Magna Graecia was the historical Greek-speaking area of southern Italy. It encompassed the modern Italian regions of Calabria, Apulia, Basilicata, Campania, and Sicily. These regions were extensively settled by Greeks beginning in the 8th century BC.
Initially founded by their metropoleis (mother cities), the settlements evolved into independent and powerful Greek city-states (poleis). The settlers brought with them Hellenic civilization, which over time developed distinct local forms due to both their distance from Greece and the influence of the indigenous peoples of southern Italy. This interaction left a lasting imprint on Italy, including on Roman culture. The Greek settlers also influenced native groups such as the Sicels and the Oenotrians, many of whom adopted Greek culture and became Hellenized. In areas like architecture and urban planning, the colonies sometimes surpassed the achievements of the motherland. and the cities often engaged in warfare with one another. Their independence came to an end during the Second Punic War, when they were annexed by the Roman Republic in 205 BC.
Despite the political changes, cultural life in Magna Graecia flourished. Greek art, literature, and philosophy had a decisive influence on the region, especially in cities like Taras. traces of Greek language and culture persisted. The Griko people of Calabria (Bovesia) and Salento (Grecìa Salentina) still maintain aspects of their Greek heritage, including the Griko language. This language is the last living trace of the once-vibrant Greek presence in Magna Graecia.
Terminology
thumb|Ethnolinguistic map of Italy in the [[Iron Age, before the Roman expansion and conquest of Italy]]
The original Greek expression Megálē Hellás (), later translated into Latin as , is attested for the first time in a passage from the 2nd century BC by the Greek historian Polybius (written around 150 BC), where he ascribed the term to Pythagoras and his philosophical school.
Ancient authors use "Magna Graecia" to mean different parts of southern Italy, including or excluding Sicily, Strabo and Livy being the most prominent advocates of the wider definitions. Strabo used the term to refer to the territory that had been conquered by the Greeks.
Context
There were several reasons for the Greeks to establish overseas colonies; demographic crises (famine, overcrowding, etc.), stasis, a developing need for new commercial outlets and ports, and expulsion from their homeland after wars.
During the Archaic period, the Greek population grew beyond the capacity of the limited arable land of Greece proper, resulting in the large-scale establishment of colonies elsewhere: according to one estimate, the population of the widening area of Greek settlement increased roughly tenfold from 800 BC to 400 BC, from 800,000 to as many as -10 million. This was not simply for trade, but also to found settlements. These Greek colonies were not, as Roman colonies were, dependent on their mother-city, but were independent city-states in their own right.
thumb|upright=1.75|[[Greek colonisation|Greek colonies and their metropolitan cities depicted with red labels, while Phoenician colonies are depicted with yellow labels (4th century BC)]]
Another reason was the strong economic growth with the consequent overpopulation of the motherland.
Greeks settled outside of Greece in two distinct ways. The first was in permanent settlements founded by the Greeks, which formed as independent poleis. The second form was in what historians refer to as emporia; trading posts which were occupied by both Greeks and non-Greeks and which were primarily concerned with the manufacture and sale of goods. Examples of this latter type of settlement are found at Al Mina in the east and Pithekoussai in the west.
From about 750 BC the Greeks began 250 years of expansion, settling colonies in all directions.
History
Greek colonisation
thumb|left|Syracusan (red) and other Greek colonies (black) in the Adriatic
According to Strabo's Geographica, the colonisation of Magna Graecia had already begun by the time of the Trojan War and lasted for several centuries.
Greeks began to settle in southern Italy in the 8th century BC. Their first great migratory wave was by the Euboeans aimed at the Gulf of Naples (Pithecusae, Cumae) and the Strait of Messina (Zancle, Rhegium). Pithecusae on the island of Ischia is considered the oldest Greek settlement in Italy, and Cumae their first colony on the mainland of Italy.
The second wave was of the Achaeans who concentrated initially on the Ionian coast (Metapontion, Poseidonia, Sybaris, Kroton), shortly before 720BC. At an unknown date between the 8th and 6th centuries BC the Athenians, of Ionian lineage, founded Scylletium (near today's Catanzaro).
With colonisation, Greek culture was exported to Italy with its dialects of the Ancient Greek language, its religious rites, and its traditions of the independent polis. An original Hellenic civilization soon developed, and later interacted with the native Italic civilisations. The most important cultural transplant was the Chalcidean/Cumaean variety of the Greek alphabet, which was adopted by the Etruscans; the Old Italic alphabet subsequently evolved into the Latin alphabet, which became the most widely used alphabet in the world.
Remains of some of these Greek colonies can be seen today, such as those of Neapolis ('new city', now Naples), Syracusae (Syracuse), Akragas (Agrigento), Taras (Taranto), and Rhegion (Reggio Calabria).
<gallery mode="packed" heights="160">
File:Napoli - Panoramica su Piazza Bellini.jpg|Remains of the ancient Greek city of Neàpolis (now Naples) in Piazza Bellini, Naples
File:Siracusa, Duomo.jpg|Ancient Doric columns of the Temple of Athena in Syracusae (now Syracuse)
File:"582 v. Chr. wurde die Stadt Akragas (Agrigent) von Griechischen Siedlern gegründet." 14.jpg|The Temple of Concordia in Akragas (now Agrigento) with a statue of Icarus in the foreground
File:Colonne Doriche.JPG|Doric columns from the Temple of Poseidon in Taras (now Taranto); legacy of its Greek origins
File:Reggio calabria mura greche lungomare.jpg|Remains of the ancient Greek city of Rhegium (now Reggio Calabria) along the seafront of Reggio Calabria
</gallery>
Secondary colonisation
Over time, due to overpopulation and other political and commercial reasons, the new cities expanded their presence in Italy by founding other Greek cities; effectively expanding the Greek civilisation to the whole territory known today as Magna Graecia. at the time of the tyranny of Dionysius I of Syracuse, around 387–385 BC. This phenomenon affected the entire Adriatic coast, and in particular led to the foundation in Italy of Ancón (now Ancona) and Adria; in the Dalmatian coast he saw the foundation of Issa (current Vis), Pharos (Stari Grad), Dimos (Hvar); Lissos (now Lezhë) was founded on the Albanian coast. Issa in turn then founded Tragurium (now Trogir), Melaina Corcyra (now Korčula) and Epetium (now Stobreč, a suburb of Split).
Rhegium (now Reggio Calabria) founded Pyxus (Policastro Bussentino) in Lucania; Locri founded Medma (Rosarno), Polyxena and Hipponium (Vibo Valentia) in present-day Calabria; Sybaris (now Sibari) revitalised the indigenous centres of Laüs and Scydrus in Calabria and founded Poseidonia (Paestum), in Campania; Kroton (now Crotone) founded Terina and participated in the foundation of Caulonia (near Monasterace marina) in Calabria; Messana (now Messina), in collaboration with Rhegium, founded Metaurus (Gioia Tauro); Taras together with Thurii founded Heracleia (Policoro) in Lucania in 434 BC, and also Callipolis ('beautiful city').
Expansion and conflict
At the beginning of the 6th century BC, all the main cities of Magna Graecia on the Ionian Sea had achieved a high economic and cultural development, which shifted their interests towards expansion of their territory by waging war on neighbouring cities. The 6th century was therefore characterised by great clashes between the colonies. Some of the clashes that established the new balance and the new relationships of force were the Battle of the Sagra river (the clash between Locri Epizefiri and Kroton), the destruction of Siris (by Sybaris and Metapontum), and the clash between Kroton and Sybaris (which ended with the destruction of the latter).
As with all the events of this period precise dates are unknown, but the destruction of Sybaris may have occurred around 510 BC, while the two other clashes are placed around 580–560 BC, with the destruction of Siris before the Battle of the Sagra.
Roman Era
right|thumb|[[Roman expansion in Italy from 500 BC to 218 BC]]
thumb|Italian cities and tribes who allied with Hannibal, c. 213 BC (blue)
The first Greek city to be absorbed into the Roman Republic was Neàpolis in 327BC.
At the beginning of the 3rd century, Rome was a great power but had not yet entered into conflict with most of Magna Graecia, which had been allies of the Samnites. However, the needs of the Roman populace determined their need for territorial expansion towards the south. As the Greek cities of southern Italy came under threat from the Bruttii and Lucanians from the end of the 4th century BC, they asked for help from Rome, which exploited this opportunity by sending military garrisons in the 280s BC.
Following Rome's victory over Taras after the Pyrrhic War in 272BC, most of the cities of southern Italy were linked to Rome with pacts and treaties (foedera) which sanctioned a sort of indirect control.
Sicily was conquered by Rome during the First Punic War. Only Syracuse remained independent until 212 because its king Hiero II was a devoted ally of the Romans. His grandson Hieronymus however allied with Hannibal, which prompted the Romans to besiege the city, which fell in 212BC.
After the second Punic War, Rome pursued an unprecedented program of reorganisation in the rest of Magna Graecia, where many of the cities were annexed to the Roman Republic in 205BC, as a consequence of their defection to Hannibal.
The social, linguistic and administrative changes arising from the Roman conquest only took root in this region by the 1st century AD, while Greek culture remained strong and was actively cultivated as shown by epigraphic evidence.
Middle Ages
During the Early Middle Ages, following the disastrous Gothic War, new waves of Byzantine Christian Greeks fleeing the Slavic invasion of Peloponnese settled in Calabria, further strengthened the Hellenic element in the region. The iconoclast emperor Leo III appropriated lands that had been granted to the Papacy in southern Italy and the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire continued to govern the area in the form of the Catapanate of Italy (965–1071) through the Middle Ages, well after northern Italy fell to the Lombards.
At the time of the Normans' late medieval conquest of southern Italy and Sicily (in the late 12th century), the Salento peninsula (the "heel" of Italy), up to one-third of Sicily (concentrated in the Val Demone), and much of Calabria and Lucania were still largely Greek-speaking. Some regions of southern Italy experienced demographic shifts as Greeks began to migrate northwards in significant numbers from regions further south; one such region was Cilento, which came to have a Greek-speaking majority. At this time the language had evolved into medieval Greek, also known as Byzantine Greek, and its speakers were known as Byzantine Greeks. The resultant fusion of local Byzantine Greek culture with Norman and Arab culture (from the Arab occupation of Sicily) gave rise to Norman-Arab-Byzantine culture in Sicily.
<gallery mode="packed" heights="160">
File:Paestum BW 2013-05-17 15-01-57.jpg|Greek temples of Paestum, Campania
File:Reggio calabria museo nazionale dioscuri da locri statua destra.jpg|Right statue from the Dioscuri group from Locri exhibited in the National Museum of Magna Graecia in Reggio Calabria
File:Reggio calabria museo nazionale mosaico da kaulon.jpg|Mosaic from Caulonia, Calabria, National Museum of Magna Graecia
File:Locri Pinax Eros Hermes And Aphrodite.jpg|Pinax of Eros, Hermes and Aphrodite exhibited in the National Museum of Magna Graecia
File:Tavole-palatine - Hera temple.jpg|Temple of Hera in Metaponto, Basilicata
File:Agrigent BW 2012-10-07 12-24-45.JPG|The Temple "D", Valle dei Templi, Agrigento, Sicily
File:Milo of Croton Dumont Louvre MR1839.jpg|Milo of Croton
File:Archytas of Taras.jpg|Archytas of Taras
File:2547 - Milano - Museo archeologico - Piatto apulo - Foto di Giovanni Dall'Orto - 1 feb 2014.jpg|The goddess Nike riding on a two-horse chariot, Apulian patera (tray), 4th century BC, Archaeological Museum of Milan
File:Head-Kantharos of a Female Faun or Io (?) LACMA 50.8.25.jpg|Head-Kantharos of a female faun or Io, red-figure pottery, 375–350 BC, Los Angeles County Museum of Art
</gallery>
List of Greek poleis
Southern mainland Italy
This is a list of the 22 poleis ("city-states") in Italy, according to Mogens Herman Hansen. It does not list all the Hellenic settlements, only those organised around a polis structure.
{| class="wikitable width="100%"
| bgcolor="#FFEBAD" |Ancient name(s)
| bgcolor="#FFEBAD" |Location
| bgcolor="#FFEBAD" |Modern name(s)
| bgcolor="#FFEBAD" |Foundation date
| bgcolor="#FFEBAD" |Mother city
| bgcolor="#FFEBAD" |Founder(s)
|-
|Herakleia (Lucania)
|Basilicata
|
|433–432 BC
|Taras (and Thourioi)
|
|-
|Hipponion
|Calabria
|Vibo Valentia
|late 7th century BC
|Lokroi Epizephiroi
|
|-
|Hyele, or Elea, Velia (Roman name)
|Campania
|
|c.540–535 BC
|Phokaia, Massalia
|Refugees from Alalie
|-
|Kaulonia
|Calabria
|
|7th century BC
|Kroton
|Typhon of Aigion
|-
|Kroton
|Calabria
|Crotone
|709–708 BC
|Rhypes, Achaia
|Myscellus
|-
|Kyme, Cumae (Roman name)
|Campania
|
|c.750–725 BC
|Chalkis and Eretria
|Hippokles of Euboian Kyme and Megasthenes of Chalkis
|-
|Laos
|Calabria
|
|before 510 BC
|Sybaris
|Refugees from Sybaris
|-
|Lokroi (Epizephiroi)
|Calabria
|Locri
|early 7th century BC
|Lokris
|
|-
|Medma
|Calabria
|
|7th century BC
|Lokroi Epizephiroi
|
|-
|Metapontion
|Basilicata
|Metaponto
|c. 630 BC
|Achaia
|Leukippos of Achaia
|-
|Metauros
|Calabria
|Gioia Tauro
|7th century BC
|Zankle (or possibly Lokroi Epizephiroi)
|
|-
|Neàpolis
|Campania
|Naples
|6th–5th centuries BC (previously an 8th-century BC harbour of Kyme known as Parthenope)
|Kyme
|
|-
|Pithekoussai
|Campania
|Ischia
|8th century BC
|Chalkis and Eretria
|
|-
|Poseidonia, Paestum (Roman name)
|Campania
|
|c. 600 BC
|Sybaris (and perhaps Troizen)
|
|-
|Pyxous
|Campania
|Policastro Bussentino
|471–470 BC
|Rhegion and Messena
|Mikythos, tyrant of Rhegion and Messena
|-
|Rhegion
|Calabria
|Reggio Calabria
|8th century BC
|Chalkis (with Zankle and Messenian refugees)
|Antimnestos of Zankle (or perhaps Artimedes of Chalkis)
|-
|Siris
|Basilicata
|
|c. 660 BC (or c. 700 BC)
|Kolophon
|Refugees from Kolophon
|-
|Sybaris
|Calabria
|Sibari
|721–720 (or 709–708) BC
|Achaia and Troizen
|Is of Helike
|-
|Taras
|Apulia
|Taranto
|c. 706 BC
|Sparta
|Phalanthos and the Partheniai
|-
|Temesa
|unknown, but in Calabria
|
| colspan="3" |no Greek founder (Ausones who became Hellenised)
|-
|Terina
|Calabria
|
|before 460 BC, perhaps c. 510 BC
|Kroton
|
|-
|Thourioi
|Calabria
|
|446 and 444–443 BC
|Athens and many other cities
|Lampon and Xenokrates of Athens
|}
Sicily
This is a list of the 46 poleis ("city-states") in Sicily, according to Mogens Herman Hansen. It does not list all the Hellenic settlements, only those organised around a polis structure.
{| class="wikitable width="100%"
| bgcolor="#FFEBAD" |Ancient name(s)
| bgcolor="#FFEBAD" |Location
| bgcolor="#FFEBAD" |Modern name(s)
| bgcolor="#FFEBAD" |Foundation date
| bgcolor="#FFEBAD" |Mother city
| bgcolor="#FFEBAD" |Founder(s)
|-
|Abakainon
|Metropolitan City of Messina
|
| colspan="3" |no Greek founder (Sicels who became Hellenised)
|-
|Adranon
|Metropolitan City of Catania
|Adrano
|c.400 BC
|Syrakousai
|Dionysios I
|-
|Agyrion
|Province of Enna
|Agira
| colspan="3" |no Greek founder (Sicels who became Hellenised)
|-
|Aitna
|Metropolitan City of Catania
|on the site of Katane
|476 BC
|Syrakousai
|Hieron
|-
|Akragas
|Province of Agrigento
|Agrigento
|c.580 BC
|Gela
|Aristonoos and Pystilos
|-
|Akrai
|Province of Syracuse
|near Palazzolo Acreide
|664 BC
|Syrakousai
|
|-
|Alaisa
|Metropolitan City of Messina
|Tusa
|403–402 BC
|Herbita
|Archonides of Herbita
|-
|Alontion, Haluntium (Roman name)
|Metropolitan City of Messina
|San Marco d'Alunzio
| colspan="3" |no Greek founder (Sicels who became Hellenised)
|-
|Apollonia
|Metropolitan City of Messina
|Monte Vecchio near San Fratello
|405–367 BC
|Syrakousai
|Possibly Dionysios I
|-
|Engyon
|Province of Enna
|Troina?
| colspan="3" |no Greek founder (Sicels who became Hellenised)
|-
|Euboia
|Metropolitan City of Catania
|Licodia Eubea
|7th century BC, perhaps late 8th century BC
|Leontinoi
|
|-
|Galeria
|
|
| colspan="3" |no Greek founder (Sicels who became Hellenised)
|-
|Gela
|Province of Caltanissetta
|Gela
|689–688 BC
|Rhodes (Lindos), Cretans
|Antiphemos of Rhodes and Entimos the Cretan
|-
|Heloron
|Province of Syracuse
|
|
|Syrakousai
|
|-
|Henna
|Province of Enna
|Enna
| colspan="3" |no Greek founder (Sicels who became Hellenised)
|-
|Herakleia Minoa
|Province of Agrigento
|Cattolica Eraclea
|after 628 BC
|Selinous, Sparta
|refounded by Euryleon after c.510 BC
|-
|Herakleia
|unlocated in Western Sicily
|
|c.510 BC
|Sparta
|Dorieus
|-
|Herbessos
|Province of Enna
|Montagna di Marzo
| colspan="3" |no Greek founder (Sicels who became Hellenised)
|-
|Herbita
|
|
| colspan="3" |no Greek founder (Sicels who became Hellenised)
|-
|Himera
|Province of Palermo
|Termini Imerese
|648 BC
|Zankle, exiles from Syrakousai
|Eukleides, Simos and Sakon
|-
|Hippana
|Province of Palermo
|Monte dei Cavalli
| colspan="3" |no Greek founder (indigenous settlement that became Hellenised)
|-
|Imachara
|Metropolitan City of Catania
|Mendolito
| colspan="3" |no Greek founder (Sicels who became Hellenised)
|-
|Kallipolis
|
|
|late 8th century BC
|Naxos (Sicily)
|
|-
|Kamarina
|Province of Ragusa
|Santa Croce Camerina
|c.598 BC
|Syrakousai, Korinth
|Daskon of Syracuse and Menekolos of Corinth
|-
|Kasmenai
|Province of Syracuse
|
|644–643 BC
|Syrakousai
|
|-
|Katane
|Metropolitan City of Catania
|Catania
|729 BC
|Naxos (Sicily)
|Euarchos
|-
|Kentoripa
|Province of Enna
|Centuripe
| colspan="3" |no Greek founder (Sicels who became Hellenised)
|-
|Kephaloidion
|Province of Palermo
|Cefalù
| colspan="3" |no Greek founder (Sicels who became Hellenised)
|-
|Leontinoi
|Province of Syracuse
|Lentini
|729 BC
|Naxos (Sicily)
|Theokles?
|-
|Lipara
|Metropolitan City of Messina
|Lipari
|580–576 BC
|Knidos, Rhodes
|Pentathlos, Gorgos, Thestor and Epithersides
|-
|Longane
|Metropolitan City of Messina
|near Rodì Milici
| colspan="3" |no Greek founder (Sicels who became Hellenised)
|-
|Megara Hyblaea
|Province of Syracuse
|Augusta
|728 BC
|Megara Nisaia
|Theokles?
|-
|Morgantina
|Province of Enna
|near Aidone
| colspan="3" |no Greek founder (Sicels who became Hellenised)
|-
|Mylai
|Metropolitan City of Messina
|Milazzo
|700 BC?
|Zankle
|
|-
|Nakone
|
|
| colspan="3" |no Greek founder (Sicels who became Hellenised)
|-
|Naxos
|Metropolitan City of Messina
|Giardini Naxos
|735–734 BC
|Chalkis, Naxos (Cyclades)
|Theokles
|-
|Petra
|
|
| colspan="3" |no Greek founder (indigenous settlement that became Hellenised)
|-
|Piakos
|Metropolitan City of Catania
|Mendolito?
| colspan="3" |no Greek founder (Sicels who became Hellenised)
|-
|Selinous
|Province of Trapani
|Marinella di Selinunte
|628–627 BC
|Megara Hyblaea
|Pammilos
|-
|Sileraioi
|
|
| colspan="3" |no Greek founder (indigenous settlement that became Hellenised)
|-
|Stielanaioi
|Metropolitan City of Catania?
|
| colspan="3" |no Greek founder (indigenous settlement that became Hellenised)
|-
|Syrakousai
|Province of Syracuse
|Syracuse
|733 BC
|Korinth
|Archias of Korinth
|-
|Tauromenion
|Metropolitan City of Catania
|Taormina
|392 BC
|Syrakousai
|perhaps Dionysios I
|-
|Tyndaris
|Metropolitan City of Messina
|Tindari
|396 BC
|Syrakousai
|Dionysios I
|-
|Tyrrhenoi
|Province of Palermo?
|Alimena?
| colspan="3" |no Greek founder (indigenous settlement that became Hellenised)
|-
|Zankle/Messana
|Metropolitan City of Messina
|Messina
|c.730
|Chalkis, Kyme
|Perieres of Kyme and Krataimenes of Chalkis
|}
Italian Greek colonies outside Magna Graecia
{| class="wikitable width="100%"
| bgcolor="#FFEBAD" |Ancient name(s)
| bgcolor="#FFEBAD" |Location
| bgcolor="#FFEBAD" |Modern name(s)
| bgcolor="#FFEBAD" |Foundation date
| bgcolor="#FFEBAD" |Mother city
| bgcolor="#FFEBAD" |Founder(s)
|-
|Adrìa
|Veneto
|Adria
|385 BC
|Syrakousai
|Diomedes, hypostasis of Dionysius I of Syracuse
|-
|Ankón
|Marches
|Ancona
|387 BC
|Syrakousai
|Diomedes, hypostasis of Dionysius I of Syracuse and had an army and a military fleet. There were also cases of tyranny as in Syracuse, governed by the tyrant Dionysius, who fought the Carthaginians until his death.
Economy
In the cities of Magna Graecia, trade, agriculture and crafts developed. Initially oriented to the indigenous Italic populations, the trade was immediately an excellent channel of exchange with the Greeks of the motherland, even if today it is difficult to establish precisely the type of goods traded and the volume of these exchanges.
Art and architecture
<gallery mode="packed" heights="180px">
File:Choregos Painter - RVAp 1-123 - the stealers of daintings - Herakles supporting the world - Milano MA A 0-9-2841 - 01.jpg|Apulian pottery exhibited in the Archaeological Museum of Milan, 380–370 BC
File:Reperti - Museo di Monasterace Marina.JPG|Archaeological finds exhibited in the Monasterace Archeological Museum
File:Bronzi di riace, V secolo ac. 01.jpg|Riace Bronzes exhibited in the National Museum of Magna Graecia in Reggio Calabria
</gallery>
Magna Graecia, in some fields such as architecture and urban planning, sometimes surpassed the mother country and the other Greek colonies. In Magna Graecia, as well as in the other Greek colonies, the Doric style enriched with showy decorations was adopted as the dominant architectural style. In Magna Graecia, in particular, a Doric style influenced by the Ionic one was also used, especially in Sicily in the Achaean colonies. In Magna Graecia there were examples of excellence in sculpture, coroplastics and bronzes.
Noteworthy sculptures from Magna Graecia are the Apollo of Gaza, the Apollo of Piombino, the Dancing Satyr of Mazara del Vallo, the Head of a Philosopher and the Riace bronzes, while notable vases from Magna Graecia are the Darius Vase and the Nestor's Cup. Noteworthy temples of Magna Graecia are the Temple of Concordia, Agrigento, the Temple of Hera Lacinia, the Temple of Heracles, Agrigento, The Temple of Juno in Agrigento, the Temple of Olympian Zeus, Agrigento, the Temple of Apollo (Syracuse), the Temple of Athena (Syracuse), the Temple of Athena (Paestum), the Temple C (Selinus), the Temple E (Selinus), the Temple F (Selinus), the Temple of Juno Lacinia (Crotone), the Second Temple of Hera (Paestum), the Heraion at Foce del Sele, the Temple of Poseidon (Taranto), the Tavole Palatine and the Temple of Victory (Himera).
Theatre
thumb|[[Ancient theatre of Taormina|Greek Theater of Taormina, Sicily]]
The Sicilian Greek colonists in Magna Graecia, but also from Campania and Apulia, also brought theatrical art from their motherland. The Greek Theatre of Syracuse, the , the , the , the , the , the and the most famous Greek Theater of Taormina, amply demonstrate this.
Only fragments of original dramaturgical works are left, but the tragedies of the three great giants Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides and the comedies of Aristophanes are known.
Some famous playwrights in the Greek language came directly from Magna Graecia. Others, such as Aeschylus and Epicharmus, worked for a long time in Sicily. Epicharmus can be considered Syracusan in all respects, having worked all his life with the tyrants of Syracuse. His comedy preceded that of the more famous Aristophanes by staging the gods for the first time in comedy. While Aeschylus, after a long stay in the Sicilian colonies, died in Sicily in the colony of Gela in 456 BC. Epicarmus and Phormis, both of 6th century BC, are the basis, for Aristotle, of the invention of the Greek comedy, as he says in his book on Poetics:
Other native dramatic authors of Magna Graecia, in addition to the Syracusan Phormis mentioned, are Achaeus of Syracuse, Apollodorus of Gela, Philemon of Syracuse and his son Philemon the younger. From Calabria, precisely from the colony of Thurii, came the playwright Alexis. While Rhinthon, although Sicilian from Syracuse, worked almost exclusively for the colony of Taranto.
Sport
thumb|right|The ruins of the [[Temple of Juno Lacinia (Crotone)|Temple of Juno Lacinia located on Capo Colonna, a building of the ancient Greek city of Kroton (now Crotone)]]
The colonies sent athletes of all disciplines to the Ancient Olympic Games which were periodically held at Olympia and Delphi in Greece.
The colonists of Magna Graecia were very fond of the Hellenic games where they could prove to the Greeks that they belonged to the same place of origin, their physical strength and skills in the games were also played by their ancestors dozens of generations earlier. And for this reason the greatest sovereigns demanded that teams be trained to be sent to Greece.
Sport was therefore a channel of communication with the Hellenic peninsula, a means by which the colonies of Magna Graecia showed themselves to the rest of the Hellenic world. The settlers of Magna Graecia had great success in sporting competitions in their homeland. Crotone's athletes won 18 titles in 25 Olympics.
- 720 BC: the first Greek colony in mainland Italy, Kyme, is founded.
- 7th–6th century BC: maximum splendor of Sibari.
- 5th century BC: maximum splendor of Syracuse.
- 459–454 BC: after an internal civil war in Crotone, the cities of Magna Graecia once linked to it, dissolve the bond of subjection.
- 415–413 BC: The Sicilian Expedition occurred. It was an Athenian military expedition to Sicily, which took place from 415 to 413 BC, during the Peloponnesian War, between Athens on one side and Sparta, Syracuse and Corinth on the other. The expedition ended in a devastating defeat for the Athenian forces, severely impacting Athens. After the first Athenian victories, which put the Syracusan army in serious difficulty, the tide of the war was turned upside-down due to the Spartan reinforcements under the command of Gylippus. The defeat of the Athenian army led to the imprisonment of its soldiers in the Syracusan latomies, where they were forced to live in hardship and suffering until their death; few were the survivors who managed to return to their homeland. The failure of the expedition marked the beginning of the military and political decline of Athens, followed by the aristocratic coup d'état of 411 BC; it also marked Athens' definitive defeat in the Peloponnesian War (404 BC). Thucydides, an Athenian historian, dedicates two books of his work History of the Peloponnesian War to the Athenian expedition, to underline the magnitude and exceptionality of the event. Thus he began "a new work, a work on Sicily" which became the background of the Peloponnesian War (431–404 BC). The Parallel Lives of Plutarch (in particular the Life of Nicias) and the Bibliotheca historica of Diodorus Siculus are other important sources on the expedition to Sicily.
- 400 BC: the cities of Magna Graecia overlooking the Tyrrhenian Sea begin to fall into the hands of the Italic peoples. Greeks immigrated once again to the region in the 16th and 17th centuries in reaction to the conquest of the Peloponnese by the Ottoman Empire. Especially after the end of the Siege of Coron (1534), large numbers of Greeks took refuge in the areas of Calabria, Salento and Sicily. Greeks from Coroni, the so-called Coronians, were nobles, who brought with them substantial movable property.
Other Greeks who moved to Italy came from the Mani Peninsula of the Peloponnese. The Maniots (their name originating from the Greek word mania) were known for their proud military traditions and for their bloody vendettas, many of which continue today. Another group of Maniot Greeks moved to Corsica in the 17th century under the protection of the Republic of Genoa.
Although many of the Greek inhabitants of Magna Graecia were entirely Latinized during the Middle Ages, The Italian parliament recognizes the Griko people as an ethnolinguistic minority under the official name of Minoranze linguistiche Grike dell'Etnia Griko-Calabrese e Salentina.
Messina in Sicily is home to a small Greek-speaking minority, which arrived from the Peloponnese between 1533 and 1534 when fleeing the expansion of the Ottoman Empire. They were officially recognised in 2012.
UNESCO World Heritage Sites related to Magna Graecia
Valle dei Templi
thumb|The [[Temple of Concordia, Agrigento|Temple of Concordia, Valle dei Templi, Agrigento, Sicily]]
thumb|Remains of one [[atlas (architecture)|atlas in the Olympeion field, Valle dei Templi, Agrigento, Sicily]]
The Valle dei Templi, or Valley of the Temples, is an archaeological site in Agrigento (ancient Greek Akragas), Sicily. It is one of the most outstanding examples of ancient Greek art and architecture of Magna Graecia. The term "valley" is a misnomer, the site is located on a ridge outside the town of Agrigento.
Since 1997, the entire area has been included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. The archaeological and landscape park of the Valle dei Templi, with its 1,300 hectares, is the largest archaeological park in Europe and the Mediterranean basin.
The Valley includes remains of seven temples, all in Doric style. The ascription of the names, apart from that of the Olympeion, is a mere tradition established in Renaissance times. The temples are:
- Temple of Concordia, whose name comes from a Latin inscription found nearby, and which was built in the 5th century BC. Turned into a church in the 6th century AD, it is now one of the best preserved in the Valley.
- Temple of Juno, also built in the 5th century BC. It was burnt in 406 BC by the Carthaginians.
- Temple of Heracles, who was one of the most venerated deities in the ancient Akragas. It is the most ancient in the Valley: destroyed by an earthquake, it consists today of only eight columns.
- Temple of Olympian Zeus, built in 480 BC to celebrate the city-state's victory over Carthage. It is characterized by the use of large-scale atlases.
- Temple of Castor and Pollux. Despite its remains including only four columns, it is now the symbol of modern Agrigento.
- Temple of Hephaestus (Vulcan), also dating from the 5th century BC. It is thought to have been one of the most imposing constructions in the valley; it is now however one of the most eroded.
- Temple of Asclepius, located far from the ancient town's walls; it was the goal of pilgrims seeking cures for illness.
The Valley is also home to the so-called Tomb of Theron, a large tuff monument of pyramidal shape; scholars suppose it was built to commemorate the Romans killed in the Second Punic War.
Poseidonia and Elea
thumb|Remains of the ancient Greek city of [[Velia|Elea]]
Cilento, Vallo di Diano and Alburni National Park (Italian Parco Nazionale del Cilento, Vallo di Diano e Alburni) is an Italian national park in the Province of Salerno, in Campania in southern Italy. It includes much of the Cilento, the Vallo di Diano and the Monti Alburni. It was founded in 1991, and was formerly known as the Parco Nazionale del Cilento e Vallo di Diano. In 1998 it became a World Heritage Site of UNESCO, along with the ancient Greek towns of Poseidonia, Elea and the Padula Charterhouse.
Much of the most celebrated features of the Poseidonia site today are the three large temples in the Archaic version of the Greek Doric order, dating from about 550 to 450 BC. All are typical of the period, with massive colonnades having a very pronounced entasis (widening as they go down), and very wide capitals resembling upturned mushrooms. Above the columns, only the second Temple of Hera retains most of its entablature, the other two having only the architrave in place. These were dedicated to Hera and Athena (Juno and Minerva to the Romans), although previously they often have been identified otherwise, following eighteenth-century arguments. The two temples of Hera are right next to each other, while the Temple of Athena is on the other side of the town centre. There were other temples, both Greek and Roman, which are far less well preserved.
Remains of Elea walls, with traces of one gate and several towers, of a total length of over three miles, still exist, and belong to three different periods, in all of which the crystalline limestone of the locality is used. Bricks were also employed in later times; their form is peculiar to this place, each having two rectangular channels on one side, and being about 1.5 inches square, with a thickness of nearly 4 inches They all bear Greek brick-stamps. There are some remains of cisterns on the site, and, various other traces of buildings.
Syracuse
thumb|[[Ortygia island, where Syracuse was founded in ancient Greek times]]
Syracuse was founded in 733 BC by Greek settlers from Corinth and Tenea, led by the oecist (colonizer) Archias. There are many attested variants of the name of the city including Syrakousai, Syrakosai and Syrakō. In the modern day, the city is listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site along with the Necropolis of Pantalica.
The buildings of Syracuse from the Greek period are:
- The city walls
- The Temple of Apollo, at Piazza Emanuele Pancali, adapted to a church in Byzantine times and to a mosque under Arab rule.
- The Fountain of Arethusa, on Ortygia island. According to a legend, the nymph Arethusa, hunted by Alpheus, was turned into a spring by Artemis and appeared here.
- The Greek Theatre of Syracuse, whose cavea is one of the largest ever built by the ancient Greeks: it has 67 rows, divided into nine sections with eight aisles. Only traces of the scene and the orchestra remain. The edifice (still used today) was modified by the Romans, who adapted it to their different style of spectacles, including circus games. Near the theatre are the latomìe, stone quarries, also used as prisons in ancient times. The most famous latomìa is the Orecchio di Dionisio ("Ear of Dionysius").
- The Tomb of Archimede, in the Grotticelli Necropolis. Decorated with two Doric columns.
- The Temple of Olympian Zeus, about outside the city, built around the 6th century BC.
Archaeological sites related to Magna Graecia
thumb|right|[[Tavole Palatine, the remains of a hexastyle peripteral Greek temple of the 6th century BC, dedicated to the goddess Hera and the god Apollo.]]
thumb|Remains of the ancient Greek city of [[Heraclea Minoa]]
thumb|Remains of the ancient Greek city of [[Caulonia (ancient city)|Caulonia]]
thumb|Remains of the ancient Greek city of [[Naxos (Sicily)|Naxos]]
thumb|[[Stater of Laüs with man-headed bull, –470 BC]]
Apulia
- Rudiae
- Siponto
Basilicata
- Heraclea Lucania
- Metapontum
- Tavole Palatine
Calabria
- Caulonia
- Krimisa
- Laüs
- Skylletion
- Sybaris
- Terina
- Thurii
- Timpone della Motta
Campania
- Cumae
- Elea
- Heraion at Foce del Sele
- Poseidonia
Sicily
- Abacaenum
- Adranon
- Aetna
- Akrai
- Akrillai
- Apollonia
- Casmenae
- Eryx
- Halaesa
- Helorus
- Heraclea Minoa
- Herbessos
- Himera
- Hybla Gereatis
- Maktorion
- Megara Hyblaea
- Monte Adranone
- Morgantina
- Motya
- Naxos
- Segesta
- Selinunte
- Tindari
- Valle dei Templi
See also
Notes
References
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Sources
- Polyxeni Adam-Veleni and Dimitra Tsangari (editors), Greek colonisation: New data, current approaches; Proceedings of the scientific meeting held in Thessaloniki (6 February 2015), Athens, Alpha Bank, 2015.
- Michael J. Bennett, Aaron J. Paul, Mario Iozzo, & Bruce M. White, Magna Graecia: Greek Art From South Italy and Sicily, Cleveland, OH, Cleveland Museum of Art, 2002.
- John Boardman, N. G. L. Hammond (editors), The Cambridge Ancient History, vol. III, part 3, The Expansion of the Greek World, Eighth to Sixth Centuries B.C., Cambridge University Press, 1982.
- Giovanni Casadio & Patricia A. Johnston, Mystic Cults in Magna Graecia, Austin, University of Texas Press, 2009.
- Lucia Cerchiai, Lorenna Jannelli, & Fausto Longo (editors), The Greek cities of Magna Graecia and Sicily, Photography by Mark E. Smith, Los Angeles, J. Paul Getty Museum, 2004.
- Giovanna Ceserani, Italy's Lost Greece: Magna Graecia and the Making of Modern Archaeology, New York, Oxford University Press, 2012.
- T. J. Dunbabin, The Western Greeks, 1948.
- M. Gualtieri, Fourth Century B.C. Magna Graecia: A Case Study, Jonsered, Sweden, P. Åströms, 1993.
- Mogens Herman Hansen & Thomas Heine Nielsen, An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis, Oxford University Press, 2004.
- R. Ross Holloway, Art and Coinage in Magna Graecia, Bellinzona, Edizioni arte e moneta, 1978.
- Margaret Ellen Mayo, The Art of South Italy: Vases From Magna Graecia, Richmond, Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, 1982.
- Giovanni Pugliese Carratelli, The Greek World: Art and Civilization in Magna Graecia and Sicily, New York: Rizzoli, 1996.
- ———— (editor), The Western Greeks: Catalog of an exhibition held in the Palazzo Grassi, Venice, March–Dec., 1996, Milan, Bompiani, 1976.
- William Smith, "Magna Graecia." In Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography, 1854.
- A. G. Woodhead, The Greeks in the West, 1962.
- Günther Zuntz, Persephone: Three Essays on Religion and Thought in Magna Graecia, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1971.
External links
- Map. Ancient Coins.
- David Willey. Italy rediscovers Greek heritage. BBC News. 21 June 2005, 17:19 GMT 18:19 UK.
- Gaze On The Sea. Salentine Peninsula, Greece and Greater Greece. (in Italian, Greek and English)
- Oriamu pisulina. Traditional Griko song performed by Ghetonia.
- Kalinifta. Traditional Griko song performed by amateur local group.
- Second Interdisciplinary Symposium on the Hellenic Heritage of Southern Italy. Archaeological Institute of America (AIA). 11 June 2015. <small>(Dates: Monday, 30 May 2016 to Thursday, 2 June 2016.)</small>
- Sergio Tofanelli et al. The Greeks in the West: genetic signatures of the Hellenic colonisation in southern Italy and Sicily. European Journal of Human Genetics, (15 July 2015).