Luxembourg competed at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, West Germany. 11 competitors, 10 men and 1 woman, took part in 8 events in 5 sports.
Archery
In the first modern archery competition at the Olympics, Luxembourg entered one man and one woman. Their highest placing competitor was Nelly Wies-Weyrich, at 24th place in the women's competition.
;Men
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Athlete
!rowspan="2"|Event
!colspan="2"|Round 1
!colspan="2"|Round 2
!colspan="2"|Total score
|- style="font-size:95%"
!Score
!Seed
!Score
!Seed
!Score
!Seed
|- align=center
|align=left|Marcel Balthasar
| style="text-align:left;"|Individual
|1144
|36
|1141
|43
|2285
|39
|}
;Women
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Athlete
!rowspan="2"|Event
!colspan="2"|Round 1
!colspan="2"|Round 2
!colspan="2"|Total score
|- style="font-size:95%"
!Score
!Seed
!Score
!Seed
!Score
!Seed
|- align=center
|align=left|Nelly Wies-Weyrich
| style="text-align:left;" rowspan="1"|Individual
|1144
|23
|1108
|33
|2252
|24
|}
Athletics
;Men
;Track and road events
{|class=wikitable style=font-size:90%
|-
!rowspan=2|Athletes
!rowspan=2|Events
!colspan=2|Final
|-
!Time
!Rank
|-
|rowspan=2|Charles Sowa
|20 km walk
|align=center|1:36:23.8
|align=center|18
|-
|50 km walk
|align=center|4:14:21.2
|align=center|10
|}
Cycling
Two cyclists represented Luxembourg in 1972.
;Men
{|class=wikitable style=font-size:90%
|-
!rowspan=2|Athletes
!rowspan=2|Events
!colspan=2|Final
|-
!Time
!Rank
|-
|rowspan=1|Lucien Didier
|rowspan=2|Individual road race
|align=center|4:17:13.0
|align=center|56
|-
|rowspan=1|Erny Kirchen
|align=center|4:15:21.0
|align=center|27
|}
Fencing
Five fencers, all men, represented Luxembourg in 1972.
Men
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Athlete
!rowspan="2"|Event
!colspan="2"|Round 1
!colspan="2"|Round 2
!colspan="2"|Quarterfinal
!colspan="2"|Semifinal
!colspan=2|Final
|-style="font-size:95%"
!Opposition<br />Result
!Rank
!Opposition<br />Result
!Rank
!Opposition<br />Result
!Rank
!Opposition<br />Result
!Rank
!Opposition<br />Result
!Rank
|-align=center
|align=left|Alain Anen
|align=left rowspan=3|Men's épée
|
|6
|colspan=7|did not advance
|68
|-align=center
|align=left|Remo Manelli
|
|6
|colspan=7|did not advance
|64
|-align=center
|align=left|Robert Schiel
|
|2 Q
|
|3 Q
|
|4
|colspan=3|did not advance
|16
|-align=center
|align=left|Alain Anen<br>Aly Doerfel<br>Romain Manelli<br>Remo Manelli<br>Robert Schiel
|align=left|Team épée
|align=left|<br> L 6–9<br><br><br> L 4–12
|3
|colspan=7|did not advance
|11
|}
Shooting
One male shooter represented Luxembourg in 1972.
;Open
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Athlete
!rowspan="2"|Event
!colspan="2"|Final
|-
!Score
!Rank
|-
|rowspan=1|Michel Braun
||25 m rapid fire pistol
| style="text-align:center;"|577
| style="text-align:center;"|38
|-
|}
Water skiing (demonstration sports)
;Women
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Athlete
!rowspan="2"|Event
!colspan="2"|Final
|-
!Score
!Rank
|-
|rowspan=1|Sylvie Hülsemann
||Women's figure skiing
| style="text-align:center;"|1780
| style="text-align:center;"|4
|-
|}