Mary Ann Nichols

Mary Ann Nichols, known as Polly Nichols (née Walker; 26 August 184531 August 1888), was the first canonical victim of the unidentified serial killer known as Jack the Ripper, who is believed to have murdered and mutilated at least five women in and around the Whitechapel district of London between late August and early November 1888.

The two earlier murders linked to the Whitechapel murderer are unlikely to have been committed by Jack the Ripper. When Nichols's murder was first associated with the series, it heightened both press and public interest in the criminal activity and general living conditions of the inhabitants of London's East End.

Early life

Mary Ann Walker was born on 26 August 1845 in either Dean Street, off Fetter Lane in London, or Dawes Court, Shoe Lane (off Fleet Street), London. Little is known of her early childhood, although records indicate that she had been christened by 1851.

At the age of eighteen, Walker married William Nichols, a printer's machinist. The ceremony took place on 16 January 1864 at Saint Bride's Parish Church in the City of London, with Seth George Havelly and Sarah Good acting as witnesses.

Separation

On 6 September 1880, the couple moved into their own home at 6 D-Block, Peabody Buildings, Stamford Street, Blackfriars Road, paying a weekly rent of 5s. 9d.

Nichols's father accused William of abandoning his daughter after conducting an affair with the nurse who had attended the birth of their final child. William, however, claimed to have proof that the marriage had continued for at least three years after the date of the alleged affair. He stated that their marital difficulties had been caused by his wife's heavy drinking, and that he had begun an affair only after Nichols had left him. He later told authorities that his wife had deserted him and was supporting herself through prostitution.thumb|right|170px|The body of Mary Ann Nichols was discovered at this gated stable entrance in Buck's Row.

As news of the murder spread, several people converged on the scene. Among them were three horse-slaughterers from a neighbouring knacker's yard in Winthrop Street: Harry Tomkins, James Mumford, and Charles Britten. PC Thain had informed them of the discovery as he passed their yard on his way to fetch Dr Llewellyn. All three men were questioned, with Tomkins and Britten admitting that they had left their workplace at 12:20 am for approximately thirty minutes, possibly to visit the nearby Roebuck public house. All three were eliminated as suspects. Police also questioned every tenant of Buck's Row, including the residents of the house closest to where Nichols's body had been found. Although several occupants had been awake during the early hours, none reported seeing or hearing anything unusual. Likewise, all police officers patrolling along or near Buck's Row in the early hours of 31 August stated that they had observed nothing suspicious before the discovery of Nichols's body.

Post-mortem

Nichols's body was moved to the Old Montague Street Mortuary at 5:20 am. The injuries to her abdomen were first noticed by Inspector Spratling, who immediately sent for Dr Llewellyn, the surgeon who had earlier examined the body at the scene.

Upon further examination, Dr Llewellyn discovered that both sides of her face had been bruised by either a fist or the pressure of a thumb before her throat wounds had been inflicted from left to right. One of these two wounds measured eight inches and the other four inches in length; both reached back to her vertebral column. and her abdomen had been mutilated with one deep, jagged wound two or three inches from the left side. Several further incisions had been made across her abdomen, causing her bowels to protrude through the wounds, and three or four similar cuts ran down the right side of her body. These injuries had been inflicted with the same knife, estimated to be at least 6–8 inches (15–20 cm) long and possibly a cork-cutter's or shoemaker's knife. Each wound had been delivered in a violent, downward thrusting manner. Llewellyn also stated his belief that the murderer possessed some anatomical knowledge. No organs were missing.

Llewellyn estimated that the injuries would have taken four to five minutes to inflict, and he expressed surprise at the small amount of blood at the crime scene, describing it as "about enough to fill two large wine glasses, or half a pint at the outside". He believed Nichols had been facing her attacker when he placed a hand across her mouth before cutting her throat. Death would have been instantaneous, and all the abdominal injuries—completed in less than five minutes—had been inflicted after death. Llewellyn determined this because wounds made to a body post‑mortem do not produce blood spatter and may result in only limited blood loss.

Identification

An examination of Nichols's possessions revealed that she carried no form of identification at the time of her death; her only belongings were a white pocket handkerchief, a comb, and a piece of mirror. Her petticoats, however, were marked 'Lambeth Workhouse P.R.' indicating she may have resided at the workhouse on Princess Road, which had only opened in 1887. Although the matron of this workhouse was unable to identify the body, a workhouse inmate named Mary Ann Monk positively identified the decedent as Mary Ann Nichols at 7:30 pm on 31 August. Earlier that afternoon, Emily Holland had also identified the deceased as "Polly" Nichols. This identification was corroborated the following day by William Nichols, who reportedly exclaimed upon confirming her identity, "I forgive you, as you are, for what you have been to me." Proceedings were presided over by the Middlesex coroner, Wynne Edwin Baxter. On the first day, the jury was sworn in and taken by the coroner's assistant to view Nichols's body at the mortuary in Pavilion Yard before reconvening at the Working Lads' Institute.

Three witnesses testified on the opening day. The first was Nichols's father, who stated that his daughter had been separated from her husband for "about seven or eight years", that he had not seen her since Easter, and that she had no known enemies. PC John Neil also gave evidence, describing his discovery of Nichols's body and noting that the location was dimly lit, the nearest illumination being "a street lamp shining at the end of the row". Recounting the scene and his call for assistance, Neil stated: "Deceased was lying lengthways along the street, her left hand touching the gate. I examined the body by the aid of my lamp, and noticed blood oozing from a wound in the throat. She was lying on her back, with her clothes disarranged. I felt her arm, which was quite warm from the joints upwards. Her eyes were wide open. Her bonnet was off and lying at her side, close to the left hand. I heard a constable passing Brady Street, so I called him." In response to questions from the coroner, Neil acknowledged that Whitechapel Road was "fairly busy" even at that hour, and that the murderer could have escaped in that direction.

The final witness to testify on the first day was Dr Llewellyn. His testimony, as reported in The Times on 3 September, stated:

Following Llewellyn's testimony, the inquest was adjourned until 3 September.

Police testimony

Inspector John Spratling gave evidence on the second day of the inquest. He testified that he heard of the murder at 4:30 am, by which time Nichols's body had already been taken to the mortuary. Spratling confirmed that only PC Neil's beat required him to walk through Buck's Row, and his own questioning of several residents revealed that none had seen or heard anything unusual. Also to testify was horse-slaughterer Harry Tomkins, who stated that he had not left his workplace after 1:00 am on 31 August and that neither he nor his colleagues had heard anything untoward. Asked about the noise level in the yard, Tomkins described it as "very quiet", although he conceded he had been too far from the crime scene to have heard any cries for help.

Two police officers followed Tomkins to the stand. Inspector Joseph Helson testified that, in his opinion, the deceased had not been carried to the spot where her body was found. PC Jonas Mizen stated that he had been informed of a woman lying in Buck's Row by a carman at 3:45 am on Friday morning, and that upon arriving at the scene, PC Neil immediately instructed him to fetch a handcart.

Charles Cross followed PC Mizen to the stand. He testified that he discovered Nichols's body while walking to work, initially mistaking it for a tarpaulin, before realising it was a woman. He then heard the footsteps of Robert Paul approaching behind him and motioned to him, saying, "Come and look over here; there is a woman lying on the pavement." Cross stated that Paul had touched Nichols's chest and said, "I think she is breathing, but very little, if she is." As both men were late for work, they left the woman where she lay, resolving to report their discovery to the first policeman they encountered.

Asked why neither man had noted the wounds to Nichols's throat, Cross replied that Buck's Row was poorly illuminated.

Day three

The third day of the inquest was held on Monday, 17 September. Eight witnesses testified, including Mrs Emma Green, a widow who lived with her three children in the cottage immediately beside the stable entrance where Nichols's body had been found. Green stated that she had heard nothing unusual on the night of the murder and that, although rowdy individuals often passed along Buck's Row, the houses were occupied by hardworking people. PC John Thain also gave evidence, stating that his beat typically took him past Buck's Row every thirty minutes and that he had been signalled into the street by PC Neil at 3:45 am. Thain testified he had been immediately dispatched to fetch Dr Llewellyn, and that the body was taken to the mortuary while he remained in Buck's Row. He then searched Essex Wharf, the Great Eastern Railway arches, and the District Railway for evidence, but found nothing.

Two of the final witnesses to testify on 17 September were the keeper of the Old Montague Street Mortuary, Robert Mann, and an inmate of the Whitechapel Workhouse named James Hatfield. Mann stated that he had placed the body inside the mortuary at 5:00 am, adding that her clothes had not been cut before he and Hatfield removed them. Hatfield then testified he and Mann—contrary to instructions given by Sergeant Enright—had taken off all Nichols's clothing in preparation for Dr Llewellyn's arrival.

At the close of proceedings, coroner Baxter informed the jury that the condition of Nichols's body appeared to prove conclusively that she had been murdered at the location where she was found. Addressing the murderer's ability to escape detection, Baxter stated: "It seems astonishing, at first thought, that the culprit should have escaped detection, for there must surely have been marks of blood about his person. If, however, blood was principally on his hands, the presence of so many slaughterhouses in the neighbourhood would make the frequenters of this spot familiar with bloodstained clothes and hands, and his appearance might in that way have failed to attract attention while he passed from Buck's Row in the twilight into Whitechapel Road, and was lost sight of in the morning's market traffic." Baxter then referred to the two earlier Whitechapel murders and the 8 September murder of Annie Chapman, telling the jury: "We cannot altogether leave unnoticed the fact that the death that you have been investigating is one of four presenting many points of similarity, all of which have occurred within the space of about five months, and all within a very short distance of the place where we are sitting. All four victims were women of middle age, all were married, and had lived apart from their husbands in consequence of intemperate habits, and were at the time of their death leading an irregular life."

Highlighting the direct similarities between Nichols's murder and that of Annie Chapman as—opposed to the earlier murders of Emma Smith and Martha Tabram—Baxter elaborated: "The similarity of the injuries in the [murders of Nichols and Chapman] is considerable. There are bruises about the face in both cases; the head is nearly severed from the body in both cases; there are other dreadful injuries in both cases; and those injuries again have in each case been performed with anatomical knowledge ... I suggest to you as a possibility that these two women may have been murdered by the same man with the same object." He further dismissed the possibility that Nichols's murder was connected with the two earlier Whitechapel murders, noting that the weapon used in those cases was significantly different, and that neither victim had received slash wounds to the throat or any disembowelment.

After a twenty-minute deliberation, the jury—having been instructed to consider precisely how, when, and by what means Nichols met her death—returned a verdict of: "Wilful murder against some person or persons unknown."

170px|thumb|8 September 1888 edition of [[The Illustrated Police News depicting the inquest into Nichols's murder]]

Press reaction

Nichols's murder had occurred within a 300-yard radius of the previous murders of Emma Smith and Martha Tabram, and all three murders had taken place within less than five months. Although the modus operandi in each case differed, the geographical proximity led sections of the press to link the three murders. Some newspaper editors also suggested that Nichols's murder may have been the work of a gang, as had earlier been speculated in relation to Smith's murder.

In the days following Nichols's murder, sections of the Radical press—particularly reporters for The Star—capitalised on the brutality of the murders to vilify Police Commissioner Sir Charles Warren, falsely claiming as early as 1 September that widespread dissatisfaction with Warren existed within the Metropolitan Police. A reporter for The Star, Ernest Parke also suggested in the 31 August edition that a single killer was responsible. Other publications soon adopted this narrative.

Suspicions that a serial killer might be active in the East End led to the secondment of Detective Inspectors Frederick Abberline, Henry Moore, and Walter Andrews from the Central Office at Scotland Yard.

The subsequent murders of Elizabeth Stride and Catherine Eddowes the week after the inquest closed, and that of Mary Jane Kelly on 9 November, were also linked by a similar modus operandi. By October 1888, the press and public alike attributed the series to a single killer, known as "Jack the Ripper".

Leather Apron

Local rumours that a Jewish man known as "Leather Apron" might have been responsible for the murders were investigated by the police. This individual was reputed to carry a knife and was said to have frequently intimidated local prostitutes. Imaginative descriptions of "Leather Apron", often employing crude antisemitic stereotypes, appeared widely in the press in the days following Nichols's murder, although some London newspapers dismissed the theory as "a mythical outgrowth of the reporter's fancy".

John Pizer, a Polish Jew who made footwear from leather, was known locally by the name "Leather Apron". Despite there being no direct evidence against him, he was arrested by Sergeant William Thicke on 10 September. Although Pizer denied being known by this nickname, Thicke was aware of his reputation and that he was commonly referred to by this name. A search of Pizer's home uncovered five long-bladed knives. Nevertheless, Pizer was soon released after his alibis for the nights of the two most recent Whitechapel murders were confirmed.

Pizer later successfully obtained monetary compensation from at least one newspaper that had named him as the murderer.

Funeral

180px|thumb|Nichols's grave marker at the [[City of London Cemetery]]

Nichols was buried on the afternoon of 6 September 1888. She was laid to rest in the City of London Cemetery, situated in the east London district of Manor Park. Her body was conveyed to the cemetery in a hearse supplied by a Hanbury Street undertaker named Henry Smith. The funeral cortège comprised the hearse carrying her coffin and two mourning coaches, which transported her father, estranged husband, and three of her children. Several thousand people observed the cortège as it travelled from the mortuary to the cemetery.

Nichols's coffin was made of polished elm and bore a brass plaque inscribed, Mary Ann Nichols, aged 42; died August 31, 1888.

Media

Film

A Study in Terror (1965). This film casts Christiane Maybach as Mary Ann Nichols.
Love Lies Bleeding (1999). A drama film directed by William Tannen. Nichols is portrayed by Nancy Bishop in this film.
From Hell (2001). Directed by the Hughes Brothers, the film casts Annabelle Apsion as Mary Ann Nichols.

Television

The Real Jack the Ripper (2010). Directed by David Mortin, this series casts Stephne Haliburn as Mary Ann Nichols and was first broadcast on 31 August 2010.
Jack the Ripper: The Definitive Story (2011). A two-hour documentary which references original police reports and eyewitness accounts pertaining to the Whitechapel Murderer. Nichols is portrayed by actress Lorayne Constance in this documentary.

Drama

Jack, the Last Victim (2005). This musical casts Marissa Merewood as Mary Ann Nichols.

Notes

References

Bibliography

Begg, Paul (2003). Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History. London: Pearson Education.
Begg, Paul (2006). Jack the Ripper: The Facts. London: Anova Books.
Bell, Neil R. A. (2016). Capturing Jack the Ripper: In the Boots of a Bobby in Victorian England. Stroud: Amberley Publishing.
Cook, Andrew (2009). Jack the Ripper. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Amberley Publishing.
Eddleston, John J. (2002). Jack the Ripper: An Encyclopedia. London: Metro Books.
Evans, Stewart P.; Gainey, P. (2006) [1995]. Jack the Ripper: First American Serial Killer. New York: Kodansha.
Evans, Stewart P.; Rumbelow, Donald (2006). Jack the Ripper: Scotland Yard Investigates. Stroud: Sutton.
Evans, Stewart P.; Skinner, Keith (2000). The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook: An Illustrated Encyclopedia. London: Constable and Robinson.
Fido, Martin (1987). The Crimes, Death and Detection of Jack the Ripper. Vermont: Trafalgar Square.
Gordon, R. Michael (2000). Alias Jack the Ripper: Beyond the Usual Whitechapel Suspects. North Carolina: McFarland Publishing.
Harris, Melvin (1994). The True Face of Jack the Ripper. London: Michael O'Mara Books Ltd.
Holmes, Ronald M.; Holmes, Stephen T. (2002). Profiling Violent Crimes: An Investigative Tool. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications, Inc.
Honeycombe, Gordon (1982). The Murders of the Black Museum: 1870–1970, London: Bloomsbury Books.
Lane, Brian (1995). Chronicle of 20th Century Murder, Wiltshire: Select Editions.
Lynch, Terry; Davies, David (2008). Jack the Ripper: The Whitechapel Murderer. Hertfordshire: Wordsworth Editions.
Marriott, Trevor (2005). Jack the Ripper: The 21st Century Investigation. London: John Blake.
Rumbelow, Donald (2004). The Complete Jack the Ripper: Fully Revised and Updated. Penguin Books.
Sugden, Philip (2002). The Complete History of Jack the Ripper. Carroll & Graf Publishers.
Waddell, Bill (1993). The Black Museum: New Scotland Yard. London: Little, Brown and Company.
White, Jerry (2007). London in the Nineteenth Century. London: Jonathan Cape.
Whittington-Egan, Richard; Whittington-Egan, Molly (1992). The Murder Almanac. Glasgow: Neil Wilson Publishing.
Whittington-Egan, Richard (2013). Jack the Ripper: The Definitive Casebook. Stroud: Amberley Publishing.
Woods, Paul; Baddeley, Gavin (2009). Saucy Jack: The Elusive Ripper. Hersham, Surrey: Ian Allan Publishing.

External links

31 August 1888 Evening News article detailing the murder of Mary Ann Nichols
6 November 1888 Maitland Mercury news article detailing the inquest into the murder of Mary Ann Nichols
2009 Daily Telegraph article detailing the victims of Jack the Ripper
BBC News article pertaining to the murders committed by Jack the Ripper
Casebook: Jack the Ripper
The Whitechapel Murder Victims: Mary Ann Nichols at whitechapeljack.com