Matthew Bunker Ridgway (3 March 1895 – 26 July 1993) was a senior officer in the United States Army, who served as Supreme Allied Commander Europe (1952–1953) and the 19th Chief of Staff of the United States Army (1953–1955). Although he saw no combat service in World War I, he was intensively involved in World War II, where he was the first Commanding General (CG) of the 82nd Airborne Division, leading it in action in Sicily, Italy and Normandy, before taking command of the newly formed XVIII Airborne Corps in August 1944. He held the latter post until the end of the war in mid-1945, commanding the corps in the Battle of the Bulge, Operation Varsity and the Western Allied invasion of Germany.
Ridgway held several major commands after World War II and is most well-known for resurrecting the United Nations (UN) war effort during the Korean War. Several historians have credited Ridgway for turning the war around in favor of the UN side. He also persuaded President Dwight D. Eisenhower to refrain from direct military intervention in the First Indochina War to support French colonial forces, thereby essentially delaying the United States' Vietnam War by over a decade. He received the Presidential Medal of Freedom on 12 May 1986. Ridgway died in 1993 at the age of 98.
Early life and education
Ridgway was born 3 March 1895, in Fort Monroe, Virginia, to Colonel Thomas Ridgway, an artillery officer, and Ruth Starbuck (Bunker) Ridgway. He lived in various military bases all throughout his childhood. He later remarked that his "earliest memories are of guns and marching men, of rising to the sound of the reveille gun and lying down to sleep at night while the sweet, sad notes of 'Taps' brought the day officially to an end". He graduated in 1912 from English High School in Boston and applied to United States Military Academy at West Point because he thought that would please his father (who was a West Point graduate).
Ridgway failed the entrance exam the first time due to his inexperience with mathematics, but after intensive self-study he succeeded the second time. two weeks after the
American entry into World War I, and received his commission as a second lieutenant in the Infantry Branch of the United States Army.
Early military career
thumb|left|Ridgway as United States Military Academy Graduate Manager of Athletics 1923
Beginning his career during World War I, Ridgway was assigned to duty on the border with Mexico as a member of the 3rd Infantry Regiment, and then to the West Point faculty as an instructor in Spanish. He was disappointed that he was not assigned to combat duty during the war, feeling that "the soldier who had had no share in this last great victory of good over evil would be ruined".
During 1924 and 1925 Ridgway attended the company officers' course at the United States Army Infantry School in Fort Benning, Georgia, after which he was a company commander in the 15th Infantry Regiment in Tianjin, China. This was followed by a posting to Nicaragua, where he helped supervise free elections in 1927.
In 1930, Ridgway became an advisor to the Governor-General of the Philippines. He graduated from the Army Command and General Staff School at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, in 1935 and from the Army War College at Washington Barracks, District of Columbia, in 1937. During the 1930s he served as Assistant Chief of Staff of VI Corps, Deputy Chief of Staff of the Second Army, and Assistant Chief of Staff of the Fourth Army. General George C. Marshall, the Chief of Staff of the United States Army, assigned Ridgway to the War Plans Division shortly after the outbreak of World War II in Europe in September 1939.
World War II
After being promoted to lieutenant colonel on 1 July 1940, he served in the War Plans Division until January 1942, and was promoted to the one-star general officer rank of brigadier general that month, after being promoted to temporary colonel on 11 December the month before. In April the 82nd, which in Ridgway's mind had received only a third the training time given to most divisions, was sent to North Africa to prepare for the invasion of Sicily.
Italian campaign
Ridgway helped plan the airborne element of the invasion of Sicily. The invasion, which took place in July 1943, was spearheaded by Colonel Gavin's 505th Parachute Infantry Regiment (reinforced into the 505th Parachute Regimental Combat Team by the 3rd Battalion of Tucker's 504th). Despite some successes, Sicily nearly saw an end to the airborne division. Due mainly to circumstances beyond Ridgway's control the 82nd suffered heavy casualties in Sicily, including the division's Assistant Division Commander, Brigadier General Charles L. Keerans. During the 504th's drop on the morning of 9 July, which was widely scattered due to friendly fire, Ridgway had to report to Lieutenant General George S. Patton, commander of the Seventh United States Army (under whose command the 82nd fell), that, out of the more than 5,300 paratroopers of the 82nd Airborne Division who had jumped into Sicily, he had fewer than 400 under his control.
During the planning for the invasion of the Italian mainland, the 82nd was tasked with taking Rome by coup de main in Operation Giant II. Ridgway strongly objected to this unrealistic plan, which would have dropped the 82nd on the outskirts of the Italian capital of Rome in the midst of two German heavy divisions. The operation was canceled only hours before launch. The 82nd did, however, play a significant role in the Allied invasion of Italy at Salerno in September which, but for a drop by Ridgway's two parachute regiments, may well have seen the Allies pushed back into the sea. The 82nd Airborne Division subsequently saw brief service in the early stages of the Italian Campaign, helping the Allies to break through the Volturno Line in October. The division then returned to occupation duties in the recently liberated Italian city of Naples and saw little further action thereafter and in November departed Italy for Northern Ireland. Lieutenant General Mark W. Clark, commander of the Fifth United States Army, a fellow graduate of the West Point class of 1917, referring to Ridgway as an "outstanding battle soldier, brilliant, fearless and loyal", who had "trained and produced one of the finest Fifth Army outfits", was unwilling to give up either Ridgway or the 82nd. As a compromise, Colonel Tucker's 504th Parachute Infantry Regiment, along with supporting units, was retained in Italy, to be sent to rejoin the rest of the 82nd Airborne Division as soon as possible.
France and Germany
thumb|left|From left to right: Major General [[J. Lawton Collins, British Field Marshal Sir Bernard Montgomery and Ridgway, December 1944]]
In late 1943, after the 82nd Airborne Division was sent to Northern Ireland, and in the early months of 1944, Ridgway helped plan the airborne operations of Operation Overlord, codename for the Allied invasion of Normandy, where he argued, successfully, for the two American airborne divisions taking part in the invasion, the 82nd and the inexperienced 101st, still commanded by Major General Lee (later replaced by Brigadier General Maxwell D. Taylor, formerly commander of the 82nd Airborne Division Artillery), to be increased in strength from two parachute regiments and a single glider regiment (although with only two battalions) to three parachute regiments, and for the glider regiment to have a strength of three battalions. In the Battle of Normandy, he jumped with his troops, who fought for 33 days in advancing to Saint-Sauveur-le-Vicomte near Cherbourg (St Sauveur was liberated on 14 June 1944). Relieved from front-line duty in early July, the 82nd Airborne Division had, during the severe fighting in the Normandy bocage, suffered 46 percent casualties.
thumb|right|Ridgway and Major General [[James M. Gavin during the Battle of the Bulge, 19 December 1944]]
In August 1944, Ridgway was given the command of XVIII Airborne Corps. Command of the 82nd Airborne Division passed to Brigadier General James M. Gavin, who had served as Ridgway's Assistant Division Commander. The first operation involving Ridgway was Operation Market Garden where his 101st Airborne Division dropped near Eindhoven to secure the Bridges between Eindhoven and Veghel on the road to Arnhem. Ridgway dropped with his troops and was in the forefront of the Divisions part of the fighting. The XVIII Airborne Corps helped stop and push back German troops during the Battle of the Bulge in December. In March 1945, with the British 6th Airborne Division and United States 17th Airborne Division under command, he led the corps into Germany during Operation Varsity, the airborne component of Operation Plunder, and was wounded in the shoulder by German grenade fragments on 24 March 1945. He led the corps in the Western Allied invasion of Germany. On 4 June 1945, he was promoted to the temporary rank of lieutenant general. Ridgway noted that while Montgomery was a "free spirit who was sometimes a bit hard to restrain", he also referred to Montgomery as "a first-class professional officer of great ability ... and Monty could produce ... I don't know anybody who could give me more complete support than Monty did when I was under British command twice ... I had no trouble with Monty at all".
Interbellum
Ridgway was a commander at Luzon until October 1945 when the XVIII Airborne Corps was disbanded. He was then given command of the United States forces in the Mediterranean Theater, with the title Deputy Supreme Allied Commander, Mediterranean. From 1946 to 1948, he served as the United States Army representative on the military staff committee of the United Nations. He was placed in charge of the Caribbean Command in 1948, controlling United States forces in the Caribbean, and in 1949 was assigned to the position of Deputy Chief of Staff for Administration under then Chief of Staff of the United States Army, General J. Lawton Collins.
In December 1947, Ridgway married Mary Princess "Penny" Anthony Long, his third wife.
thumb|left|270x270px|Ridgway visiting wounded UN soldiers onboard a hospital train, February 1951
Upon taking control of the battered Eighth Army, one of Ridgway's first acts was to restore soldiers' confidence in themselves. To accomplish this, he reorganized the command structure. During one of his first briefings in Korea at I Corps, Ridgway sat through an extensive discussion of various defensive plans and contingencies. At the end, he asked the staff about the status of their attack plans; the corps G-3 (operations officer) responded that he had no such plans. Within days, I Corps had a new G-3. He also replaced officers who did not send out patrols to fix enemy locations, and removed "enemy positions" from commanders' planning maps if local units had not been in recent contact to verify that the enemy was still there. Ridgway established a plan to rotate out those division commanders who had been in action for six months and replace them with fresh leaders. He sent out guidance to commanders at all levels that they were to spend more time at the front lines and less in their command posts in the rear. These steps had an immediate effect on morale.
With the entry of China, the complexion of the Korean War had changed. Political leaders, in an attempt to prevent expansion of the war, did not allow UN forces to bomb the supply bases in China, nor the bridges across the Yalu River on the border between China and North Korea. The American army moved from an aggressive stance to fighting protective, delaying actions. Ridgway's second big tactical change was to make copious use of artillery.
China's casualties began to rise, and became very high as they pressed waves of attacks into the coordinated artillery fire. Under Ridgway's leadership, the Chinese offensive was slowed and finally brought to a halt at the battles of Chipyong-ni and Wonju. He then led his troops in Operation Thunderbolt, a counter-offensive in early 1951.
Supreme UN Commander
When General MacArthur was relieved of command by President Harry S. Truman in April, Ridgway was promoted to full general, assuming command of all United Nations forces in Korea. As commanding general in Korea, Ridgway gained the nickname "Tin Tits" for his habit of wearing hand grenades attached to his load-bearing equipment at chest level. He oversaw the desegregation and integration of United States Army units in the Far East Command, which significantly influenced the wider army's subsequent desegregation. He also continued the bombing of North Korea, which destroyed much of the country's infrastructure and killed many civilians.
In 1951 Ridgway was elected an honorary member of the Virginia Society of the Cincinnati.
Ridgway also assumed from MacArthur the role of military governor of Japan, the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers. During his tenure, Ridgway oversaw the restoration of Japan's independence and sovereignty on April 28, 1952. He was the second and last person to hold the title of SCAP before General Headquarters was abolished by General Order No. 10 on the day Japan's sovereignty was restored. He was relieved as commander of the Far East Command two weeks later.
Cold War
Supreme Allied Commander, Europe
thumb|294x294px|Ridgway during his tenure as [[Supreme Allied Commander Europe (SACEUR)]]
In May 1952, Ridgway succeeded General Dwight D. Eisenhower as the Supreme Allied Commander Europe (SACEUR) for the fledgling North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). While in that position Ridgway made progress in developing a coordinated command structure, oversaw an expansion of forces and facilities, and improved training and standardization. He upset other European military leaders by surrounding himself with American staff. His tendency to tell the truth was not always politically wise. In a 1952 review, General Omar Bradley, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, reported to President Harry S. Truman that "Ridgway had brought NATO to 'its realistic phase' and a 'generally encouraging picture of how the heterogeneous defense force is being gradually shaped.'"
Ridgway urged the Anglo-French-American high commissioners for Germany to pardon all German officers convicted of war crimes on the Eastern Front of World War II. He himself, he noted, had recently given orders in Korea "of the kind for which the German generals are sitting in prison". His "honor as a soldier" forced him to insist upon the release of these officers before he could "issue a single command to a German soldier of the European army". Ridgway was concerned that Eisenhower's proposal to significantly reduce the size of the army would leave it unable to counter the growing Soviet military threat, as noted by the 1954 Alfhem affair in Guatemala. These concerns would lead to recurring disagreements during his term as chief of staff. Ridgway was the leader of the "Never Again Club" within the U.S. Army that regarded the Korean War which ended in a draw as something of a debacle and were strongly opposed to fighting another land war in Asia, especially against China.
In the spring of 1954, Ridgway was very much opposed to Operation Vulture, the proposed American intervention in Vietnam with tactical nuclear weapons to rescue the French from certain defeat at the Battle of Dien Bien Phu. The chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Admiral Arthur W. Radford, supported Operation Vulture and recommended it to Eisenhower, arguing that the United States could not permit the victory of the Communist Viet Minh over the French. Making matters more complicated on 20 March 1954, the chief of the French general staff, General Paul Ély, visited Washington and Radford had shown him the plans for Vulture and gave him the impression that the United States was committed to carrying it out. Eisenhower finally agreed to carry out Vulture, but only if Congress gave its approval first and if Great Britain agreed to join in. On 7 May 1954, what was left of the French forces at Dien Bien Phu surrendered, which brought down the government of Premier Joseph Laniel in Paris, and led to a new government being formed by Pierre Mendès France whose sole mandate was to pull all French forces out of Indochina.
President Eisenhower approved a waiver to the military's policy of mandatory retirement at age 60 so Ridgway could complete his two-year term as Chief of Staff. Disagreements with the administration over its downgrading of the army in favor of the United States Navy and the United States Air Force, prevented Ridgway from being appointed to a second term. Ridgway retired from the army on 30 June 1955, and was succeeded by his one-time 82nd Airborne Division chief of staff, General Maxwell D. Taylor. Even after he retired, Ridgway was a constant critic of President Eisenhower. During the second debate of 1960 presidential debate on 7 October, John F. Kennedy mentioned General Ridgway as among supporters of the position that the United States should not attempt to defend Quemoy (Kinmen) and Matsu from an attack by China (PRC).
The "Wise Men"
In November 1967, Ridgway was recruited to join the "Wise Men", a group of retired diplomats, politicians and generals who assembled from time to time to give their advice on the Vietnam War to President Lyndon B. Johnson. Though the "Wise Men" group whose informal leader was the former Secretary of State Dean Acheson were widely dismissed as a gimmick to allow Johnson photo-opps, the president did have much respect for the "Wise Men" and took their counsel seriously. In early 1968, Ridgway together with General James M. Gavin and General David M. Shoup expressed their opposition to the strategic bombing offensive against North Vietnam and declared that South Vietnam was not worth the trouble it was taking to defend it. The criticism sufficiently rattled Johnson's powerful National Security Adviser W.W. Rostow that he wrote a 5-page memorandum for the president arguing that Ridgway, Gavin and Shoup did not know what they were talking about and expressed supreme confidence that the bombing offensive would soon force North Vietnam to its knees.
In the aftermath of the Tet Offensive together with Johnson's near-defeat in the New Hampshire Democratic primary, where Johnson defeated the anti-war Senator Eugene McCarthy by only 300 votes, the White House was gripped by crisis with Johnson torn between continuing to seek a military solution to the Vietnam war or turning towards a diplomatic solution. Adding to the sense of crisis was a maneuver by the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, General Earle Wheeler, to force Johnson to rule out the diplomatic solution and to continue with the military solution. On 23 February 1968 Wheeler told General William Westmoreland to advise Johnson to send another 206,000 troops to Vietnam, even through Westmoreland insisted that he did not need the extra troops. Under Wheeler's prodding, Westmoreland did make the request for another 206,000 soldiers, insisting in his report to Johnson that he could not win the war without them. Wheeler's real purpose in having Westmoreland make the troop request was to force Johnson to call out the reserves and the state National Guard. By 1968, there was no way to send another 206,000 men to join the half-million G.I.s already in Vietnam without abandoning the American commitments in Europe, South Korea and elsewhere except by mobilizing the reserves and the National Guard. Both Ridgway and Gavin advised Clifford that victory in Vietnam was unobtainable and he should use his influence with Johnson to persuade him to seek a diplomatic solution. Since Westmoreland had maintained in his report that victory in Vietnam was impossible without the additional 206,000 troops, to reject the troop request would mean abandoning seeking a military solution. To resolve the debate, Johnson called a meeting of the "Wise Men on 25 March 1968 to advise him what to do. Of the 14 "Wise Men", only General Maxwell Taylor, Robert Murphy, Abe Fortas and General Omar Bradley advised Johnson to continue seeking a military solution with the rest all speaking for a diplomatic solution.
Shortly after his divorce, Ridgway married Margaret ("Peggy") Wilson Dabney (1891–1968), the widow of a West Point graduate (Henry Harold Dabney, class of 1915), and in 1936 he adopted Peggy's daughter Virginia Ann Dabney (1919–2004). Ridgway and Peggy divorced in June 1947. Later that year he married Mary Princess Anthony Long (1918–1997), who was nicknamed "Penny". They remained married until his death. They were the parents of a son, Matthew, Jr., who died in a 1971 accident shortly after graduating from Bucknell University and receiving his commission as a second lieutenant through the Reserve Officers' Training Corps.
Ridgway remained active in retirement, both in leadership capacities and as a speaker and author. He relocated to the Pittsburgh suburb of Fox Chapel, Pennsylvania, in 1955 after accepting the chairmanship of the board of trustees of the Mellon Institute as well as a position on the board of directors of Gulf Oil Corporation, among others. The year after his retirement, he published his autobiography, Soldier: The Memoirs of Matthew B. Ridgway. In 1967, he wrote The Korean War.
In 1960, Ridgway retired from his position at the Mellon Institute but continued to serve on multiple corporate boards of directors, Pittsburgh civic groups and Pentagon strategic study committees.
Ridgway continued to advocate for a strong military to be used judiciously. He gave many speeches, wrote, and participated in various panels, discussions, and groups. In early 1968, he was invited to a White House luncheon to discuss Indochina. After the luncheon, Ridgway met privately for two hours with President Johnson and Vice President Hubert Humphrey. When asked his opinion, Ridgway advised against deeper involvement in Vietnam and against using force to resolve the Pueblo Incident. In an article in Foreign Affairs, Ridgway stated that political goals should be based on vital national interests and that military goals should be consistent with and support the political goals, but that neither situation was true in the Vietnam War.
Ridgway advocated maintaining a chemical, biological, and radiological weapons capability, arguing that they could accomplish national goals better than the weapons currently in use. In 1976, Ridgway was a founding board member of the Committee on the Present Danger, which urged greater military preparedness to counter a perceived increasing Soviet threat.
On 5 May 1985, Ridgway was a participant in US President Ronald Reagan's visit to Kolmeshöhe Cemetery near Bitburg, when former Luftwaffe ace fighter pilot Johannes Steinhoff (1913–1994) in an unscheduled act firmly shook his hand in an act of reconciliation between the former foes.
Death
Ridgway died at his suburban Pittsburgh home on 26 July 1993, of cardiac arrest, at the age of 98. He was buried at Arlington National Cemetery, in Arlington, Virginia. In a graveside eulogy, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, General Colin Powell, said: "No soldier ever performed his duty better than this man. No soldier ever upheld his honor better than this man. No soldier ever loved his country more than this man did. Every American soldier owes a debt to this great man".
Legacy
thumb|275x275px|Portrait by Clarence Lamont MacNelly
During his career, Ridgway was recognized as an outstanding leader, earning the respect of subordinates, peers, and superiors. General Omar Bradley described Ridgway's work turning the tide of the Korean War as "the greatest feat of personal leadership in the history of the Army". A soldier in Normandy remarked about an intense battle while trying to cross a key bridge, "The most memorable sight that day was Ridgway, Gavin, and Maloney standing right there where it was the hottest [heaviest incoming fire]. The point is that every soldier who hit that causeway saw every general officer and the regimental and battalion commanders right there. It was a truly inspirational effort".
On the day of the Germans' furthest advance in the Battle of the Bulge, Ridgway commented to his subordinate officers in the XVIII Airborne Corps: "The situation is normal and completely satisfactory. The enemy has thrown in all his mobile reserves, and this is his last major offensive effort in this war. This Corps will halt that effort; then attack and smash him".
Ridgway considered leadership to have three primary ingredients: character, courage, and competence. He described character—including self-discipline, loyalty, selflessness, modesty, and willingness to accept responsibility and admit mistakes—as the "bedrock on which the whole edifice of leadership rests". His concept of courage included both physical and moral courage. Competence included physical fitness, anticipating when crises will occur and being present to resolve them, and being close to subordinates—communicating clearly and ensuring that they are treated and led well and fairly.
Major assignments
- Staff Officer, War Plans Division – 24 December 1941 to 19 February 1942
- Assistant Division Commander, 82nd Infantry Division – 19 February 1942 to 26 June 1942
- Commander, 82nd Airborne Division – 26 June 1942 to 27 August 1944
- Commander, XVIII Airborne Corps – 27 August 1944 to October 1945
- Deputy Supreme Allied Commander, Mediterranean – October 1945 to 1946
- US Army Representative to the Military Staff Committee of the United Nations – 1946 to June 1948
- Commander, United States Caribbean Command – June 1948 to October 1949
- Deputy Chief of Staff for Administration – November 1949 to 24 December 1950
- Commander, Eighth United States Army – 26 December 1950 to 11 April 1951
- Commander, United Nations Command – 11 April 1951 to 12 May 1952
- Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers (SCAP) – 11 April 1951 to 28 April 1952
- Commander in Chief, United States Far East Command – 11 April 1951 to 12 May 1952
- Supreme Allied Commander Europe for NATO – 30 May 1952 to 11 July 1953
- Commander, United States Army European Command (EUCOM) – 30 May 1952 to 1 August 1952
- Commander in Chief, United States European Command (CINCEUR) – 1 August 1952 to 11 July 1953
- Chief of Staff of the United States Army – 17 August 1953 to 30 June 1955
Orders, decorations, medals and badges
United States badges, decorations and medals
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|100px
|Combat Infantryman Badge (Ridgway is one of five general officers who have been awarded the honorary CIB for service while a general officer, along with General Joseph Stilwell, Major General William F. Dean, General of the Army Omar Bradley, and General of the Army Douglas MacArthur. Generals are not allowed to be awarded the CIB. The CIB is only available to colonels and below.)
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|75px
|Combat Parachutist Badge with one bronze jump star
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|75px
|Army Staff Identification Badge
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|50px
|French Fourragère in the colors of WWII
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|75px
|Six Overseas Service Bars
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|Army Distinguished Service Cross with oak leaf cluster
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|Army Distinguished Service Medal with four oak leaf clusters
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|Silver Star with two oak leaf clusters
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|Legion of Merit with oak leaf cluster
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|Bronze Star with "V" device and oak leaf cluster
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|Purple Heart
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|Army Presidential Unit Citation
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|Presidential Medal of Freedom
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|60px
|Order of Merit of the Italian Republic, Knight Grand Cross
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|60px
|Order of the White Elephant, 1st Class (Thailand)
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|60px
|Order of the Bath, Knight Commander (Great Britain)
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|60px
|Order of the Red Banner (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics)
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|60px
|Order of Boyacá, Grand Officer (Colombia)
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|60px
|Military Order of Savoy, Grand Officer (Italy)
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|60px
|Philippine Legion of Honor, Chief Commander
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|60px
|Order of Vasco Núñez de Balboa, Grand Officer (Panama)
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|60px<span style="position:relative; top: 0px; left: -25px; display: inline-block; width: 0;">20px</span>
|Order of Leopold II, Commander with palm (Belgium)
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|60px
|Order of the Southern Cross, Officer (Brazil)
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|60px
|Croix de Guerre (France) with bronze palm
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|60px
|Croix de guerre (Belgium), WWII with bronze palm
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|United Nations Korea Medal
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|Inter-American Defense Board Medal
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|Korean War Service Medal
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Other honors
- Congressional Gold Medal
- The National Infantry Association has awarded him their annual Doughboy Award.
- The Freedom House Annual Freedom Award, ‘https://freedomhouse.org/freedom-award’
- Ridgway appeared on the April 30, 1951, and May 12, 1952, covers of Life magazine.
- Ridgway appeared on the March 5, 1951, and July 16, 1951, covers of Time magazine.
Dates of rank
{|class="wikitable" style="background:white"
! Insignia !! Rank !! Component !! Date
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| style="text-align:center" |No insignia || Cadet || United States Military Academy || 14 June 1913
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| style="text-align:center" |13px || Second lieutenant || Regular Army || 20 April 1917
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| style="text-align:center" |13px || First lieutenant || Regular Army || 15 May 1917
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| style="text-align:center" |33px || Captain || National Army || 5 August 1917
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| style="text-align:center" |33px || Captain || Regular Army || 18 July 1919
|-
| style="text-align:center" |40px || Major || Regular Army || 1 October 1932
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| style="text-align:center" |40px || Lieutenant colonel || Regular Army || 1 July 1940
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| style="text-align:center" |60px || Colonel || Army of the United States || 11 December 1941
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| style="text-align:center" |33px || Brigadier general || Army of the United States || 15 January 1942
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| style="text-align:center" |66px || Major general || Army of the United States || 6 April 1942
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| style="text-align:center" |99px || Lieutenant general || Army of the United States || 4 June 1945
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| style="text-align:center" |33px || Brigadier general|| Regular Army || 1 November 1945
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| style="text-align:center" |66px || Major general|| Regular Army || Retroactive to<br>6 April 1942
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| style="text-align:center" |132px || General || Army of the United States || 11 May 1951
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| style="text-align:center" |132px || General || Regular Army, Retired || 30 June 1955
|-
|}
Namesakes
- Ridgway was honored by his adopted hometown of Pittsburgh with the entrance to the Soldiers and Sailors National Military Museum and Memorial, located in the city's education and cultural district, being renamed "Ridgway Court".
- Bearing his name is the Matthew B. Ridgway Center for International Security Studies at the University of Pittsburgh.
- Ridgway is the namesake of the mascot for the Houston Astros' Single-A baseball team, the Fayetteville Woodpeckers.
- The reading room at the U.S. Army Heritage and Education Center special collections is called Ridgway Hall.
References
Further reading
- Berman, William William Fulbright and the Vietnam War, Kent: Kent State University Press, 1988,
- Blair, Clay (1985). Ridgway's Paratroopers: The American Airborne in World War II. The Dial Press. .
- Groves, Bryan N. MG Matthew Ridgway as the 82d Airborne Division Commander: A case study on the impact of vision and character in leadership. Institute of Land Warfare, Association of the United States Army, 2006.
- Hastings, Max. Armageddon: The Battle for Germany, 1944–1945. Vintage Books, 2005. .
- Karnow, Stanley Vietnam: A History, Viking Books, 1983.
- Langguth, A.J. Our Vietnam: The War 1954–1975, Simon & Schuster, 2000.
- Lunteren, Frank van. Birth of a Regiment: The 504th Parachute Infantry Regiment in Sicily and Salerno, Permuted Press LLC, 2022.
- Milne, David America's Rasputin, Hill and Wang, 2009.
- Mitchell, George C. Matthew B. Ridgway: Soldier, Statesman, Scholar, Citizen. Stackpole Books, 2002. .
- Matthew B. Ridgway, The Korean War. Doubleday, 1967.
- Matthew B. Ridgway, Soldier: The Memoirs of Matthew B. Ridgway, as told to Harold H. Martin. Greenwood, 1974.
External links
- Matthew B. Ridgway Collection U.S. Army Heritage and Education Center, Carlisle, Pennsylvania
- General Matthew B. Ridgway: a commander's maturation of operational art (2011, PDF, 66 pages)
- Generals of World War II
- United States Army Officers 1939–1945
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