Mangifera is a genus of flowering plants in the family Anacardiaceae. It contains 64 species, with the best-known being the common mango (Mangifera indica). The center of diversity of the genus is in the Malesian ecoregion of Southeast Asia, particularly in Sumatra, Borneo, and the Malay Peninsula. They are generally canopy trees in lowland rainforests, reaching a height of .
Uses
Mangifera species are widely cultivated in Asia and elsewhere. More than 27 species in the genus bear edible, fleshy fruits, especially the common mango (M. indica). Others, such as M. foetida, yield astringent fruits that can be eaten pickled. Mango residue, such as the seed kernel and peel, have functional and nutritional potential.
Fossil record
The earliest fossil species thought to be related to Mangifera is Eomangiferophyllum damalgiriense from the upper Paleocene in northeastern India. Leaves have also been reported from the Paleocene of Japan and the Eocene of Germany, though these have been considered questionable. Leaf fossils confidently assignable to Mangifera have been collected from Oligocene or early Miocene sediments in northern Thailand.
Taxonomy
Subgenera
- Subgenus Mangifera
- Section Marchandora <small>Pierre</small>
- Section Euantherae <small>Pierre</small>
- Section Rawa <small>Kosterm.</small>
- Section Mangifera <small>Kosterm.</small>
- Subgenus Limus<small> (Marchand) Kosterm.</small>
Species
These species are accepted:
- Mangifera acutigemma <small>Kosterm.</small>
- Mangifera altissima <small>Blanco</small>
- Mangifera andamanica <small>King</small>
- Mangifera applanata <small>Kosterm.</small>
- Mangifera austroindica <small>Kosterm.</small>
- Mangifera blommesteinii <small>Kosterm.</small>
- Mangifera bullata <small>Kosterm.</small>
- Mangifera caesia <small>Jack</small>
- Mangifera caloneura <small>Kurz</small>
- Mangifera campnospermoides <small>Kosterm.</small>
- Mangifera camptosperma <small>Pierre</small>
- Mangifera casturi <small>Kosterm.</small>
- Mangifera cochinchinensis <small>Engl.</small> (Indo-China)
- Mangifera collina <small>Kosterm.</small>
- Mangifera decandra <small>Ding Hou</small>
- Mangifera dewildei <small>Kosterm.</small>
- Mangifera dongnaiensis <small>Pierre</small>
- Mangifera duperreana <small>Pierre</small>
- Mangifera flava <small>Evrard</small>
- Mangifera foetida <small>Lour.</small>
- Mangifera gedebe <small>Miq.</small>
- Mangifera gracilipes <small>Hook.f.</small>
- Mangifera griffithii <small>Hook.f.</small>
- Mangifera havilandii <small>Ridl.</small>
- Mangifera indica <small>L.</small>: the common mango (type sp.) (synonym M. austroyunnanensis <small>Hu</small>)
- Mangifera inocarpoides <small>Merr. & L.M.Perry</small>
- Mangifera khasiana <small>Pierre</small>
- Mangifera khoonmengiana <small>Kochummen</small>
- Mangifera lagenifera <small>Griff.</small>
- Mangifera lalijiwa <small>Kosterm.</small>
- Mangifera laurina <small>Blume</small>
- Mangifera linearifolia <small>(Mukh.) Kosterm.</small>
- Mangifera macrocarpa <small>Blume</small>
- Mangifera magnifica <small>Kochummen</small>
- Mangifera mariana <small>Buch.-Ham.</small>
- Mangifera merrillii <small>Mukherji</small>
- Mangifera minor <small>Blume</small>
- Mangifera minutifolia <small>Evrard</small>
- Mangifera monandra <small>Merr.</small>
- Mangifera nicobarica <small>Kosterm.</small>
- Mangifera odorata <small>Griff.</small>
- Mangifera orophila <small>Kosterm.</small>
- Mangifera pajang <small>Kosterm.</small>
- Mangifera paludosa <small>Kosterm.</small>
- Mangifera parvifolia <small>Boerl. & Koord.</small>
- Mangifera pedicellata <small>Kosterm.</small>
- Mangifera pentandra <small>Hook.f.</small>
- Mangifera persiciforma <small>C.Y. Wu & T.L. Ming</small>: (synonyms: M. persiciformis <small>C.Y. Wu & T.L. Ming</small>, Mangifera hiemalis <small>J.Y. Liang</small> )
- Mangifera pseudoindica <small>Kosterm.</small>
- Mangifera quadrifida <small>Jack ex Wall.</small>
- Mangifera reba <small>Pierre.</small>
- Mangifera rubropetala <small>Kosterm.</small>
- Mangifera rufocostata <small>Kosterm.</small>
- Mangifera similis <small>Blume</small> (synonym: Mangifera torquenda <small>Kosterm.</small>)
- Mangifera subsessilifolia <small>Kosterm.</small>
- Mangifera sulavesiana <small>Kosterm.</small>
- Mangifera sumatrana <small>Miq.</small>
- Mangifera sumbawaensis <small>Kosterm.</small>
- Mangifera superba <small>Hook.f.</small>
- Mangifera swintonioides <small>Kosterm.</small>
- Mangifera sylvatica <small>Roxb.</small>
- Mangifera timorensis <small>Blume</small>
- Mangifera transversalis <small>Kosterm.</small>
- Mangifera zeylanica <small>(Blume) Hook.f.</small>
Formerly placed here
- Bouea oppositifolia <small>(Roxb.) Meisn.</small> (as M. oppositifolia <small>Roxb.</small>)
- Buchanania axillaris <small>(Desr.) Ramamoorthy</small> (as M. axillaris <small>Desr.</small>)
- Elaeodendron glaucum <small>(Rottb.) Pers.</small> (as M. glauca <small>Rottb.</small>)
- Irvingia gabonensis <small>(Aubry-Lecomte ex O'Rorke) Baill.</small> (as M. gabonensis <small>Aubry-Lecomte ex O'Rorke</small>)
- Fegimanra africana <small>(Oliv.) Pierre</small> (as M. africana <small>Oliv.</small>)
- Spondias pinnata <small>(L.f.) Kurz</small> (as M. pinnata <small>L.f.</small>)