thumb|[[Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Sofia, by Alexander Pomerantsev]]
thumb|[[Naval Cathedral in Kronstadt|Naval Cathedral of Saint Nicholas in Kronstadt, by Vasily Kosyakov]]
thumb|[[Holy Resurrection Cathedral in Chiyoda, Tokyo, by Josiah Conder]]
Neo-Byzantine architecture (also referred to as Byzantine Revival) was a revival movement, most frequently seen in religious, institutional and public buildings. It incorporates elements of the Byzantine style associated with Eastern and Orthodox Christian architecture dating from the 5th through 11th centuries, notably that of Constantinople (present-day Istanbul) and the Exarchate of Ravenna.
Neo-Byzantine architecture emerged in the 1840s in Western Europe and peaked in the last quarter of the 19th century with the Sacré-Coeur Basilica in Paris, and with monumental works in the Russian Empire, and later Bulgaria. The Neo-Byzantine school was active in Yugoslavia in the interwar period.
Byzantine Architecture
Byzantine architecture developed during the time of the Byzantine Empire, which began after 330 AD when Emperor Constantine moved the capital of the Roman Empire from Rome to Byzantium, later called Constantinople and today known as Istanbul.
Early Byzantine architecture was heavily influenced by Roman architecture. Important examples form this period can still be seen in Ravenna and Constantinople, including churches such as Hagia Sophia, St. Irene, and Sts. Sergius and Bacchus (often called little Hagia Sophia). Other surviving structures include the walls of Constantinople and the Basilica Cistern.
Over time, Byzantine architecture developed its own unique style. Influences from the Near East became more visible, and architects began using the Greek cross plan in church designs. Brick became more common than stone, classical Roman elements were adapted more freely, and decorative mosaics replaced carved stone decoration. Architects became one of the defining features of Byzantine churches.
Russian Empire
Sophia Cathedral in Pushkin (1782–1788) was the earliest and isolated experiment with Byzantine treatment of otherwise neoclassical structures. In 1830s Nicholas I of Russia promoted the so-called Russo-Byzantine style of churches designed by Konstantin Thon. Nicholas I despised true Byzantine art; Thon's style in fact had little common with it. Notably, Thon routinely replaced the circular Byzantine arch with a keel-shaped gable, and the hemispherical Byzantine dome with an onion dome; layout and structural scheme of his churches clearly belonged to neoclassical standard.
True Byzantine art, popularized by Grigory Gagarin and David Grimm, was adopted by Alexander II of Russia as the de facto official style of the Orthodox Church. Byzantine architecture became a vehicle of Orthodox expansion on the frontiers of Empire (Congress Poland, Crimea, the Caucasus). However, few buildings were completed in the reign of Alexander II due to financial troubles. Alexander III changed state preference in favor of Russian Revival trend based on 16th–17th century Moscow and Yaroslavl tradition, yet Byzantine architecture remained a common choice, especially for large cathedrals. Neo-Byzantine cathedrals concentrated in the western provinces (Poland, Lithuania), the Army bases in Caucasus and Central Asia, the Cossack hosts and the industrial region in Urals around the city of Perm. Architects David Grimm and Vasily Kosyakov developed a unique national type of a single-dome Byzantine cathedral with four symmetrical pendentive apses that became the de facto standard in the 1880s–1890s.
The reign of Nicholas II was notable for the architect's turn from this standard back to Hagia Sophia legacy, peaking in the Naval Cathedral in Kronstadt and Poti cathedral. These designs employed reinforced concrete that allowed very fast construction schedule; their interiors contained clear references to contemporary Art Nouveau yet the exteriors were a clear homage to medieval Constantinople. Russian Neo-Byzantine tradition was terminated by the Russian Revolution of 1917 but was continued by emigrant architects in Yugoslavia and Harbin.
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
File:Морской Никольский собор в Кронштадте 2018.jpg|Naval Cathedral, Kronstadt
File:Saint Petersburg, Russia (33784600548).jpg|The Kazan church, Novodevichy Cemetery, St. Petersburg
File:Иоанновский монастырь.jpg|Ioannovsky Convent, St. Petersburg
File:Novosibirsk ANevsky Cathedral 07-2016 img1.jpg|Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Novosibirsk
File:Novocherkassk Cathedral (2017).jpg|Novocherkassk Cathedral
File:Krestovosdvizenskiy sobor.JPG|Exaltation of the Cross Cathedral at St. Nicholas Monastery, Verkhoturye
File:Kharkov002.jpg|Annunciation Cathedral, Kharkiv
File:Sevastopol 04-14 img09 Vladimir Cathedral.jpg|St. Vladimir's Cathedral, Sevastopol
File:Церква Воскресіння Христового6.JPG|Foros Church
File:2014 Nowy Aton, Monaster Nowy Athos (06).jpg|New Athos Monastery, New Afon
File:St. Volodymyr's Cathedral in Kiev.jpg|St Volodymyr's Cathedral, Kyiv
File: 20250820 Geburtskathedrale Riga PXL 20250820 180306343.jpg |Nativity Cathedral, Riga
File:Kauno soboras. 2007-04-06.jpg|St. Michael the Archangel Church, Kaunas
File:Narva_asv2022-04_img03_Resurrection_Church.jpg|Church of the Resurrection of the Lord, Narva
File:Znamenskaya cerkov Vilnius.JPG|The church of the Theotokos Orans (Our Lady of the Sign), Vilnius
File:Cerkiew prawosławna w Białowieży 02.jpg|The Orthodox Church in Białowieża
File:Cerkiew Aleksandra Newskiego w Łodzi.jpg|Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Łódź
File:Poti Cathedral (Photo A. Muhranoff, 2011)-1.jpg|Poti Cathedral
File:Alexander_Nevsky_Cathedral,_Tbilisi_(ტფილისის_სამხედრო_ტაძარი).jpg|Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Tiflis
</gallery>
Southeastern Europe
Bulgaria
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
Faculty of Theology Sofia.jpg|Faculty of Theology Sofia, Sofia University
Sofia - Seminary - 2.jpg|The Sofia Seminary
Holy Synod Palace - Sofia.jpg|The Palace of the Holy Synod of the Bulgarian Patriarchate, Sofia
St. Nedelya church at night.jpg|St. Nedelya Cathedral Church at night, Sofia
Vidin St Demetrius Cathedral 2.jpg|St. Demetrius Cathedral, Vidin
StNikolaySofiyski church Sofia.jpg|St. Nikolay of Sofia church, Sofia
BRG-2019-SvSvKirilMetodij04.jpg|Saints Cyril and Methodius Cathedral, Burgas
Sveti Nikolay Chudotvorets church in Stara Zagora, Bulgaria.jpg|St. Nikolay the Wonderworker church, Stara Zagora
Dragalevtsi-monastery.jpg|Dragalevtsi Monastery (new buildings from 1932) Sofia
Sofia Public Mineral Baths.jpg|Regional History Museum Sofia (former Sofia Central Public Mineral Baths)
Vrana Palace.jpg|The building of the New Palace in Vrana Palace, Sofia
</gallery>
The Bulgarian Neo-Byzantine style from the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century is often a combination of Byzantine, typical Bulgarian, Eastern Orthodox and Secession/ Art Nouveau/ Modernisme elements.
- thumb|[[Saint Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Sofia, Bulgaria.]]Saint Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Sofia (1882–1912)
- thumb|[[Dormition of the Mother of God Cathedral, Varna, Bulgaria]]Dormition of the Mother of God Cathedral, Varna (1882–1885);
- Faculty of Theology (Sofia University) (1908–1912)
- Regional History Museum Sofia, former Sofia Central Public Mineral Baths (1913) – the building was designed in the Vienna Secession style, but integrating typically Byzantine, Bulgarian and Eastern Orthodox ornamental elements;
- Sofia Theological Seminary (1902–1914);
- Vrana Palace – the building of the New Palace in "Vrana" is a two-storey massive building, executed in typical Bulgarian style with Secession elements, combined in an elegant Neo-Byzantine spirit.
- Church of St Paraskeva, Sofia (1926–1930)
- St. Nedelya Cathedral Church (10th century, 1933), Sofia
Greece
- Cathedral of Saint Andrew, Patras (1908–1974)
- Church of Saint Panteleimon of Acharnai, Athens (1910–1930)
Romania
<gallery mode="packed" heights="160px">
18 Bulevardul Eroii Sanitari, Bucharest (03).jpg|Entrance of the Laurențiu and Louise Steinebach House (Bulevardul Eroii Sanitari no. 18), Bucharest, by Alfred Popper, 1915–1916
40 Bulevardul Lascăr Catargiu, Bucharest (04).jpg|Doctor Dobrovici House (Bulevardul Lascăr Catargiu no. 40), Bucharest, by Duiliu Marcu, 1919–1925
10 Strada Dumbrava Roșie, Bucharest (05).jpg|Doctor Ion and Maria Urlățeanu House (Strada Dumbrava Roșie no. 10), Bucharest, by Alfred Popper, 1922–1923
18 Strada Pictor Constantin Stahi, Bucharest (01).jpg|Strada Pictor Constantin Stahi no. 18, Bucharest, by Tiberiu Niga, 1930s
42 Bulevardul Dacia, Bucharest (02).jpg|Bulevardul Dacia no. 42, Bucharest, unknown architect, 1930s
</gallery>
- Entrance of the Laurențiu and Louise Steinebach House, Bucharest (most of its architectural elements, both exterior the interior, with little Romanian Revival influences)
- People's Salvation Cathedral, Bucharest
- Holy Trinity Cathedral, Sibiu
- Coronation Cathedral, Alba Iulia
- Cathedral of Saints Peter and Paul, Constanța
- Domnița Bălașa Church, Bucharest
- Doctor Ion and Maria Urlățeanu House, Bucharest
- Aleea Alexandru no. 40, Bucharest
- Strada Pictor Constantin Stahi no. 18, Bucharest
- Strada Austrului no. 9, Bucharest
- Bulevardul Dacia no. 42, Bucharest
- Doctor Dobrovici House, Bucharest
Serbia
Serbia's modern sacral architecture got its main impetus from the dynastic burial church in Oplenac which was commissioned by the Karađorđeviċ dynasty 1909. With the arrival of Russian émigré artists after the October Revolution, Belgrade's main governmental edifices were planned by eminent Russian architects trained in Russia. It was King Alexander I who was the patron of the Neo-Byzantine movement. Its main proponents were Aleksandar Deroko, Momir Korunović, Branko Krstić, Grigorije Samojlov and Nikolay Krasnov. Their main contribution were the royal castles on Dedinje, the Church of Saint Sava and the St. Mark's Church in Belgrade. After the communist era ended, Mihajlo Mitrović and Nebojša Popović were proponents of new tendencies in sacral architecture which used classic examples in the Byzantine tradition.
Turkey
thumb|[[Hagia Triada Church, Istanbul|Hagia Triada in Istanbul, Turkey.]]
Istanbul: Hagia Triada, a 19th century Greek Orthodox Church located near Taksim Square in Istanbul, Turkey. Completed and opened in 1880.
Ayvalık: Çınarlı Mosque, Saatli mosque and Koç museum.
Austria
thumb|right|Christuskirche in [[Matzleinsdorf Protestant Cemetery, Vienna, 1858–1860]]
Danish architect Theophil Hansen became a supporter of the style in the 1850s. His major works belonged to the Neo-Grec and Neo-Renaissance style, however, Hansen as a professor of Byzantine art in the Academy of Fine Arts in Vienna shaped a generation of architects that popularized Neo-Byzantine architecture in Austro-Hungary, Serbia and post-war Yugoslavia. Hansen's own Neo-Byzantine work includes the Arsenal in Vienna (1852–1856, with Ludwig Förster), the Holy Trinity Greek Orthodox Church, Vienna (1856–1858) and the Christuskirche in Matzleindorf, Vienna (1858–1860).
Germany
Earliest examples of emerging Byzantine-Romanesque architecture include the Alexander Nevsky Memorial Church, Potsdam, by Russian architect Vasily Stasov, and the Abbey of Saint Boniface, laid down by Ludwig I of Bavaria in 1835 and completed in 1840. The basilica followed the rules of 6th-century Ravenna architecture, although its corinthian order was a clear deviation from the historical Byzantine art. In 1876 Ludwig II of Bavaria commissioned Neo-Byzantine interiors of the externally Romanesque Neuschwanstein Castle, complete with mosaic images of Justinian I and Greek saints.
Several Neo-Byzantine-style churches were constructed during the Gründerzeit, for instance, the Sacred Heart Church or the Rosary Basilica, both located in Berlin.
France
One of the earliest examples in France is the enormous Marseille Cathedral, built between 1852 and 1893, and the basilica of Notre-Dame de la Garde, both located in Marseille.
Another example is the Russian orthodox Alexander Nevsky Cathedral in Paris build 1859–1861.
The Saint-Augustin in Paris build between 1860 and 1871 is an example of Eclectic Romano-Byzantine architecture.
A prominent example of Byzantine Revival architecture in France is the Basilica of Sacre-Coeur in Paris, built between 1875 and 1914, based on the original plan of Paul Abadie. It features five elongated domes on the exterior and an interior with mosaics and other art inspired by Byzantine art. Inspired by the former is another excellent example – the Basilica of Sainte-Thérèse, Lisieux completed in 1954.
Great Britain and Ireland
Westminster Cathedral (1895–1903), the Catholic cathedral in London, is the largest and most thorough British effort in the style, by John Francis Bentley (1839–1902), but there are a number of other churches and other buildings such as the Christ Church, Brixton Road, also in London, by Arthur Beresford Pite, 1897–1903, near The Oval cricket ground and St Mary and St George Church, High Wycombe (1935–1938). From about 1850 to 1880 in Bristol a related style known as Bristol Byzantine was popular for industrial buildings which combined elements of the Byzantine style with Moorish architecture. Newman University Church, Dublin (1885–86) is a notable Irish example.
United States
In the United States and elsewhere, the Neo-Byzantine style is often seen in vernacular amalgamations with other Medieval revivalist styles such as Romanesque and Gothic, or even with the Mission Revival or Spanish Colonial Revival styles.
The Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception is a large Catholic minor basilica and national shrine located in Washington, D.C., United States.
The shrine is the largest Catholic church in North America, one of the largest churches in the world, and the tallest habitable building in Washington, D.C. Its construction of Byzantine Revival and Romanesque Revival architecture began on September 23, 1920, with renowned contractor John McShain and was completed on December 8, 2017, with the dedication and solemn blessing of the Trinity Dome mosaic on December 8, 2017, the Feast of the Immaculate Conception, by Cardinal Donald William Wuerl.
Other notable US examples include many buildings on the campus of Rice University in Texas, and Christ Church United Methodist in Manhattan by Ralph Adams Cram; Cathedral of Saint Paul (Minnesota), Immaculate Conception Church in New Orleans, St. Francis de Sales Church in Philadelphia, Cathedral Basilica of St. Louis, Temple Beth Israel in Portland, Oregon, and Sts. Peter and Paul Orthodox Church in Buffalo, New York.
Gallery
<gallery class="center">
File:Le sacre coeur.jpg|Basilica of Sacre-Coeur, Paris (1875–1914)
Image:Westminster cathedral front.jpg|The Neo-Byzantine façade of Westminster Cathedral, London
Image:Alexander Nevsky church in Ganja 4.JPG|Alexander Nevsky Church, Ganja
Image:Trieste Serb-orthodox church of San-Spiridione3.jpg|Saint Spyridon Church, Trieste
Image:Throne room, Neuschwanstein Castle, Upper Bavaria, Germany-LCCN2002696256.jpg|Painting of the Neuschwanstein Castle Throne Room
File:Herz-Jesu-Kirche, Innenraum, Berlin-Prenzlauer Berg, 150806, ako.jpg|Interior of the Sacred Heart Church, Berlin
File:Cathedral-basilica-of-saint-louis.jpg|Cathedral Basilica of St. Louis, St. Louis, United States
Image:St Francis de Sales (Philadelphia) 1.png|St. Francis de Sales Roman Catholic Church in Philadelphia, United States
Image:Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception.jpg|Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception, Washington D.C., United States
Image:Temple of Saint Sava.jpg|Church of Saint Sava, Belgrade
Image:Leuchter hram svetog save.jpg|Interior of the Church of Saint Sava
File:Rosenkranz-Basilika, Berlin-Steglitz, 1706281230, ako.jpg|Interior of the Rosary Basilica, Berlin
File:Hram Svetog Đorđa na Oplencu.JPG|Oplenac Church-mausoleum, Topola
Image:Crkva Svetog Marka u Beogradu.jpg|St. Mark's Church, Belgrade
File:Varna Cathedral - 2.jpg|Dormition of the Mother of God Cathedral, Varna, Bulgaria.
Paraskeva-sofia-klearchos.jpg|Church of St Paraskeva, Sofia, Bulgaria
StGeorge the Conqueror Sofia 2.jpg|St. George the Conqueror church, Sofia, Bulgaria
File:Orthodox Trinity Church in Sighişoara (Segesvár, Schäßburg).jpg|Holy Trinity Church, Sighișoara
File:Catedrala Metropolitana SB (3).jpg|Holy Trinity Cathedral, Sibiu
File:Auxiliadora.jpg|Basilica of Our Lady Help of Christians, Lima
File:Templo de San Manuel y San Benito 11.jpg|Church of San Manuel y San Benito, Madrid
File:Banja Luka 78000, Bosnia and Herzegovina - panoramio.jpg|Cathedral of Christ the Saviour, Banja Luka
File:Zgrada stare Telefonske centrale u Kosovskoj ulici, Beograd 01.jpg|Old Telephone Exchange, Belgrade
File:Christ Church U Meth Park Av 60 jeh.JPG|Christ Church United Methodist, New York City, United States
File:Hurva_31_May_2010.JPG| Hurva Synagogue, Jerusalem
File:Heilig Landstichting Cenakelkerk 1b.jpg| Cenakelkerk, Heilig Landstichting, The Netherlands
File:German_Fountain.jpg|A historic photochrom print of the Fontaine Guillaume, which literally translates to "William (Wilhelm) Fountain", Istanbul
File:Church_of_St._Michael_and_St._Anthony.jpg| St. Michael and St. Anthony, Mile End, Montreal
File:Newman University Church Interior, Dublin, Ireland - Diliff.jpg|Interior of Church of Our Lady Seat of Wisdom, Dublin
Catedral Metropolitana Ortodoxa de São Paulo (cropped).jpg|Orthodox Metropolitan Cathedral of São Paulo, São Paulo
</gallery>
See also
- Romanian Revival architecture – combines Byzantine Revival with Art Nouveau and others