The Nanking Incident (), also known as the Nanking Outrage or Nanking Massacre, occurred in March 1927 during the capture of Nanjing (then romanized as Nanking) by the National Revolutionary Army (NRA) of the Kuomintang in their Northern Expedition. Foreign warships bombarded the city to defend foreign residents against rioting and looting. Several ships were involved in the engagement, including vessels of the Royal Navy and the United States Navy. Marines and sailors were also landed for rescue operations including some 140 Dutch forces. Both Nationalist and Communist soldiers within the NRA participated in the rioting and looting of foreign-owned property in Nanjing.
Context
thumb|The Nationalist capital building in Nanjing, 1927
Nanjing in 1927 was a treaty port located on the southern shores of the Yangtze River, a large waterway that separates northern and southern China. Because the foreign interests in China were largely American and European, squadrons of foreign naval vessels were stationed along the Yangtze to protect their citizens doing business at the treaty ports. The British Royal Navy operated the China Station under Rear Admiral Sir Reginald Tyrwhitt and the United States Navy the Yangtze Patrol; both lasted for around 80 years until World War II.
left|thumb|The American destroyer .
Incident
On 23 March 1927, with the rapidly approaching National Revolutionary Army (NRA) about to reach Nanjing, Beiyang warlord Zhang Zongchang gave orders for his defeated troops to withdraw from the city. Some of his soldiers who were unable to retreat in time deserted and began to loot foreign properties and attacked two foreigners who were in their way.
left|thumb|The British cruiser
thumb|Cartoon critiquing Soviet advisor [[Mikhail Borodin's communist influence during the Nanking Incident.]]
In the early morning of 24 March, the NRA began to enter Nanjing without any resistance from Zhang Zongchang's army. Afterwards they entered the British, American and Japanese consulates to search for suspected enemies hiding inside, but left peacefully after none were found. But immediately afterwards, uniformed soldiers and local Chinese residents started large-scale rioting against foreign interests, burning houses and attacking the British, American and Japanese consulates, and killing the American vice president of Nanking University, Dr. John Elias Williams, while almost assassinating the Japanese consul. The 6th Army of the NRA, with its large contingent of communist soldiers, systematically looted the homes and businesses of the foreign residents, and one American, two Britons, one French citizen, an Italian, and a Japanese were killed by Chinese soldiers. Chinese snipers also targeted the American consul and marines who were guarding him, which forced them to flee into "Socony Hill" (So named because of property belonging to the Standard Oil Company of New York) where American citizens were sheltering. During this mayhem, one Chinese soldier declared, "we don't want money, anyway, we want to kill."
In response, the British navy immediately sent the heavy cruiser , the light cruisers , and , the minesweeper , the gunboat , and the destroyers , , , , and toward Nanjing. The gunboat arrived toward the end of the engagement, and was also involved in the naval operations at the time. Five American destroyers were also sent to engage the NRA; including under Roy C. Smith, , , and . The Italian Regia Marina sent the gunboat Ermanno Carlotto.
At 3:38 pm, the NRA soldiers and Chinese rioters were driven off by high explosive rounds and machine gun fire from Emerald, Wolsey, Noa, Preston and Carlotto, and other warships may have participated in the bombardment as well. After the bombardment, foreign civilians hiding on Sacony Hill were rescued by sailors from Noa and Preston. The two American vessels fired 67 shells by this point and thousands of rifle and machine gun rounds.
Literature
- Edna Lee Booker, News Is My Job, (The Macmillan Company, 1940)
- Alice Tisdale Hobart, Within the Walls of Nanking (Macmillan, 1929)
- United States Naval Institute Proceedings, January 1928 – the account of the Lieutenant Commander Roy C. Smith Jr., the officer in charge of the USS Noa.
- Kemp Tolley, Yangtze Patrol, (US Naval Institute, 2000)
See also
- Pearl S. Buck
- Boxer Rebellion
- Hankou incident
- Jinan incident
- Tongzhou mutiny