thumb|Watercolor from the Canberra Design

right|thumb|Artist's Studio (Section). Watercolor and ink by Marion Griffin 1894

thumb|Design for Suburban Residence Exhibit plan 2

thumb|Design for Suburban Residence Exhibit Plan 1

Marion Mahony Griffin (; February 14, 1871 – August 10, 1961) was an American architect and artist. She was one of the first licensed female architects in the world, and is considered an original member of the Prairie School. Her work in the United States developed and expanded the American Prairie School, and her work in India and Australia reflected Prairie School ideals of indigenous landscape and materials in newly formed democracies. The scholar Debora Wood stated that Griffin "did the drawings people think of when they think of Frank Lloyd Wright (one of her collaborating architects)." According to architecture critic, Reyner Banham, Griffin was "America’s (and perhaps the world’s) first woman architect who needed no apology in a world of men."

She produced some of the finest architectural drawings in America and Australia, and was instrumental in envisioning the design plans for the capital city of Australia, Canberra. Towards the end of her life, she wrote The Magic of America, an autobiography accompanied with various illustrations dedicated toward showcasing her life's work and values. After the Great Chicago Fire in 1880, her family moved north of Chicago to nearby Winnetka. Winnetka's Unitarian Chapel often held discussions about the arts, politics, and social issues heavily revolving around democracy. Mahony often recalled her childhood in Winnetka in her autobiography, "The Magic of America", describing how she had become fascinated by the freeing nature and quickly disappearing landscape as suburban homes filled the area. Perkins himself was a former MIT student, however he never completed his architectural degree. Although Mahony was more educated than him, he fostered the significant improvement of her drafting and design skills as she gained hands-on experience. Subsequently, she became the first licensed female architect in Illinois in 1898. She was later hired and worked with Wright from 1895–1909 in both Chicago and his Oak Park studio. She went to work designing buildings, furniture, stained glass windows, and decorative panels. Barry Byrne, a coworker of Mahony's described her as “the most talented member of Frank Lloyd Wright’s staff." She combined art and architecture in her draftsmanship, and was known to have an "exceptional feel" for linear compositions that integrated architecture with nature. Her interest in Japanese prints gave her several unique compositional techniques of color, depth, emphasis, and line weight that played a crucial role in the development of the Prairie School. This new presentation of designs was revolutionary in presenting architectural work to the world. Mahony's work became a powerful marketing tool, that enabled conversations with clients as they had become able to visualize the plans presented. Her rendering of the K. C. DeRhodes House in South Bend, Indiana, in particular, was praised by Wright and many critics. Her presentation drawing of the home was exceptionally skillful with clear-cut lines, and her original use of stylized trees and flowers to frame the structure. The foliage was just as sharp as the structure presented, further highlighting her integration of architecture with the natural world. Her watercolor renderings of buildings and landscapes became known as a staple of Wright's style, though she was never given credit by the famous architect. For example, Wright "desperately" tried to attribute the K. C. DeRhodes House to himself. He annotated the rendering writing "after FLLW and Hiroshige". Yet, Mahony's initials, "MLM", were included in very small print under the foliage of the rendering. alt=Marion Mahony Griffin on the left with a watering can and Walter Burley Griffin with a shovel in front of a small building|thumb|Marion Mahony Griffin and Walter Burley Griffin gardening in the backyard of "Pholiota", Heidelberg, Victoria, 1918

After Wright had gone, Hermann V. von Holst, who had taken on Wright's commissions, hired Mahony with the stipulation that she would have control of the design. in Grand Rapids, Michigan. During this time, Mahony recommended Walter Burley Griffin to von Holst to develop landscaping for the area surrounding the three houses commissioned from Wright in Decatur, Illinois. Griffin was a fellow architect, a fellow ex-employee of Wright, and a leading member of the Prairie School of architecture.

Mahony and Griffin worked on the Decatur project before their marriage in 1911; afterward, Mahony worked in Griffin's practice. However, deeply rooted in her collaborative approach, she would publicly refer to her contributions as "our projects", often making note of the love and loyalty she had for her husband. Cafe Australia, Newman College, and the Capitol Theatre were three architectural structures worked on by Mahony, and for which the couple hired local artists, Marion's memoirs record the rough journey across Bass Strait in the SS Loongana, compensated over December 1918–January 1919 with 'a wonderful fortnight which enabled me to add a number of unique trees to my set of Forest Portraits.'

In Australia, Mahony and Griffin was introduced to Anthroposophy and the ideas of Rudolf Steiner which they embraced enthusiastically, and in Sydney they joined the Anthroposophy Society. These would later have a great influence on her autobiography. In a manuscript of the letter between the two included in "The Magic of America", Mr. Halder stated, "Marion is working like a slave and she is the only effective help I have had for this exhibition."

She did however spend the next twenty years working on a massive volume of 1,400 pages and 650 illustrations detailing her and Walter's working lives, which she titled "The Magic of America", which has yet to be formally published in book form. A manuscript deposited at the Art Institute of Chicago in 1949 was digitized, and since 2007 has been available online.

Battling memory loss toward the end of her life, Marion Mahony Griffin died in poverty in 1961 at the age of 90. She was buried in Graceland Cemetery.

Among the few works attributed to Mahony that survive in the United States is a small mural in the George B. Armstrong elementary school in Chicago, and some of the homes she had designed in Decatur, Illinois.

The Australian Institute of Architects, NSW Chapter, honored her work with an annual award, the Marion Mahony Griffin Prize, for a distinctive body of work by a female architect for architectural education, journalism, research, theory, a professional practice or built architectural work. Since 2006 the Victorian Chapter of the AIA has presented a named award annually known as the Marion Mahony Award for Interior Architecture.

Exhibitions

The following exhibitions have been displayed featured the work of Marion Mahony:

  • 1998–1999: The Museum of Applied Arts & Sciences at Powerhouse Museum, Sydney held an exhibition entitled "Beyond Architecture: Marion Mahony and Walter Burley Griffin".
  • 2013: An exhibition to celebrate the centenary of Canberra, held in the National Library of Australia and called "The Dream of a Century: the Griffins in Australia’s Capital", exhibited her drawings for the entire year.
  • 2020–2021: An exhibition at the Museum of Sydney entitled "Paradise on Earth".
  • 2022: An exhibition at the National Archives of Australia in Canberra entitled "Marion: the other Griffin".

Architectural works

  • All Souls Church (demolished), Evanston, Illinois – 1901
  • The Gerald and Hattie Mahony Residence (demolished), Elkhart, Indiana – 1907
  • David Amberg Residence, 505 College Avenue SE, Grand Rapids, Michigan – 1909
  • Edward P. Irving Residence, 2 Millikin Place, Decatur, Illinois – 1909
  • Robert Mueller Residence, 1 Millikin Place, Decatur, Illinois – 1909
  • Adolph Mueller Residence, 4 Millikin Place, Decatur, Illinois – 1910
  • Niles Club Company, Club House, Niles, Michigan – 1911
  • Henry Ford Residence "FairLane" (unbuilt initial design; 1913)
  • Koehne House (demolished 1974), Palm Beach, Florida – 1914
  • Cooley Residence, Grand St. at Texas Avenue, Monroe, Louisiana<!-- year? -->
  • thumb|Design for a Suburban Residence Exhibit Plan 3Fern Room, Cafe Australia, Melbourne, Australia – 1916
  • Pholiota, 23 Glenard Drive, Eaglemont, Victoria (the Griffins own house) – 1920
  • Capitol Theatre, Swanston Street, Melbourne, Australia – 1921–1923
  • "Stokesay", residence of Mr. and Mrs. Onians, 289 Nepean Highway, Seaford, Victoria, Australia – 1925
  • Ellen Mower Residence, 12 The Rampart, Castlecrag, Sydney – 1926
  • Creswick Residence, Castlecrag, Sydney, Australia – 1926
  • S.R. Salter Residence (Knitlock construction), Toorak, Victoria, Australia – 1927
  • Vaughan Griffin Residence, 52 Darebin St., Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia – 1927

References

Sources

  • Birmingham, Elizabeth. "The Case of Marion Mahony Griffin and The Gendered Nature of Discourse in Architectural History." Women's Studies 35, no. 2 (March 2006): 87–123.
  • Brooks, H. Allen, Frank Lloyd Wright and the Prairie School, Braziller (in association with the Cooper-Hewitt Museum), New York 1984;
  • Brooks, H. Allen, The Prairie School, W.W. Norton, New York 2006;
  • Brooks, H. Allen (editor), Prairie School Architecture: Studies from "The Western Architect", University of Toronto Press, Toronto & Buffalo 1975;
  • Brooks, H. Allen, The Prairie School: Frank Lloyd Wright and his Midwest Contemporaries, University of Toronto Press, Toronto 1972;
  • Hasbrouk, Wilbert R. 2012. "Influences on Frank Lloyd Wright, Blanche Ostertag and Marion Mahony." Journal of Illinois History 15, no. 2: 70–88. America: History & Life
  • Korporaal, Glenda and Marion Mahony Griffin (2015) Making Magic: The Marion Mahony Griffin Story
  • Kruty, Paul, "Griffin, Marion Lucy Mahony", American National Biography Online, February 2000.
  • Van Zanten, David (editor) Marion Mahony Reconsidered, University of Chicago Press, 2011;
  • Waldheim, Charles, Katerina Rüedi, Katerina Ruedi Ray; Chicago Architecture: Histories, Revisions, Alternatives, University of Chicago Press, 2005; ,
  • Wood, Debora (editor), Marion Mahony Griffin: Drawing the Form of Nature, Mary and Leigh Block Museum of Art and Northwestern University Press, Evanston, Illinois 2005;
  • Kruty, Paul., and Paul E. Sprague. Marion Mahony and Millikin Place: Creating a Prairie School Masterpiece With the Help of Frank Lloyd Wright, Herman Von Holst, and Walter Burley Griffin. St. Louis, Mo.: Walter Burley Griffin Society of America, 2007.
  • Pioneering Women of American Architecture, Marion Mahony Griffin
  • "Exhibit honors unsung architect Marion Mahony Griffin", Chicago Tribune, October 11, 2016
  • Marion Mahony Griffin, Digital Projects, New-York Historical Society
  • Walter Burley Griffin and Marion Mahony Griffin architectural drawings, circa 1909–1937.Held by the Department of Drawings & Archives , Avery Architectural & Fine Arts Library, Columbia University.
  • Biographical notes at MIT
  • Marion Mahony Griffin: Drawing the Form of Nature an exhibition of Mahony Griffin's graphic art at the Block Museum, Northwestern University, United States of America
  • The Magic of America: Electronic Edition online version of Marion Mahony Griffin's unpublished manuscript, made available through the Art Institute of Chicago
  • "Rediscovering a Heroine of Chicago Architecture", New York Times, January 1, 2008
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  • National Archives of Australia
  • Willoughby City Council Heritage
  • Places Journal, Marion Mahony Griffin
  • National Library of Australia: Griffin and Early Canberra Collection
  • https://www.griffinsociety.org/marion-mahony-griffin/.
  • Kruty, Paul., and Paul E. Sprague. Marion Mahony and Millikin Place: Creating a Prairie School Masterpiece With the Help of Frank Lloyd Wright, Herman Von Holst, and Walter Burley Griffin. St. Louis, Mo.: Walter Burley Griffin Society of America, 2007.