35.6

|Oct record high C = 32.8

|Nov record high C = 24.4

|Dec record high C = 21.5

|year record high C = 38.3

|Jan high C = 0.2

|Feb high C = 0.4

|Mar high C = 5.5

|Apr high C = 12.5

|May high C = 20.4

|Jun high C = 25.5

|Jul high C = 27.5

|Aug high C = 26.0

|Sep high C = 22.8

|Oct high C = 15.5

|Nov high C = 8.6

|Dec high C = 2.7

|year high C = 14.0

|Jan mean C = −3.4

|Feb mean C = −3.3

|Mar mean C = 1.4

|Apr mean C = 7.4

|May mean C = 14.8

|Jun mean C = 20.4

|Jul mean C = 22.5

|Aug mean C = 21.2

|Sep mean C = 17.6

|Oct mean C = 11.1

|Nov mean C = 4.8

|Dec mean C = −0.5

|year mean C = 9.5

|Jan low C = −7.0

|Feb low C = −7.0

|Mar low C = −2.8

|Apr low C = 2.3

|May low C = 9.1

|Jun low C = 15.2

|Jul low C = 17.5

|Aug low C = 16.4

|Sep low C = 12.4

|Oct low C = 6.7

|Nov low C = 0.9

|Dec low C = −3.8

|year low C = 5.0

|Jan record low C = −26.0

|Feb record low C = −25.0

|Mar record low C = −22.0

|Apr record low C = −13.5

|May record low C = −4.4

|Jun record low C = 2.2

|Jul record low C = 5.6

|Aug record low C = 1.0

|Sep record low C = 0.0

|Oct record low C = −6.7

|Nov record low C = −12.5

|Dec record low C = −20.6

|year record low C = −26.0

|precipitation colour = green

|Jan precipitation mm = 75.6

|Feb precipitation mm = 61.8

|Mar precipitation mm = 61.7

|Apr precipitation mm = 72.0

|May precipitation mm = 86.8

|Jun precipitation mm = 80.9

|Jul precipitation mm = 78.9

|Aug precipitation mm = 79.2

|Sep precipitation mm = 98.2

|Oct precipitation mm = 79.7

|Nov precipitation mm = 91.8

|Dec precipitation mm = 81.1

|year precipitation mm = 947.5

|rain colour = green

|Jan rain mm = 27.8

|Feb rain mm = 29.6

|Mar rain mm = 36.7

|Apr rain mm = 66.0

|May rain mm = 85.9

|Jun rain mm = 80.9

|Jul rain mm = 78.9

|Aug rain mm = 79.2

|Sep rain mm = 98.2

|Oct rain mm = 79.7

|Nov rain mm = 81.9

|Dec rain mm = 49.3

|year rain mm = 794.0

|snow colour = green

|Jan snow cm = 47.7

|Feb snow cm = 32.2

|Mar snow cm = 25.0

|Apr snow cm = 6.0

|May snow cm = 0.9

|Jun snow cm = 0.0

|Jul snow cm = 0.0

|Aug snow cm = 0.0

|Sep snow cm = 0.0

|Oct snow cm = 0.0

|Nov snow cm = 9.8

|Dec snow cm = 31.8

|year snow cm = 153.5

|unit precipitation days = 0.2 mm

|Jan precipitation days = 14.4

|Feb precipitation days = 11.4

|Mar precipitation days = 11.3

|Apr precipitation days = 12.6

|May precipitation days = 13.5

|Jun precipitation days = 11.3

|Jul precipitation days = 10.9

|Aug precipitation days = 10.8

|Sep precipitation days = 11.2

|Oct precipitation days = 13.0

|Nov precipitation days = 13.0

|Dec precipitation days = 13.4

|year precipitation days = 146.6

|unit rain days = 0.2 mm

|Jan rain days = 5.0

|Feb rain days = 4.5

|Mar rain days = 7.2

|Apr rain days = 11.6

|May rain days = 13.4

|Jun rain days = 11.3

|Jul rain days = 10.9

|Aug rain days = 10.8

|Sep rain days = 11.2

|Oct rain days = 13.0

|Nov rain days = 11.1

|Dec rain days = 7.7

|year rain days = 117.9

|unit snow days = 0.2 cm

|Jan snow days = 9.8

|Feb snow days = 7.7

|Mar snow days = 5.0

|Apr snow days = 1.6

|May snow days = 0.08

|Jun snow days = 0.0

|Jul snow days = 0.0

|Aug snow days = 0.0

|Sep snow days = 0.0

|Oct snow days = 0.0

|Nov snow days = 2.4

|Dec snow days = 6.6

|year snow days = 33.2

| source 1 = Meteostat

|source 2 = Environment Canada (precipitation/rain/snow normals 1981–2010, and extremes)

|date=February 2012

Communities and neighbourhoods

Although more historical and cultural diversity exists, Niagara Falls has 11 communities and 67 neighbourhoods defined by Planning Neighbourhoods and Communities for the City of Niagara Falls.

Beaverdams
Hyott
N.E.C. West
Nichols
Shriners
Warner
Chippawa
Bridgewater
Cummings
Hunter
Kingsbridge
Ussher
Weinbrenner
Crowland
Crowland
Drummond
Brookfield
Caledonia
Coronation
Corwin
Drummond Industrial Basin
Hennepin
Leeming
Merrit
Miller
Orchard
Trillium
Elgin
Balmoral
Central Business District
Glenview
Hamilton
Maple
Oakes
Ryerson
Valleyway
Grassybrook
Grassybrook Industrial Basin
Oakland
Rexinger
Northwest
Carmel
Kent
Mulhearn
Queen Victoria
Clifton Hill
Fallsview North
Fallsview South
Marineland
Queen Victoria
Stamford
Burdette
Calaguiro
Church
Cullimore
Gauld
Ker
Mitchellson
Mountain
N.E.C. East
Olden
Pettit
Portage
Queensway Gardens
Rolling Acres
Thompson
Wallice
Westlane
Garner
Hodgson
Lundy
Munro
Oakwood
Royal Manor
Westlane Industrial Basin
Willoughby
Niagara River Parkway
Willoughby

Demographics

{| class="wikitable" style="float:right;margin:0 0 0.2em 0.5em;"

!Ethnic origin

(>2000 population)

!Population

|English

|18,640

|20.1%

|Italian

|15,635

|16.9%

|Canadian

|12,915

|13.9%

|Scottish

|13,930

|15.0%

|Irish

|13,285

|14.3%

|German

|8,890

|9.6%

|French

|7,745

|8.4%

|Polish

|3,905

|4.2%

|Indian

|3,440

|3.7%

|Ukrainian

|3,300

|3.6%

|British Isles, n.o.s.

|3,295

|3.6%

|Dutch

|2,875

|3.1%

|Filipino

|2,725

|2.9%

|Hungarian

|2,280

|2.5%

|Chinese

|2,230

|2.4%

| colspan="4" |Source: 2021 Census of Canada

In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Niagara Falls had a population of living in of its total private dwellings, a change of from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2021.

At the census metropolitan area (CMA) level in the 2021 census, the St. Catharines - Niagara CMA had a population of living in of its total private dwellings, a change of from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2021.

As of the 2021 Census, 20.9% of the city's population were visible minorities, 3.5% had Indigenous ancestry, and the remaining 75.6% were White. The largest visible minority groups were South Asian (6.3%), Black (3.1%), Filipino (3.0%), Chinese (2.4%), Latin American (1.6%) and Arab (1.1%).

60.1% of Niagara Falls city residents self-identified with Christian denominations in 2021, down from 74.1% in 2011. 33.2% of residents were Catholic, 13.9% were Protestant, 7.1% were Christians of unspecified denomination, and 2.4% were Christian Orthodox. All other Christian denominations/Christian related traditions made up 3.5%. 30.9% of residents were irreligious or secular, up from 22.5% in 2011. Overall, followers of non-Christian religions/spiritual traditions were 9.0% of the population. The largest of these were Islam (4.1%), Hinduism (2.0%), Sikhism (1.4%) and Buddhism (0.8%)

Mother tongue, 2021 Census: English – 74.2%, Italian – 3.2%, French – 1.6%, Spanish – 1.5%, Tagalog – 1.5%, Punjabi – 1.2%.

Economy

Tourism started in the early 19th century and has been a vital part of the local economy since that time. The falls became known as a natural wonder, in part to their being featured in paintings by prominent American artists of the 19th century such as Albert Bierstadt. Such works were reproduced as lithographs, becoming widely distributed. Niagara Falls marketed itself as a honeymoon destination, describing itself as the "honeymoon capital of the world". Its counterpart in New York also used the moniker. The phrase was most commonly used in brochures in the early twentieth century and declined in usage around the 1960s.

thumb|right|Statue of Canadian soldier atop monument for the dead of the First and Second World Wars, downtown Niagara Falls

With a plentiful and inexpensive source of hydroelectric power from the waterfalls, many electro-chemical and electro-metallurgical industries located there in the early to mid-20th century. Industry began moving out of the city in the 1970s and 80s because of economic recession and increasing global competition in the manufacturing sector. Tourism increasingly became the city's most important revenue source.

Recent development has been mostly centred on the Clifton Hill and Fallsview areas. The Niagara Falls downtown (Queen Street) is undergoing a major revitalization; the city is encouraging redevelopment of this area as an arts and culture district. The downtown was a major centre for local commerce and night life up until the 1970s, when the Niagara Square Shopping Centre began to draw away crowds and retailers. Since 2006, Historic Niagara has brought art galleries, boutiques, cafés and bistros to the street. Attractions include renovation of the Seneca Theatre.

In 2004, several tourist establishments in Niagara Falls began adding additional fees to bills. Hotels specifically charge a Municipal Accommodation Tax (MAT) fee, a percentage of which goes to the city. Fees that are present elsewhere only benefit the owners of the business itself, leading to these fees being criticized as deceptive. Some tourists have effectively fought the additional charge, while other businesses have enforced it as mandatory.

Comparison to Niagara Falls, New York

In the 20th century, there was a favourable exchange rate when comparing Canadian and U.S. currencies.

Niagara Falls, New York, struggles to compete against Niagara Falls, Ontario; the Canadian side has a greater average annual income, a higher average home price, and lower levels of vacant buildings and blight, as well as a more vibrant economy and better tourism infrastructure. The population of Niagara Falls, New York fell by half from the 1960s to 2012. In contrast, the population of Niagara Falls, Ontario more than tripled.

The Ontario government introduced legal gambling to the local economy in the mid-1990s. Casino Niagara precipitated an economic boom in the late 1990s as numerous luxury hotels and tourist attractions were built, and a second casino, Niagara Fallsview, opened in 2004. Both attracted American tourists due in part to the comparatively less expensive Canadian dollar, and despite the opening of the Seneca Niagara Casino on the American side. When the Canadian and US currencies moved closer to parity in the 2000s, Niagara Falls, Ontario continued to be a popular destination for Americans, while Niagara Falls, New York, experienced a prolonged economic downturn. Ontario's legal drinking age is 19, which attracts potential alcohol consumers from across the border, as the American drinking age is 21.

Arts and culture

Some cultural areas of Niagara Falls include Queen Street, Main and Ferry Streets, Stamford Centre and Chippawa Square. Community centres that are host to cultural activities include the City of Niagara Falls Museums, Niagara Falls Public Libraries, Coronation 50 Plus Recreation Centre, Club Italia and Scotia Bank Convention Centre.

Visual arts

Niagara Falls Art Gallery
Peterson's Community Gallery

Performing arts

Niagara Falls Centre for the Arts
Seneca Queen Theatre

History

thumb|Battle Ground Hotel Museum

thumb|Niagara Military Museum

Niagara Falls History Museum
Battle Ground Hotel Museum
Willoughby Historical Museum
Niagara Military Museum
Niagara Falls Wedding and Fashion Museum
Lundy's Lane Historical Society
Battle of Lundy's Lane Walking Tour
Historic Drummondville
Stamford Historic Area

Nature, parks and gardens

Queen Victoria Park
Rosberg Family Park / Olympic Torch Trail

Festivals and events

Winter Festival of Lights
Niagara Integrated Film Festival
Springlicious
Mount Carmel Fine Art and Music Festival
Niagara Icewine Festival
Niagara Woodworking Show
Greater Niagara Home and Garden Show
Niagara Night of Art
Niagara Region Jazz Festival

Conventions and conferences

Niagara Falls Convention Centre
Sheraton on the Falls Hotel and Conference Centre

Sports teams and leagues

{| class="wikitable"

! scope="col" | Club

! scope="col" | League

! scope="col" | Sport

! scope="col" | Venue

! scope="col" | Established

! scope="col" | Championships

! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal;" | Niagara United

| Canadian Soccer League

| Soccer

| Kalar Sports Park

| 2010 <br />

| 0</td>

! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: center;" | Niagara Falls Canucks

| Greater Ontario Junior Hockey League

| Ice Hockey

| Gale Centre

| <br />

| 2</td>

Attractions

thumb|Clifton Hill Attractions, February 2017

Notable attractions in Niagara Falls include:

Table Rock Welcome Centre
Journey Behind the Falls
Skylon Tower
Niagara SkyWheel
Winter Festival of Lights
Niagara Parks Butterfly Conservatory
Niagara Heritage Trail
Dufferin Islands
Niagara Parks School of Horticulture
The Rainbow Carillon, which sounds from the Rainbow Tower
Clifton Hill, Niagara Falls — Tourist promenade featuring a Ripley's Believe It Or Not Museum, arcades, five haunted houses, four wax museums including a Louis Tussauds Wax Works, and themed restaurants including the Hard Rock Cafe and Rainforest Cafe.
Casinos — Casino Niagara and Niagara Fallsview Casino Resort
IMAX Theatre and Daredevil museum
Fallsview Tourist Area
Fallsview Indoor Waterpark
Tower Hotel (Niagara Falls)
Bird Kingdom

Government

Niagara Falls City Council consists of eight councillors and a mayor. City elections take place every four years with the most recent election held on 24 October 2022. Council is responsible for policy and decision making, monitoring the operation and performance of the city, analysing and approving budgets and determining spending priorities. Due to regulations put forward by the Municipal Elections Act 1996, elections are held on the fourth Monday in October except for religious holidays or if a member of council or if the mayor resigns. Jim Diodati has been the mayor of Niagara Falls since 2010.

As of 2023, the city's fire and emergency services are staffed by 130 firefighters and 104 volunteers. Provincial roads (namely the Queen Elizabeth Way) are patrolled by the Ontario Provincial Police (OPP) and the rest by Niagara Regional Police (NRPS) for city streets and general policing or Niagara Parks Police (NPP) on property relating to Niagara Parks Commission. Policing on the Canadian side of bridges (Whirlpool and Rainbow Bridges) are conducted by both Canadian Border Services Agency (CBSA) and U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) operations, but may involve Niagara Regional Police and/or OPP, as well as US agencies. Michigan Central Railway Bridge is an inactive railway bridge; it is closed off by the Canadian Pacific Railways to prevent trespassing but can be accessed by NRPS or CBSA/CBP if required.

Transportation

Highways

thumb|right|The Rainbow Bridge

Niagara Falls is linked to major highways in Canada. The Queen Elizabeth Way (QEW), stretching from Fort Erie to Toronto, passes through Niagara Falls. Highway 420 (along with Niagara Regional Road 420) connect the Rainbow Bridge to the QEW. The Niagara Parkway is a road operated under the Niagara Parks Commission which connects Niagara-on-the-Lake to Fort Erie via Niagara Falls.

Niagara Falls formerly had King's Highways passing through the city. These included:

The original routing of Highway 3 (later to become Highway 3A), which ended at the Whirlpool Rapids Bridge via River Road
Highway 8, which ended at the Whirlpool Rapids Bridge via Bridge Street
Highway 20, which initially ended at the Honeymoon Bridge and later at the Rainbow Bridge via Lundy's Lane and Clifton Hill

Rail

thumb|[[Niagara Falls Via Rail station]]

Via Rail Canada and Amtrak jointly provide service to the Niagara Falls station via their Maple Leaf service between Toronto Union Station and New York Penn Station.

In summer 2009, GO Transit started a pilot project providing weekend and holiday train service from Toronto to Niagara Falls from mid June to mid October. These GO Trains run seasonally between Toronto Union Station and Niagara Falls at weekends.

At other times, regular hourly GO train services are provided between Toronto Union and Burlington station, where connecting bus services operate to and from the rail station at Niagara.

As of January 2019, GO Transit offers two-way, weekday commuter service from Niagara Falls station (Ontario) to Union Station (Toronto) as part of the Niagara GO Expansion. The full expansion project is expected to be complete by 2025.

Bus

Coach Canada has daily runs to and from Toronto and Buffalo, New York.
GO Transit offers daily bus service between Niagara and Burlington GO Station.
Megabus has daily runs on its route to New York City starting in Toronto.
Niagara Transit is the public transit operator in the city.
WEGO is the tourist bus system operated by the Niagara Parks Commission.

Active transportation

The City of Niagara Falls is working toward Bike Friendly designation and providing more resources to encourage active transportation.

Air

The closest major international airport to Niagara Falls is Toronto Pearson Airport (YYZ).

Education

Niagara is served by the District School Board of Niagara and the Niagara Catholic District School Board which operate elementary and secondary schools in the region. Secondary schools include A. N. Myer, Westlane, Stamford Collegiate, Saint Michael, and Saint Paul. The University of Niagara Falls Canada is the only post-secondary institution based in the city itself, while Niagara College and Brock University operate in nearby localities. The city also has a public library system named the Niagara Falls Public Library, which has three branches.

Media

Niagara Falls is served by two main local newspapers, three radio stations and a community television channel. All other media is regionally based, as well, from Hamilton and Toronto.

Newspapers

Local newspapers are:

Niagara Falls Review
Niagara This Week

Due to its proximity to Hamilton and Toronto, local residents have access to the papers like The Hamilton Spectator, the Toronto Star, and the Toronto Sun.

Radio

91.7 FM - CIXL-FM, "Giant FM" Classic Rock
97.7 FM – CHTZ-FM, "97.7 HTZ-FM" Mainstream Rock
101.1 FM – CFLZ-FM, "More FM" CHR
105.1 FM – CJED-FM, "105.1 The River FM" adult hits

The area is otherwise served by stations from Toronto, Hamilton and Buffalo.

Television

Cogeco is the local cable television franchise serving Niagara Falls; the system carries most major channels from Toronto and Buffalo, as well as YourTV, a community channel serving Niagara Falls.
CHCH-DT (UHF channel 15 - virtual channel 11) from Hamilton, Ontario also serves the Niagara Region.

Television stations from Toronto and Buffalo are also widely available. Officially, Niagara Falls is part of the Toronto television market, even though it is directly across the Niagara River from its American twin city, which is part of the Buffalo market.

Notable people

Bruno Agostinelli, professional tennis player
Ray Barkwill, Canadian national rugby player
Murda Beatz, Producer and DJ
Harold Bradley, classical pianist
William J. Bruce III, author, producer and celebrity publicist
James Cameron, film director
Bill Cupolo, NHL player
Kevin Dallman, NHL player
Marty Dallman, NHL player
Frank Dancevic, professional tennis player
Sandro DeAngelis, CFL kicker
Robert Nathaniel Dett, composer born in Drummondville
Joe Fletcher, referee at FIFA World Cup
Tre Ford, CFL quarterback
Tyrell Ford, former CFL and NFL cornerback
Barbara Frum, CBC broadcaster
William Giauque, recipient of 1949 Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Mike Glumac, professional hockey player
Brian Greenspan, lawyer
Eddie Greenspan, lawyer
Bobby Gunn, boxer
Chris Haslam, professional skateboarder
Obs Heximer, NHL player
Tim Hicks, country singer
Honeymoon Suite, rock band
Harold Howard, retired mixed martial artist and UFC fighter
Jon Klassen, illustrator and children's book author
Johnathan Kovacevic, NHL player
Greg Kovacs, bodybuilder
Judy LaMarsh, second female federal cabinet minister in Canadian history
Steve Ludzik, NHL player
Denise Matthews, evangelist, singer
Bob Manno, NHL player
John McCall MacBain, philanthropist, billionaire businessman, founder and former CEO of Trader Classified Media
Nenad Medic, poker player
Stephan Moccio, musician, arranger, composer
Tom Moore, trade unionist
Rick Morocco, ice hockey executive and professional player
Johnny Mowers, NHL goalie
Rob Nicholson, former Minister of Justice and Attorney General for Canada
Terry O'Reilly, NHL player and head coach
Roula Partheniou, contemporary artist
Frank Pietrangelo, NHL goalie
Burr Plato, politician
deadmau5, musician and DJ
Rezz, DJ and record producer
Phil Roberto, NHL player
Gillian Robertson, UFC Fighter
Derek Sanderson, NHL player
Jarrod Skalde, NHL player
Russell Teibert, soccer player
Steve Terreberry, musician, comedian, and YouTuber
Frank Thomas, MLB player
Jay Triano, former NBA head coach
Mary Ellen Turpel-Lafond, lawyer and professor; former judge
Tvangeste, symphonic black metal band formerly based in Kaliningrad, Russia
Ken Walker, medical columnist using the pen name W. Gifford-Jones, M.D.
Wave, pop band
Sherman Zavitz, historian