Michael Augustine Corrigan (August 13, 1839May 5, 1902) was an American Catholic prelate who served as the third Archbishop of New York from 1885 to 1902. He previously served as Bishop of Newark (1873–1880) before becoming coadjutor archbishop under Cardinal John McCloskey, whom Corrigan succeeded upon his death. He also served as president of Seton Hall University from 1868 to 1876.
Corrigan was widely considered to have been one of the most influential conservatives in the Catholic Church in the United States in the late 19th century. He strongly opposed Americanism and was involved in widely publicized feuds with liberal figures like John Ireland and Edward McGlynn.
Early life and education
thumb|upright=1.2|The inaugural class of the [[Pontifical North American College, Rome (1859). Corrigan is fourth from left, back row.]]
Michael Augustine Corrigan was born on August 13, 1839, in Newark, New Jersey. His father, Thomas Corrigan, was born in Kells, County Meath, Ireland, and worked as an indentured cabinetmaker in Dublin before coming to the United States. His mother, Mary Corrigan (née English), was also an Irish immigrant, having been born in Kingscourt, County Cavan. Michael was the fifth of their nine children; his only sister, Catherine, became an Augustinian nun and two brothers, James and George, also became priests.
In Newark, Thomas Corrigan owned a retail grocery and liquor business and also bought real estate. Upon his death in 1867, he bequeathed Michael $100,000 (equivalent to $2.1 million in 2025). In 1853, he enrolled at St. Mary's College in Wilmington, Delaware, where he remained for two years. While there, he received confirmation from John Neumann, the Bishop of Philadelphia who was later canonized in 1977. He then attended Mount St. Mary's College in Emmitsburg, Maryland, graduating in 1859. Edward McGlynn, with whom Corrigan would later feud, served as their prefect.
Priesthood
On September 19, 1863, Corrigan was ordained a priest by Costantino Patrizi Naro, the Cardinal Vicar, at the Lateran Basilica. He received the degree of Doctor of Divinity from the Pontificio Collegio Urbano the following year. As one historian described their relationship:
<blockquote>The McQuaid-Corrigan relationship developed at Seton Hall and so highly did McQuaid esteem the mind and administrative talents of the young Corrigan, that rightly or wrongly, McQuaid later would claim credit for Corrigan's advancement: first to Seton Hall, then to Newark and finally his promotion to Archbishop of New York. After 1880, Corrigan was technically McQuaid's superior, but to the very end it remained the relationship of a former teacher to his pupil with McQuaid playing the role of friend, advisor and trusted confidant, who always encouraged Corrigan to act clearly, boldly and decisively.</blockquote>
In 1865, Corrigan was made vice president of the college and director of the seminary. Following the appointment of McQuaid as Bishop of Rochester, Corrigan became president of Seton Hall on June 24, 1868. In addition to his academic responsibilities, he also succeeded McQuaid as vicar general of the Diocese of Newark in October 1868.
In one of his early acts as president, Corrigan hired his brother James as director of the seminary. Their brother George would be ordained a priest by Michael in 1874 and serve as professor of Christian apologetics and Greek. The Corrigan brothers were also critical to the college's financial solvency. Faced with rising debt, Bishop Bayley was prepared to sell Seton Hall to the Christian Brothers in 1871. However, the sale was avoided when Michael, James, and their brother Joseph raised the necessary funds, partly using their inheritances from their late father.
Bishop of Newark
thumb|right|200px|Michael Corrigan as a bishop.
After Bishop Bayley was appointed to the Archdiocese of Baltimore, Corrigan was named the second Bishop of Newark by Pope Pius IX on February 14, 1873.
At the time, the Diocese of Newark comprised the entire state of New Jersey. In Corrigan's first full year as bishop, the diocese contained 116 priests and 109 churches to serve a Catholic population of 200,000. By the end of his tenure, there were 184 priests, 142 churches, and 175,000 Catholics. He established his official residence at Seton Hall, where he remained president until his resignation on June 19, 1876. After unsuccessful attempts to provide a Catholic chaplain, Corrigan established a protectory for boys at Denville in 1875.
Archbishop of New York
Coadjutor Archbishop
In 1880, Cardinal McCloskey of the Archdiocese of New York (who had consecrated Corrigan as a bishop) sought a coadjutor archbishop with the right of succession due to his declining health. Lynch was McCloskey's preference, but Rome was not favorable to his age or his support for the Confederacy during the Civil War. Thus, on October 1, 1880, Pope Leo XIII appointed Corrigan to be McCloskey's coadjutor and gave him the honorary position of titular archbishop of Petra.
Archbishop
When McCloskey died on October 10, 1885, Corrigan automatically succeeded him as the third Archbishop of New York. By the end of his seventeen years as archbishop, there were 716 priests, 276 churches, 190 parochial schools, and 1.2 million Catholics. One of his most significant accomplishments, described by The New York Times as "his crowning work,"
In 1890, Ireland expressed his support for the Poughkeepsie plan and implemented the plan in Faribault and Stillwater, Minnesota. Under this system, a public school district would control parochial schools during school hours while religious instruction occurred outside those hours. Corrigan was not opposed to the plan itself, as he allowed it in Poughkeepsie and elsewhere in New York. However, he did oppose "a certain new and foreign theory" espoused by Ireland and others "that state schools best suited the needs of our times." He strongly supported the Third Plenary Council of Baltimore's mandates for every Catholic parish to have a parochial school and for Catholic parents to send their children to those schools.
In April 1892, Leo XIII approved a decision by the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith that the Faribault–Stillwater plan "can be tolerated." Both Corrigan and Ireland interpreted this decision as a victory, with Corrigan reading it as an exception while Ireland viewed it as an endorsement. This sparked outrage in Rome, leading Corrigan to issue a statement:
<blockquote>It is a cardinal principle of canon law that error when discovered is to be corrected, and supposing that by any inadvertence an error of fact crept into the letter of the Holy Father, there could have been no irreverence in respectfully pointing out the fact either to him or to others who later on are to exercise their judgment in the premises.</blockquote>
Ireland actively campaigned for the Republican Party in the 1894 New York state election. The election ended in a Republican victory along with the passage of the Blaine Amendment to the Constitution of New York, denying public funding to religious schools. Ireland's involvement in New York politics enraged Corrigan, who wrote to Cardinal James Gibbons:
<blockquote>Our Catholic population is indignant at the procedure of the Abp. of St. Paul, who, they say, was imported by the Republican party to aid them during the recent elections. If such a state of things continue, what is to become of Diocesan jurisdiction? Fancy e.g. my going to St. Paul, staying three weeks at the Ryan House without calling on the archbishop, then parading myself at political meetings, and giving Abp. Ireland's subjects pointed advice on the way they ought to vote!</blockquote>
When Leo XIII issued his 1899 apostolic letter Testem benevolentiae condemning Americanism, Corrigan praised the pope for exposing "the multiplicity of fallacies and errors" which some had sought to disguise "as good and Catholic doctrine." Ireland was angered by Corrigan questioning his orthodoxy, and wrote to Denis J. O'Connell in December 1899 to say, "Corrigan imagines he is forever 'cock of the walk.' Can you with any kind of stick haul him down?"
McGlynn conflict
thumb|Edward McGlynn.
Corrigan's tenure as archbishop was marked by a six-year feud with Edward McGlynn, who had been his prefect at the Pontifical North American College. By 1886, McGlynn had become pastor of St. Stephen's Church in Manhattan and a strong supporter of economist Henry George. Corrigan believed that Georgism, which held that economic rent derived from land should belong equally to all members of society, was inconsistent with Catholic doctrine on an individual's right to private property. When McGlynn refused to obey Corrigan's order, the archbishop suspended the priest for two weeks.
Shortly after George's defeat in the election, Corrigan issued a pastoral letter in which he condemned "certain unsound principles and theories which assail the rights of property." In response, McGlynn said in an interview, "So long as ministers of the gospel and priests of the Church tell hardworking people to be content with their lot and hope for good times in heaven, so long will skepticism increase and Bob Ingersoll have many believers." Corrigan, in turn, suspended McGlynn for the remainder of the year.
In January 1887, Corrigan removed McGlynn as pastor of St. Stephen's for insubordination. The following March, McGlynn delivered a speech at the Academy of Music, which was attended by several other priests. Meanwhile, 357 of the archdiocese's 413 priests signed a pledge of loyalty to Corrigan.
In May 1887, Cardinal Giovanni Simeoni wrote that McGlynn would be excommunicated if he did not come to Rome in forty days. When he refused the cardinal's orders, Corrigan declared in July that McGlynn had incurred excommunication.
Corrigan's feud with McGlynn lasted until December 1893, when Archbishop Francesco Satolli, as the first Apostolic Delegate to the United States, lifted McGlynn's excommunication and restored his priestly faculties. He was interred in the crypt under the altar of St. Patrick's Cathedral.
See also
- Archdiocese of New York#Ordinaries