Meänkieli (), also known as Tornedalian, is a Finnic language or a group of distinct Finnish dialects spoken in the northernmost part of Sweden, particularly along the Torne River Valley (Meänmaa). It is officially recognized in Sweden as one of the country's five minority languages and is treated as a separate language from Finnish. According to the National Association of Swedish Tornedalians, 70,000 individuals understand Meänkieli, at least to some level. Most fluent speakers are aged 65 or older.

Meänkieli is particularly similar to the Kven language and the Peräpohjola dialects of Finnish spoken in Finland, and it is strongly mutually intelligible with them. Its status as an independent language is sometimes disputed due to this high degree of mutual intelligibility. However, Meänkieli contains strong influences from Swedish, a number of loanwords from the Sámi languages, preserves some archaic features that even the northern Finnish dialects have lost, and lacks the changes which standard Finnish experienced in the 19th to 20th centuries.

A written Meänkieli language has been developed since the 1970s.

History

Before 1809, all of what is today Finland was an integral part of Sweden. The language border went west of the Torne Valley area, so the upper section of today's Sweden (about 10% by area), was historically Finnish speaking (just like most areas along the eastern coast of the southern part of Gulf of Bothnia, areas that were ceded to Russia and are part of modern Finland, were historically Swedish speaking, and to a large extent still are). The area where Meänkieli is spoken that is now northern Sweden (apart from the linguistically Sami and Swedish parts of this geographical area), formed a dialect continuum within the Realm of Sweden. Since the area east of Torne River was ceded to Russia in 1809, the language spoken on the western side of it developed in partial isolation from standard Finnish. In 1826, the state Church of Sweden appointed the priest and amateur botanist Lars Levi Laestadius to be the Vicar over the Karesuando parish, which is situated along the Muonio River north of the Arctic Circle on the border of Finland in Swedish Lapland.

In the 1880s, the Swedish state decided that all citizens of the country should speak Swedish. Part of the reason was military; people close to the border speaking the language of the neighbouring country rather than the major language in their own country might not be trusted in case of war. Another reason was that Finns were sometimes regarded as being of another "race." An opinion of that period, as reflected in contemporary fiction, was that the Sami and the Finnish populations belonged "more closely to Russia than to Scandinavia". Beginning around this time, the schools in the area only taught in Swedish, and children were forbidden under penalty of physical punishment from speaking their own language at school even during class breaks. Native Finnish speakers were prevented by the authorities from learning Standard Finnish as a school subject for decades, which resulted in the survival of the language only in oral form.

thumb|Traditional spread of the Western Peräpohja variants in both Sweden and Finland. The [[Torne Valley dialects|Torne-Valley dialects are in blue, Lannankieli in green and Gällivare dialects in yellow.]]

When minority languages first became taught in Swedish schools, Meänkieli was still classified by Sweden as a form of Finnish and children who spoke it natively were taught the standard Finnish literary language in school instead of their more native Tornedalian variant, causing the students to become demotivated. However, in 1977 some schools began to make materials specifically designed for speakers of Meänkieli which did not use standard Finnish. This was also the first time the term "Meänkieli" was applied to the form of speech, which was called "Tornedalian Finnish" before.

Meänkieli today

On April 1, 2000, Meänkieli became one of the now five nationally recognized minority languages of Sweden, which means it can be used for some communication with local and regional authorities in the communities along the Finnish border. Its minority language status applies in designated local communities and areas, not throughout Sweden.

Few people today speak Meänkieli as their only language, with speakers usually knowing Swedish and often standard Finnish as well. Estimates of how many people speak Meänkieli vary from 30,000 to 70,000, of whom most live in Norrbotten. Many people in the northern parts of Sweden understand some Meänkieli, but fewer people speak it regularly. People with Meänkieli roots are often referred to as Tornedalians although the Finnish-speaking part of Norrbotten is a far larger area than the Torne River Valley; the Meänkieli-speaking part of Norrbotten stretches as far west as Gällivare municipality.

Today Meänkieli is declining. Few young people speak Meänkieli as part of daily life though many have passive knowledge of the language from family use, and it is not uncommon for younger people from Meänkieli-speaking families to be more familiar with standard Finnish, for which literature and courses are much more readily available. The language is taught at Stockholm University, Luleå University of Technology, Umeå University, and Babeș-Boylai University in Romania. In 2020, Oulu University began teaching translators in Meänkieli and Kven. Bengt Pohjanen is a trilingual author from the Torne Valley. In 1985 he wrote the first Meänkieli novel, . He has also written several novels, dramas, grammar books, songs and films in Meänkieli.

The author Mikael Niemi's novels and a film based on one of his books in Swedish have improved awareness of this minority among Swedes. Since the 1980s, people who speak Meänkieli have become more aware of the importance of the language as a marker of identity. Today there are grammar books, a Bible translation, drama performances, and there are some TV programmes in Meänkieli.

On radio, programmes in Meänkieli are broadcast regularly from regional station P4 Norrbotten (as well as local station P6 in Stockholm) on Mondays to Thursdays between 17:10 and 18:00, while on Sundays further programmes are carried by P6 between 8:34 and 10:00 (also on P2 nationwide from 8:34 to 9:00). All of these programmes are also available via the Internet.

Status as a language

Individuals who support the classification of Meänkieli as a separate language generally do so for historical, political and sociological reasons. They often point to its separate history, cultural significance, official status, and its standardised written language which differs from Standard Finnish. According to Harri Mantila, a professor at the University of Oulu, the recognition as an independent language is important to many of the speakers. It has increased the linguistic prestige of Meänkieli which has been historically very low due to the process of Swedification, thus helping to strengthen the cultural identity for the Tornedalians. Despite these differences, Meänkieli remains largely intelligible to Finnish speakers, partially due to the fact that Swedish is a mandatory subject in Finnish schools, making the heavy Swedish elements in Meänkieli less of a barrier for comprehension. In contrast, during the period of minority language suppression in Swedish schools, Meänkieli was confined in private use, and its speakers did not learn Standard Finnish. The Torne Valley dialects are the most major variant group of Meänkieli, and the written standard language of Meänkieli is primarily derived from the Torne Valley dialects spoken in Pajala and Övertorneå. However, the Lannankieli and Gällivare variants are more severely endangered. All three dialect groups are mutually intelligible with each other, however they contain some lexical differences.

  • Meänkieli dialects
  • Torne Valley dialects
  • Haparanda dialect
  • Pajala dialect
  • Övertorneå dialect
  • Gällivare dialects
  • Southwestern Gällivare dialect
  • Middle Gällivare dialect
  • Northwestern Gällivare dialect
  • Eastern Gällivare dialect
  • Lannankieli
  • Jukkasjärvi dialect
  • Vittangi dialect
  • Kaalasvuoma dialect
  • Karesuando dialect

Geographical distribution

Meänkieli has an official status in: Pajala, Övertorneå, Haparanda, Gällivare, Luleå, Kalix, Kiruna, Umeå and Stockholm. Meänkieli has also been historically spoken in Piteå, Boden, Älvsbyn and northeastern Jokkmokk municipality.

Grammar

The grammar of Meänkieli is very similar to Finnish, with some variations such as the aspiration of consonants before long vowels. Meänkieli is an agglutinative language with fifteen noun cases. It contains consonant gradation and vowel harmony, just like Finnish. It contains four verb tenses, which are the present, imperfect, perfect and the pluperfect. It does not have a separate tense for future events.

Phonology and alphabet

Vowel and consonant length is indicated by doubling the letter, e.g. ⟨öö⟩ /ø:/ and ⟨hh⟩ /h:/.

{| class="wikitable"

|- align="center"

! rowspan="2" |

! colspan="2" |Front

! colspan="2" |Back

|- align="center"

!<small>Unrounded</small>

!<small>Rounded</small>

!<small>Unrounded</small>

!<small>Rounded</small>

|- align="center"

!Close

|

|

|

|

|- align="center"

!Mid

|

|

|

|

|- align="center"

!Open

|

|

|

|

|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

!

!Labial

!Alveolar

!Postalveolar

!Palatal

!Velar

!Glottal

|-

!Nasal

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

!Plosive

|~

|~

|

|

|~

|

|-

!Fricative

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

!Trill

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

!Approximant

|

|

|

|

|

|

|}

  • A – aa –
  • B – bee –
  • C – see –
  • D – dee –
  • E – ee –
  • F – äf –
  • G – gee –
  • H – hoo –
  • I – ii –
  • J – jii –
  • K – koo –
  • L – äl –
  • M – äm –
  • N – än –
  • O – oo –
  • P – pee –
  • Q – kuu –
  • R – är –
  • S – äs –
  • T – tee –
  • U – uu –
  • V – vee –
  • W – kaksois-vee/tupla-vee –
  • X – äks –
  • Y – yy –
  • Z – tset(a) –
  • Å – ruotti oo –
  • Ä – ää –
  • Ö – öö –

B, C, D, G, Q, W, X, Z, and Å are only used in foreign words and names.

in 2016 a letter Š was added into Meänkieli, instead of the Swedish letters sj.

Differences between standard Finnish and Meänkieli

1) There exists often either the omission of the d sound (in native words) or its replacement with t (in loanwords):

  • tehä 'to do' (standard Finnish: tehdä)
  • tynamiitti 'dynamite' (standard Finnish: dynamiitti)
  • syyä 'to eat' (standard Finnish: syödä,)
  • meän 'our' (standard Finnish: meidän,)
  • teän 'your' (standard Finnish: teidän)
  • heän 'their' (standard Finnish: heidän)
  • soan 'of the war' (standard Finnish: sodan)

2) In certain environments, gemination (doubling of consonants) occurs, which differs from standard Finnish:

  • 'apple' (äpple)
  • 'it is'
  • 'it is not'
  • 'to get along' (klara)
  • 'ugly' (used in Gällivare)
  • 'potato' (potatis)
  • 'to have a habit of' (bruka)
  • 'along with, company' (följe)
  • 'when, as, since'
  • 'to fish' (fiska)
  • 'child'
  • 'carrot' (morot)
  • 'to talk'
  • 'to speak' (prata)
  • 'fork' (gaffel)
  • 'to try' (prova)
  • 'knife' (kniv)
  • 'to knock' (knacka)
  • 'to drink beer' (öla)
  • 'merrills'
  • 'feminine man'
  • 'breakfast' (frukost)
  • 'field' (fält)
  • 'to think, ponder' (fundera)
  • 'English' (engelska)
  • 'freezer' (frysbox)
  • 'flag' (flagga)
  • 'to have to'
  • raavastua 'to mature'

Examples

This example is taken from the Swedish Institute for Language and Folklore:

{| class="wikitable"

|+

!Gällivare

!Standard Finnish

!English

|-

|joo, ja se oŋ kantanu kerran sataneliʲäkymmentä kilua Jällivaarasta Killiim, silloŋ ku se rautatier rakennus tuli Klasiloovaan. Se omp vielä rekorttimpi.

Ov vahva mies.

Joo, soli hyviv vahva mies, mut lyhu. hyvim pitkä selkä ja lyhuj jalat.

|Joo, ja hän on kerran kantanut sata neljäkymmentä kiloa Jällivaarasta Killiin, silloin kun rautatierakkens tuli Klasiloovaan. Se on vieläkin kovempi ennätys.

On vahva mies.

Joo, hän oli hyvin vahva mies, mutta lyhyt. Hyvin pitkä selkä ja lyhyet jalat.

|Yeah, and he once carried one hundred and forty kilos from Gällivare to Killi, when the railway came to Klasiloova. It’s an even bigger record.

(He) is a strong man.

Yeah, he was a very strong man, but short. A very long back and short legs.

|}

See also

  • Demographics of Sweden
  • Kven language
  • Sweden Finns
  • Virsiä Meänkielelä

References

  • Torniolaaksolaiset
  • Ridanpää, Juha (2018) Why save a minority language? Meänkieli and rationales of language revitalization. – Fennia : International Journal of Geography 169 (2), 187–203.