Mymensingh District

Mymensingh District () is a district in Mymensingh Division Bangladesh, and is bordered in the north by Meghalaya, India and the Garo Hills, in the south by Gazipur District, in the east by the districts of Netrokona and Kishoreganj and in the west by the districts of Sherpur, Jamalpur and Tangail. Mymensingh is the 8th administrative divisional headquarters and 12th city corporation of Bangladesh. According to Ministry of Public Administration, Mymensingh is ranked 4th in district status. The density of Mymensingh city is 44,458/km2 (115,150/sq mi) which is the second most densely populated city in Bangladesh. Mymensingh attracts 25 percent of health tourists visiting Bangladesh. It was once known as the largest district of the Indian subcontinent. Mymensingh town is the district headquarters.

Geography

The district covers an area of 4363.48 km2. It is mostly plain land, in the north along the border there are several small valleys between high forests.

The temperature ranges from 12 to 33 °C, and the annual rainfall averages 2,174 mm.

Mymensingh district is situated in northern Bangladesh, at the heart of Mymensingh Division. It shares borders with the Garo Hills of India's Meghalaya state to the north, Gazipur District to the south, Netrokona and Kishoreganj districts to the east, and Sherpur, Jamalpur, and Tangail districts to the west.

The district's geology is defined by its location along an older course of the Brahmaputra, the main stream of which flowed through the district until the late 18th century. Consequently the majority of the district's geological formations are various alluvial deposits. The part of the district southwest of the Old Brahmaputra consists largely of the Madhupur tract which has comparatively elevated and harder soil. The northernmost part of the district, namely the part corresponding roughly to Haluaghat and Dhobaura upazilas, is mostly coarser sand with a tiny portion of the foothills of the Garo Hills, comprising Dihing and Dupi Tila formations, along the Indian border.

The delineation of Greater Mymensingh is: the north front line is just at the foot of Garo hills of Meghalaya of India, the south this area excludes Gazipur District, the east ends in the rich watery land of Bangladesh the natives call 'Haor', the west ends in the ancient single wood forest (e.g. Muktagacha, Fulbaria and Bhaluka upazilas) and the Chars of Jamalpur District border north-west of the Mymensingh district.

Forests

The Madhupur jungle is a slightly elevated tract, extending from the north of Dhaka district into the heart of Mymensingh; its average height is about 60 ft above the level of the surrounding country, and it nowhere exceeds 100 ft. The jungle contains abundance of sal, valuable both as timber and charcoal. Sal trees are particularly beneficial because they absorb more carbon than any other native tree, making them a crucial part of mitigating the severe pollution in Dhaka city. The only other elevated area in the district is along the northern border, where Susang Durgapur is located in Netrokona district, part of Greater Mymensingh. Haluaghat upazila in Mymensingh borders India and the Garo Hills of Meghalaya. The region is mostly covered by dense, thorny jungle, although some parts are barren and rocky.

Rivers

Mymensingh district has several rivers and numerous smaller khals and beels. The Old Brahmaputra river flows through the district in a southeasterly direction, entering the district at its tripoint with Jamalpur and Sherpur districts, passing through Mymensingh town, and finally turning southwards to form part of the border with Kishoreganj district.

During the late 15th and early 16th centuries, many families which would later become prominent zamindars arrived in the region and were granted ownership of lands by the Bengal Sultans. In the early 16th century, most of the district was under the control of the Baro-Bhuiyans, specifically Isa Khan. After his submission to the Mughal Empire, Isa Khan's son Musa Khan was granted ownership of much of northern and eastern Bangladesh, including Mymensingh. Mymensingh was part of the Sarkar of Bazuha in Bengal Subah and was also known as Tappe Hazradi. The northern part of the district at the foot of the Garo Hills was part of the Susang pargana, ruled by the Maharajas of Susang.

The district was acquired by the East India Company with the Dewani Grant from the Mughal Emperor in 1765. At that time its greater part was included in the Niabat (Sub-Province of Dhaka) and a small portion in the Zamindaries of Atia, Kagmari, Pukuria and Patilandaha (of Rahahahi Zamindari). At the time of Permanent Settlement, it included northwest Garo Hills and the present Brahmanbaria district but did not include north Tangail and north-west part of Jamalpur.

After the 1770 Famine, the Fakir-Sannyasi rebellion took place, where armed Fakirs and Sanyasis fought against the colonial power and the Zamindars, who at the time were still largely independent. Some of these armed godmen found employment as retainers of the Zamindars, (the Talukdars and Majumdars), and often fought for them, while also sometimes fighting their own employers. Because of the constant fighting and instability, often the Zamindars relied on the British administration to help maintain their power, which resulted in the British gaining more and more influence over the Zamindars. which was later on reorganised into six districts, namely, Tangail, Jamalpur, Kishoreganj, Sherpur, Netrokona, and Mymensingh. Currently, Mymensingh district has a city corporation, eight municipalities and thirteen upazilas. One of the most eminent District Magistrate and Collector of Mymensingh district was Gurusaday Dutt, Esq., ICS, the first Indian to come first in any part of the Open Competitive Services Examination then held in England.

{| class="wikitable sortable"

! No.

! Upazila (subdistrict) name

! Area (sq km)

! Population (2022)

| 1

| Bhaluka

| align="right" |444.05

| 583,953

| 2

| Trishal

| align="right" |338.98

| 491,467

| 3

| Haluaghat

| align="right" |356.07

| 316,528

| 4

| Muktagacha

| align="right" |314.71

| 460,381

| 5

| Dhobaura

| align="right" |251.05

| 217,466

| 6

| Fulbaria

| align="right" |402.41

| 495,894

| 7

| Gaffargaon

| align="right" |401.16

| 463,248

| 8

| Gauripur

| align="right" |374.07

| 357,331

| 9

| Ishwarganj

| align="right" |286.19

| 404,598

| 10

| Mymensingh Sadar

| align="right" |388.45

| 998,340

| 11

| Nandail

| align="right" |326.13

| 421,277

| 12

| Phulpur

| align="right" |312.53

| 350,967

| 13

| Tarakanda

| align="right" |313.68

| 337,297

Major zamindaris of Mymensingh (before 1947)

Susanga (Maharaja) (3rd in the Order of Precedence in the Government House of Calcutta before 1947)
Muktagagacha (also called Mymensingh) (Maharaja)
Ramgopalpur (Raja)
Gouripur (Babu)
Kalipur (Babu)
Malotipur

City

Mymensingh City, earlier known as Nasirabad or Momenshahi, is on the west bank of Old Brahmaputra River. The population is around 225,811. Having Bangladesh Agricultural University, Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University, Mymensingh Engineering College, Women Teachers Training College, Teachers Training College-Both, Government Laboratory High School, Mymensingh, Mymensingh Zilla School, Govt. Mumenunnesa College, Ananda Mohan College, huge bridge on Brahmaputra river, two medical colleges (Mymensingh Medical College, Community Based Medical College), eight high schools, Raj bari, and surrounding farm lands, Mymensingh is one of the best places for living and educating children in Bangladesh. Because there are very few fuel run-vehicles, sound pollution and air pollution levels are very low. There is no public boys college in Mymensingh city; however, every year many students from the town are admitted to various universities and medical colleges in Bangladesh. Now, Mymensingh is the 12th city corporation of Bangladesh named Mymensingh City Corporation. Mymensingh Girls' Cadet College is the nation's first military high school for girls. Much land occupied by various churches in Mymensingh city in relation to number of followers.

Religious institutions include 2,362 mosques, 1,020 temples, 600 Buddhist temples, and 36 churches.

Zainul Udyan beside the river Brahmaputra, Circuit House Park, Botanical Garden, BAU, Shoshi Lodge are the places visited in the city.

Demographics

According to the 2022 Census of Bangladesh, Mymensingh District had 1,460,904 households and a population of 5,899,905 with an average 3.97 people per household. Among the population, 1,202,837 (20.39%) inhabitants were under 10 years of age. The population density was 1,342 people per km2. Mymensingh District had a literacy rate (age 7 and over) of 70.89%, compared to the national average of 74.7%, and a sex ratio of 1,034 females per 1,000 males. Approximately, 22.90% (1,351,016) of the population lived in urban areas. The ethnic population was 27,652 (0.47%), mainly Garo and Hajong.

{| class="wikitable sortable"

|+Religion in present-day Mymensingh District

! rowspan="2" |Religion

! colspan="2" |1941

! colspan="2" |1981 What is now the Narayanganj–Bahadurabad Ghat line has 14 stations in the district, the main one being Mymensingh Junction railway station. The Mymensingh–Gouripur–Bhairab line serves a further 10 stations in the district.