Maverick County, Texas

thumb|The new county courthouse

thumb|The Maverick County Jail, established 1949, is adjacent to the county courthouse.

Maverick County is a county located in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2020 census, its population was 57,887. Its county seat is Eagle Pass. The county was created in 1856 and organized in 1871. It is named for Samuel Maverick, cattleman and state legislator.

The Eagle Pass, TX Micropolitan Statistical Area includes all of Maverick County. It is east of the Mexican border.

History

thumb|Soldiers in Eagle Pass in 1891, photo courtesy [[Southern Methodist University]]

Native Americans

Prehistoric hunter-gatherer peoples were the first inhabitants, and their artifacts have been found in various areas of the county. Lipan Apache, Shawnee, and Coahuiltecan culture followed. The abandonment of Fort Duncan on March 20, 1861, during the Civil War, enabled the Indian population to gain control of the region; both American and Mexican inhabitants suffered tremendous loss of life and property. The fort was reoccupied in 1868. In early 1871, a number of Black Seminole Indians living along the border were organized into a company of scouts and brought to Fort Duncan.

The last Indian raid in the county occurred in 1877. Three traders were murdered and mutilated by Lipan Apaches. The site of the incident, northeast of Eagle Pass, became known as Deadman's Hill. The trail was originally blazed by Alonso De León in 1690, and is said to have been traversed by more early Spanish explorers and settlers than any other section of the state. In 1989, the legislature authorized the Old San Antonio Road Preservation Commission to coordinate the 1991 300th anniversary of the trail's founding.

Saltillo alcade Fernando de Azcué in 1665 pursued Indians into the county. In 1675, Fernando del Bosque traversed the area near Quemado, and Franciscans with the expedition are said to have celebrated the first Mass on Texas soil.

In 1688, Alonso De León followed the Camino Real across the county en route to Fort St. Louis. Domingo Terán de los Ríos, the first Governor of Spanish Texas, led an expedition through the county in 1691. Spanish Texas Governor Martín de Alarcón crossed the county in 1718 on the expedition that resulted in the founding of San Antonio.

Governor of the Mexican provinces of Coahuila and Texas, Marqués de San Miguel de Aguayo, in 1720 passed through on an expedition that brought goats, 2800 horses and 6400 sheep that was the onset of Spanish ranching in Texas. Pedro de Rivera y Villalón crossed the county in 1727 as part of an expedition to inspect the frontier defenses of New Spain.

Early settlers

thumb|Ranch road in Maverick County

Antonio Rivas was the first known rancher on the land in 1765. The county still has a considerable ranching community.

Freight operator Friedrich Wilhelm Carl Groos secured a contract to haul supplies for the army at Fort Duncan. At his urging, several early settlers of Eagle Pass were emigres of the Mexican river villages and missions of San Juan Bautista, San José, Santo Domingo, San Nicolás, La Navaja, and San Isidro.

Emigres Refugio and Rita Alderete de San Miguel used the profits of their freighting business to establish a large-scale cattle, sheep, and horse ranch on Elm Creek in 1853. They were joined in ranching operations by stranded pilgrims on the California Gold Rush trail and discharged Fort Duncan soldiers. Among these was Infantry veteran Jesse Sumpter, who also worked at many odd jobs before becoming sheriff in the newly formed Maverick County.

In 1855, Texas Governor Elisha M. Pease authorized a raid into Mexico. An international incident was brought about by James H. Callahan and William R. Henry, whose pursuit of Lipan Apache raiders and runaway slaves into Mexico ended in the looting and torching of Piedras Negras, after an encounter with Mexican forces at La Marama on the Río Escondido.

County established and growth

Maverick County was established from Kinney County and named for Samuel A. Maverick in 1856. The county was organized some years later on September 4, 1871. The estimated population of the county in 1860 was 726. Eagle Pass voted 83–3 against secession from the Union.

March 3, 1911, when Lt. Benjamin D. Foulois and Philip O. Parmalee made the first official military reconnaissance flight, looking for Army troops between Laredo and Eagle Pass, Texas, with a ground exercise in progress. In 1942, the Army Air Force built a single-engine advanced flying school north of Eagle Pass.

Oil and gas exploration in the county began in the 1950s, with the largest fields being the 1969 Fitzpatrick and Wipff, and the 1970 Burr.

The coal industry of Maverick County is located along a section of the Olmos Coal Formation immediately north of Eagle Pass. Mining operations developed by Dolch at Dolchburg and by the Olmos Coal, Coke, and Oil Company at Olmos were the largest coal producers in Texas around the turn of the 20th century.

thumb|The former Pack-Way Grocery between Eagle Pass and [[Quemado, Texas|Quemado.]]

Industries located in the county in 1977 included a cotton gin and two cattle feedlots with capacities of 25,000 cattle at El Indio, one at Normandy, and another between Eagle Pass and El Indio. A spinach-packing shed was at the southern edge of Eagle Pass. Industries which have located in the Eagle Pass–Maverick County area since 1977 include the Eagle Pass Manufacturing Company (a division of Hicks-Ponder, Inc) and the Williamson-Dickie Manufacturing Co, both makers of work clothing; the Reynolds Mining Corp fluorspar plant and the Tejas Barite plant; Alta-Verde Industries and Maverick Beef Producers, and the Big River Catfish Farm.

Major highways

20px U.S. Highway 57
25px U.S. Highway 277
20px State Highway 131
20px Loop 480

Adjacent counties and municipios

Kinney County (north)
Zavala County (east)
Dimmit County (east)
Uvalde County (northeast)
Webb County (south)
Guerrero, Coahuila, México (south)
Jiménez, Coahuila, Mexico (west)
Piedras Negras, Coahuila, Mexico (south)

Demographics

Racial and ethnic composition

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

|+Maverick County, Texas – Racial and ethnic composition

!Race / Ethnicity (NH = Non-Hispanic)

!Pop 2000

!Pop 2010

!% 2000

!% 2010

|White (NH)

|1,610

|1,552

|style='background: #ffffe6; |1,574

|3.40%

|2.86%

|style='background: #ffffe6; |2.72%

|Black or African American (NH)

|53

|75

|style='background: #ffffe6; |129

|0.11%

|0.14%

|style='background: #ffffe6; |0.22%

|Native American or Alaska Native (NH)

|444

|506

|style='background: #ffffe6; |835

|0.94%

|0.93%

|style='background: #ffffe6; |1.44%

|Asian (NH)

|164

|140

|style='background: #ffffe6; |182

|0.35%

|0.26%

|style='background: #ffffe6; |0.31%

|Pacific Islander (NH)

|style='background: #ffffe6; |4

|0.00%

|style='background: #ffffe6; |0.01%

|Other race alone (NH)

|15

|style='background: #ffffe6; |110

|0.01%

|0.03%

|style='background: #ffffe6; |0.19%

|Mixed race or Multiracial (NH)

|82

|54

|style='background: #ffffe6; |117

|0.17%

|0.10%

|style='background: #ffffe6; |0.20%

|Hispanic or Latino

|44,938

|51,914

|style='background: #ffffe6; |54,936

|95.01%

|95.68%

|style='background: #ffffe6; |94.90%

|Total

|47,297

|54,258

|style='background: #ffffe6; |57,887

|100%

|style='background: #ffffe6; |100%

2020 census

As of the 2020 census, the county had a population of 57,887, 16,647 households, and 13,402 families residing in the county. The median age was 33.7 years.

29.3% of residents were under the age of 18 and 14.5% of residents were 65 years of age or older. For every 100 females there were 93.2 males, and for every 100 females age 18 and over there were 88.5 males age 18 and over.

93.4% of residents lived in urban areas, while 6.6% lived in rural areas.

There were 18,034 households in the county, of which 44.3% had children under the age of 18 living in them. Of all households, 52.9% were married-couple households, 14.2% were households with a male householder and no spouse or partner present, and 29.0% were households with a female householder and no spouse or partner present. About 18.6% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.

Of the 13,089 households, 51.60% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66.50% were married couples living together, 16.00% had a female householder with no husband present, and 14.20% were not families. About 12.90% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.60% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.60 and the average family size was 3.98.

In the county, the population was distributed as 36.90% under the age of 18, 9.20% from 18 to 24, 26.70% from 25 to 44, 17.70% from 45 to 64, and 9.50% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 28 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.90 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.40 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $21,232, and for a family was $23,614. Males had a median income of $20,956 versus $15,662 for females. The per capita income for the county was $8,758. About 34.80% of the population and 32.00% of families were below the poverty line. Of the total population, 40.60% of those under the age of 18 and 40.90% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line. Based on per capita income, Maverick County is one of the poorest counties in the United States.

According to the 2000 census, Maverick County has the nation's highest percentage of people who speak Spanish at home, at 91%.

Politics

Like most of heavily Hispanic South Texas, Maverick County has leaned towards the Democratic Party. In 1972, Maverick County was one of only eight counties in Texas where George McGovern received a majority of the vote. The county held a very long Democratic streak; until 2024, the last Republican to carry the county was Herbert Hoover in 1928.

In recent times, it cast a majority of its votes for John Kerry in 2004. President George W. Bush received 4,025 votes to Kerry's 5,948. In 2008, it cast a higher majority of 8,554 votes for Barack Obama. In 2020, however, Maverick County joined the rest of South Texas in swinging heavily towards the Republican Party. President Donald Trump managed to put up nearly 45% of the vote and narrow the margin to less than 10%, the Republican Party's best result in the county since President Richard Nixon's landslide victory in 1972.

The 2024 election continued this trend, in which the county flipped Republican by a large margin, casting nearly 59% of its vote for Trump. Maverick had the largest shift to Trump out of any county in the country in the 2024 election, even voting to the right of Texas as a whole. Overall, it shifted to the right from 2012 to 2024 by 77 percentage points, representing the second-furthest such rightward shift for any county in the country, surpassed only by Starr County's 89-point shift.

The county is located in Texas Senate District 19, which is represented by Democrat Roland Gutierrez in the Texas Senate. As part of the 74th district of the Texas House of Representatives, it is represented by Democrat Eddie Morales. In the United States House of Representatives, it is part of Texas's 23rd congressional district, which has a Cook Partisan Voting Index of R+7 and was represented by Republican Tony Gonzales before his resignation, the district is currently vacant.

Education

All of Maverick County is served by the Eagle Pass Independent School District.

According to the Texas Education Code, Southwest Texas Junior College is the county's designated community college.

Sul Ross State University also serves this community through its Eagle Pass Campus.

Communities

City

Eagle Pass (county seat)

Census-designated places

Chula Vista
Eidson Road
El Indio
Elm Creek
Fabrica
Las Quintas Fronterizas
Normandy
Quemado
Radar Base
Rosita
Seco Mines
Siesta Acres

References

External links

Maverick County Profile from the Texas Association of Counties
Historic Maverick County materials, hosted by the Portal to Texas History.
"Eagle Pass Rising," a grouping of articles on the growth of Eagle Pass, Texas