Margaret Schönberger Mahler (May 10, 1897 in Ödenburg, Austria-Hungary; October 2, 1985 in New York) was an Austrian-American psychiatrist, psychoanalyst, and pediatrician. She did pioneering work in the field of infant and young child research. On the basis of empirical studies, she developed a development model that became particularly influential in psychoanalysis and Object relations theory. Mahler developed the separation–individuation theory of child development.

Biography

Born Margaret Schönberger on May 10, 1897, into a Jewish family in Ödenburg, a small town near Vienna to Gustav Schönberger, an Austrian physician and president of the Jewish community, one of the notables of Ödenburg, and Eugenia Schönberger, née Wiener. She met the influential Hungarian psychoanalyst Sándor Ferenczi, became fascinated by the concept of the unconscious, and was encouraged to read Sigmund Freud.

In September 1916, she began Art History studies at the University of Budapest, but in January 1917 switched to the Medical School. Three semesters later she began medical training at the university of Munich, but was forced to leave because of Antisemitism. In spring 1920 she transferred to the university of Jena and it was there that she began to realize how important play and love were for infants in order for them to grow up mentally and physically healthy. After graduating cum laude in 1922, she left for Vienna in order to get her license to practice medicine. There she turned from pediatrics to psychiatry and, in 1926, started her training analysis with Helene Deutsch. Seven years later, she was accepted as an analyst. Working with children became her passion. She loved the way the children gave her their attention and showed their joy in cooperating with her.

In 1936 she married Paul Mahler. Following the Nazis' rise to power, the couple moved to Britain and then, in 1938, to the United States. After receiving a New York medical license, Margaret Mahler set up private practice in a basement and began to rebuild her clientele. She initially received a poor reception in New York, but found a welcoming analytic home in Philadelphia, invited to teach at the Philadelphia Psychoanalytic Institute in 1950. She eventually travelled between New York and Philadelphia on the weekends and become the chair of the Philadelphia Institute's child division. In 1939 she met Benjamin Spock and, after giving a child analysis seminar in 1940, she became senior teacher of child analysis. She joined the Institute of Human Development, the Educational Institute and the New York Psychoanalytic Society. In 1948 she worked on clinical studies on Benign and Malignant Cases of Childhood Psychosis.

Barnard College, at its 1980 commencement ceremonies, awarded her its highest honor, the Barnard Medal of Distinction.

Schönberger Mahler died on October 2, 1985.

Work

Margaret Mahler worked as a psychoanalyst with young children.

In 1950 she and Manuel Furer founded the Masters Children's Centre in Manhattan (it was connected with Mount Sinai hospital). There she developed the Tripartite Treatment Model, in which the mother participated in the treatment of the child.

Symbiotic child psychosis struck her. The symptomatology she saw as a derailment of the normal processes whereby self-representations (the representation of one's self) and object-representations (the representation of a familiar person) become distinct.

Selected works

  • On human symbiosis and the vicissitudes of individuation, 1969.
  • The psychological birth of the human infant: symbiosis and individuation, 1975.
  • Infantile psychosis and early contributions
  • Rapprochement - critical subphase, separation - individuation
  • Separation - individuation

See also

  • Autism
  • Psychoanalysis
  • Refrigerator mother theory

Notes

References

  • Ben-Aaron, Miriam, and Ruth Beloff. "Mahler, Margaret." Encyclopaedia Judaica, edited by Michael Berenbaum and Fred Skolnik, 2nd ed., vol. 13, Macmillan Reference USA, 2007, p. 361. Gale Virtual Reference Library.
  • Coates, S.W., John Bowlby and Margaret S. Mahler: Their lives and theories (2004) Also in J Am Psychoanal Assoc. 2004 Spring;52(2):571-601. DOI: 10.1177/00030651040520020601
  • Mitchell, S.A., and Black, M.J. (1995). Freud and Beyond. New York: Basic Books.
  • Notes on the development of basic moods: the depressive affect. In Drives, Affects, Behavior, vol. 2, ed Max Schur, NY: International Universities Press, pp. 161–169.
  • Mahler, S. and Pine, M.M. and F., Bergman, A. (1973). The Psychological Birth of the Human Infant, New York: Basic Books.
  • Thoughts about development and individuation. Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 1963.
  • Mazet, Philippe. "Mahler-Schönberger, Margaret (1897-1985)." International Dictionary of Psychoanalysis, edited by Alain de Mijolla, vol. 2, Macmillan Reference USA, 2005, pp. 1001–1003. Gale Virtual Reference Library.
  • Margaret S. Mahler papers (MS 1138). Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library.
  • Margaret Mahler Psychiatric Research Foundation
  • Mahler Margaret, geb. Schönberger, Uni Vienna
  • Biografie
  • Margaret Mahler www.Psychoanalytikerinnen.de