Megophryidae, commonly known as goose frogs, is a large family of frogs native to the warm southeast of Asia, from the Himalayan foothills eastwards, south to Indonesia and the Greater Sunda Islands in Maritime Southeast Asia, and extending to the Philippines. Fossil remains are also known from North America. it encompasses 246 species of frogs divided between five genera. For lack of a better vernacular name, they are commonly called megophryids.
Morphology
The megophryids are notable for their camouflage, especially those that live in forests, which often look like dead leaves. The camouflage is accurate to the point of some having skin folds that look like leaf veins, and at least one species, the long-nosed horned frog (Megophrys montana) has sharp projections extending past the eye and nose, which disguise the frog shape.
- Subfamily Leptobrachiinae (pseudomoustache toads; 216 species)
- Leptobrachella <small>Smith, 1925</small> (Borneo frogs; 85-93 species)
- Leptobrachium <small>Tschudi, 1838</small> (eastern spadefoot toads; 38 species)
- Leptolalax <small>Dubois, 1980</small> (50 species)
- Oreolalax <small>Myers and Leviton, 1962</small> (19 species)
- Scutiger <small>Theobald, 1868</small> (cat-eyed toads; 24 species)
- Subfamily Megophryinae (124 species)
- Atympanophrys <small>Tian and Hu, 1983</small> (hidden-tympanum horned toads; 3-4 species)
- Boulenophrys <small>Fei, Ye, and Jiang, 2016</small> (Chinese horned toads; 65 species)
- Brachytarsophrys <small>Tian & Hu, 1983</small> (Karin Hills frogs; 8 species)
- Grillitschia <small>Dubois, Ohler, and Pyron, 2021</small> (2 species)
- Jingophrys <small>Lyu and Wang, 2023</small> (diminutive horned toads; 6 species)
- Megophrys <small>Kuhl and Van Hasselt, 1822</small> (Indonesian horned toads; 5-8 species)
- Ophryophryne <small>Boulenger, 1903</small> (narrow-mouth horned toads; 6 species)
- Pelobatrachus <small>Beddard, 1908 "1907"</small> (clay horned toads; 7 species)
- Sarawakiphrys <small>Lyu and Wang, 2023</small> (Sarawak horned toads; 1 species)
- Xenophrys <small>Günther, 1864</small> (strange-horned toads; 28-31 species)
Evolution
The origin of this group of frogs was largely unknown, due to the lack of members of this family in the fossil record. While the family was originally considered to have originated in the early-mid Cretaceous (100-126 mya) via fossils of related frog groups, a study in early 2017 revealed that this was likely an overestimation. Using DNA sequencing, the study indicated the group more likely originated much later during the Cretaceous period, around 77 mya. The study also indicated that there are likely many more new species in the family that are currently unknown to science.
While the family is currently restricted to Asia, fossils indicate that it once had a much wider distribution extending to North America. The earliest known fossils of this family are from the Eocene of Wyoming in the United States.