New wave music

New wave is a music genre that encompasses pop-oriented styles that emerged in the United States and United Kingdom in the mid- to late 1970s. The term was initially synonymous with punk rock, but soon branched off into its own distinct style: a lighter and more melodic "broadening of punk culture", in contrast to the more atmospheric sounds of post-punk. Over time, new wave became a catch-all for several musical styles that emerged after the initial popularity of punk rock, such as synth-pop, power pop, and two-tone ska.

New wave commercially peaked from the late 1970s to mid-1980s with an abundance of one-hit wonders. In 1981, the MTV channel was launched, which heavily promoted and popularized new wave acts in the United States. Regional new wave scenes developed across Europe, particularly the Netherlands' ultra, Germany's Neue Deutsche Welle, Spain's La Movida Madrileña, France, Poland and Belgium's coldwave, as well as the Yugoslav new wave. Additionally, the movement inspired subgenres such as minimal wave and darkwave.

By the early 1980s, the original new wave movement was considered over in the UK, being succeeded by the new pop and New Romantic movements. Despite this, the U.S. continued using "new wave" as an umbrella term for these new pop and New Romantic acts, such as on MTV. By the late 1980s, new wave's U.S. popularity declined as other genres gained commercial success, such as glam metal, dance-pop, and alternative rock. In the 1990s and 2000s, new wave experienced brief revivals, labelled the "new wave of new wave" and "new new wave" by the press. The genre influenced later internet microgenres such as bloghouse, new rave, chillwave, synthwave, vaporwave and devocore.

Etymology and characteristics

During the late 1970s and early 1980s, new wave music encompassed a wide variety of pop-oriented styles that shared a quirky, lighthearted, and humorous tone. as a catch-all for the various styles of music that emerged after punk rock. The phrase also alluded to the French New Wave, a 1960s film movement known for its experimental approach and departure from traditional forms.

Common characteristics of new wave music include a humorous or quirky pop approach, the use of electronic sounds, and a distinctive visual style in music videos and fashion. According to Simon Reynolds, new wave music had a twitchy, agitated feel. New wave musicians often played choppy rhythm guitars with angular riffs and fast tempos; keyboards, and stop-start song structures and melodies are common, with the use of jerky rhythms, and synthesizers. Reynolds noted new-wave vocalists sound high-pitched, geeky, and suburban. This rise in technology made the visual style of new wave musicians important for their success. In the early 1980s, virtually every new pop and rock act, particularly those that employed synthesizers, was tagged as "new wave" by the U.S. general public.

thumb|[[Blondie (band)|Blondie, 1977. L–R: Gary Valentine, Clem Burke, Deborah Harry, Chris Stein and Jimmy Destri.]]

New wave may be seen as an attempt to reconcile "the energy and rebellious attitude of punk" with traditional forms of pop songwriting, as seen in the rockabilly riffs and classic craftsmanship of Elvis Costello and the 1960s mod influences of the Jam. Paul Weller, who called new wave "the pop music of the Seventies", explained to Chas de Whalley in 1977:

Although new wave shares punk's do-it-yourself artistic philosophy, the musicians were more influenced by the light strains of 1960s pop while opposed to mainstream "corporate" rock, which they considered creatively stagnant, as well as the generally abrasive and political bents of punk rock. who in particular used new wave influences to lay the groundwork for the Minneapolis sound.

History

Forerunners

The Velvet Underground have been heralded for their influence on new wave. The glam and art rock inspired style of Roxy Music and Sparks were also influential to the genre alongside the works of David Bowie, Iggy Pop and Brian Eno. The work of experimental rock artists such as Captain Beefheart, Frank Zappa, and the Residents, underground psychedelic bands Lothar and the Hand People as well as Germany's krautrock and electronic-based kosmische musik scene, particularly the work of Kraftwerk, have been described as influencing or presaging the movement.

The influence of avant-garde and abstract art movements such as Dada, Cubism and the Bauhaus school would also influence the visual aesthetic and sound of new wave artists, which became contemporaneous with the development of the Memphis Design aesthetic adopted by MTV and many new wave artists during the 1980s. Additionally, Peter Ivers' early output was later recognized as a precursor to new wave with Ivers contributing to the Eraserhead soundtrack and later hosting the influential show New Wave Theatre which helped popularize many early Californian new wave acts.

1970s: Origins and breakthrough

thumb|[[Talking Heads performing in Toronto in 1978]]

As early as 1973, critics including Nick Kent and Dave Marsh were using the term "new wave" to classify New York proto-punk groups such as the Velvet Underground and New York Dolls. In the US, many of the first new wave groups were found in the early New York punk scene, with acts such as Milk 'N' Cookies, the Shirts, Mumps, Talking Heads, Mink DeVille, and Blondie who drew influences from glam, art rock, and power pop and were primarily associated with the CBGB scene. Alongside Devo and Pere Ubu who emerged out of the early Ohio punk scene, followed by Ultravox in London. Some influential bands, such as New York's Suicide and Boston's the Modern Lovers debuted even earlier, with drummer David Robinson later joining early new wave band the Cars. CBGB owner Hilly Kristal, referring to the first show by Television at his club in March 1974, said; "I think of that as the beginning of new wave".

Between 1976 and 1977, the terms "new wave" and "punk" were used somewhat interchangeably. That year, the term gained currency when it appeared in UK punk fanzines such as Sniffin' Glue, and music weeklies such as Melody Maker and New Musical Express. In November 1976, Caroline Coon used the term "new wave" to designate music by bands that were not exactly punk but were related to the punk-music scene. The mid-1970s British pub rock scene became another source of many of the most-commercially-successful new wave acts, such as Ian Dury and Nick Lowe, as well as Ireland's Boomtown Rats.

In the US, Sire Records chairman Seymour Stein, believing the term "punk" would mean poor sales for Sire's acts who had frequently played the New York club CBGB, launched a "Don't Call It Punk" campaign in October 1977 in order to replace the term with "new wave".

The New York Rocker, which was suspicious of the term "punk", had been using the term "new wave" since December 1976 and was the first American journal to enthusiastically use the term, at first for British acts and later for acts associated with the CBGB scene. The music's stripped-back style and upbeat tempos attracted Stein and others to new wave. They viewed it as a return to the energetic stylings of 1950s and 1960s rock and roll, which had dwindled in the 1970s with progressive rock and arena rock.

In England, the terms "post-punk" and "new musick" were popularized and coined by Sounds magazine, with music journalists Jane Suck and Jon Savage publishing editorials in the November 26, 1977 issue of Sounds entitled "New Musick" to describe a strain of bands that were moving past the garage rock conventions of punk rock and incorporating wider influences. The terms "post-punk" and "new wave" were used interchangeably to describe these groups before the genres perceptibly narrowed, some artists adopted synthesizers. In London, artists such as Ultravox, Elvis Costello and Gary Numan's Tubeway Army later released influential new wave albums during this period. While punk rock wielded a major influence on the popular music scene in the UK, in the US it remained a fixture of the underground.

In mid-1977, arena rock and disco dominated the U.S. charts and Newsweek. Small new wave scenes developed in major cities, but public support remained limited to elements of the artistic, bohemian, and intellectual population. A month later, Zibart called Elvis Costello the "Best Shot of the New Wave" in America, speculating that "If New Wave is to take hold here, it will be through the efforts of those furthest from the punk center" due to "inevitable" American middle-class resistance to the "jarring rawness of New Wave and its working-class angst."

In late 1978 and 1979, new wave acts began to make chart appearances and receive airplay on rock stations and rock discos. In October 1978, the Cars released the single "My Best Friend's Girl" which was one of the first new wave singles to enter the Top 40 peaking at number 35 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart, and reaching number three in the UK. In January 1979, Blondie released "Heart of Glass" which became the first new wave single to reach number 1 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and the UK Singles Chart. In June 1979, "My Sharona" by the Knack was released, hitting number one on the Billboard Hot 100; its success, combined with new wave albums being much cheaper to produce during the music industry's worst slump in decades, prompted record companies to sign new wave groups. A year earlier, Bart Mills of The Washington Post asked "Is England's New Wave All Washed Up?", writing that "The New Wave joined the Establishment, buying a few hits at the price of its anarchism. Not a single punk band broke through big in America, and in Britain John Travolta sold more albums than the entire New Wave." Lee Ferguson, a consultant to KWST, said in an interview that Los Angeles radio stations were banning disc jockeys from using the term and noted; "Most of the people who call music new wave are the ones looking for a way not to play it". Second albums by new wave musicians who had successful debuts, along with newly signed musicians, failed to sell and stations initially pulled most new wave programming,

In 1981 however, the start of MTV began new wave's most successful era in the US. British musicians, unlike many of their American counterparts, had learned how to use the music video early on. Several British acts on independent labels were able to outmarket and outsell American musicians on major labels, a phenomenon journalists labeled the "Second British Invasion" of "new music", which included many artists of the style-conscious New Romantic movement. The early 1980s also saw brief forays into new wave by non-new wave artists, such as Billy Joel (Glass Houses), Donna Summer (The Wanderer), Robert Palmer (Clues), Linda Ronstadt (Mad Love), and Don Henley (I Can't Stand Still and Building the Perfect Beast).

New wave was closely tied to punk, and came and went more quickly in the UK and Western Europe than in the US. At the time punk began, it was a major phenomenon in the UK and a minor one in the US. When new wave acts started being noticed in the US, the term "punk" meant little to mainstream audiences, and it was common for rock clubs and discos to play British dance mixes and videos between live sets by American guitar acts. In a December 1982 Gallup poll, 14% of American teenagers rated new wave as their favorite type of music, making it the third-most-popular genre. Urban contemporary radio stations were the first to play dance-oriented new wave bands such as the B-52's, Culture Club, Duran Duran, and ABC.

thumb|[[Ian McCulloch (singer)|Ian McCulloch of Echo and the Bunnymen ]]

New wave soundtracks were used in mainstream Brat Pack films such as Sixteen Candles, Pretty in Pink, and The Breakfast Club, as well as in the low-budget hit Valley Girl. John Hughes, the director of several of these films, was enthralled with British new wave music, and placed songs from acts such as the Psychedelic Furs, Simple Minds, Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark, and Echo and the Bunnymen in his films, helping to keep new wave in the mainstream. Several of these songs remain standards of the era. Critics described the MTV acts of the period as shallow or vapid.

In the UK and among many US and UK critics, new wave was largely considered "over" by the early 1980s, being supplanted by the new pop and New Romantic movements.<section end="overview"/> British rock critic Adam Sweeting, who described the Jam as "British New Wave at its most quintessential and successful", remarked that the band broke up "just as British pop was being overrun by the preposterous leisurewear and over-budgeted videos of Culture Club, Duran Duran and ABC, all of which were anathema to the puritanical Weller." According to authors Stuart Borthwick and Ron Moy, "After the monochrome blacks and greys of punk/new wave, synth-pop was promoted by a youth media interested in people who wanted to be pop stars, such as Boy George and Adam Ant".

Despite this, among the US general public, "new wave" continued being used as an umbrella term for these new pop, synth-pop, and New Romantic acts. MTV continued its heavy rotation of videos by "post-New Wave pop" acts "with a British orientation" until 1986–87, when it changed to a heavy metal and rock-dominated format. Some new wave acts, particularly INXS, shifted from new wave to a more straightforward rock sound. In the UK, new wave "survived through the post-punk years, but after the turn of the [1980s] found itself overwhelmed by the more outrageous style of the New Romantics." with the arrival of the Smiths characterised by the music press as a "reaction against the opulence/corpulence of nouveau rich New Pop" and "part of the move back to guitar-driven music after the keyboard washes of the New Romantics".

In September 1988, Billboard launched its Modern Rock chart, the acts on which reflected a wide variety of stylistic influences. New wave's legacy remained in the large influx of acts from the UK, and acts that were popular in rock discos, as well as the chart's name, which reflects the way new wave was marketed as "modern". According to Steve Graves, new wave's indie spirit was crucial to the development of college rock and grunge/alternative rock in the latter half of the 1980s and onward.

2000s–2010s

thumb|right|[[Franz Ferdinand (band)|Franz Ferdinand performing in 2006]]

During the 2000s, a number of artists that exploited a diversity of new wave and post-punk influences emerged through the alternative rock scene. In New York, these acts were encompassed by the electroclash and post-punk revival movement, sometimes labeled "New New Wave".

According to British music journalist Chris Nickson, Scottish band Franz Ferdinand revived both Britpop and the music of the late 1970s "with their New Wave influenced sound". AllMusic notes the emergence of these acts "led journalists and music fans to talk about a post-punk/new wave revival" while arguing it was "really more analogous to a continuum, one that could be traced back as early as the mid-'80s". In England, the resurgence of indie rock music that emerged through the 2000s post-punk revival scene led to a proliferation of formulaic acts collectively labelled "landfill indie". James New of Mumm-Ra, an artist associated with this era, stated "I went into a weird new-wave band, because it felt so saturated seeing the same bands with kids in skinny jeans."

New wave revivalism influenced later internet microgenres such as bloghouse, chillwave, synthwave and vaporwave. In the mid- to late 2010s, an online internet meme, led to the coining of a microgenre originally known as "devo-core", and later renamed "egg punk". The style was pioneered by Indiana band the Coneheads and characterized by the zany, lo-fi and edgier aspects of new wave band Devo.

2020s

In 2021, the New York electroclash and bloghouse scenes of the 2000s which drew inspiration from new wave music, led a woman named Olivia V. to coin an internet aesthetic known as "indie sleaze", through the launching of the Instagram account @indiesleaze, which was dedicated to documenting the visual style of that period.

Regional scenes

Soviet Union

During the 1970s and 1980s, an underground music scene influenced by the punk subculture in the United States and UK led to the development of several post-punk and new wave influenced acts in the Soviet Union. Soviet post-punk/new wave bands gained prominence primarily in Moscow and Leningrad, and included Alyans, Kino, Akvarium, Auktyon, Nautilus Pompilius and Piknik. Soviet new wave music later went on to influence the modern Sovietwave movement during the 2000s and 2010s.

Spain

In post-Francoist Spain during the late 1970s and early 1980s, the influence of punk rock led to La Movida Madrileña (The Madrid Scene), a countercultural movement centered in Madrid that emerged after the death of Spanish dictator Francisco Franco. The movement musically drew influences from post-punk, synth-pop and new wave music. In the 2010s and 2020s, the Spanish post-punk scene became encompassed by acts such as Depresión Sonora.

References

Bibliography

Coon, Caroline. 1988: the New Wave Punk Rock Explosion. London: Orbach and Chambers, 1977. .

External links

New Wave Complex – the original page dedicated to new wave music since 1996
New wave albums statistics and tagging at Last.FM
New wave tracks statistics and tagging at Last.FM
BBC Two - Sounds of the 70s 2, New Wave - Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick Sounds of the 70s, Series 2, Episode 10
Encyclopædia Britannica Definition
1997 Interview with Brat Pack Film Director John Hughes Published MTV 7 August 2009
Rock Against the Bloc A look back at the punk/new wave movement in Poland by the Krakow Post, 1 February 2010