Major General Luis Raul Esteves (April 30, 1893 – March 12, 1958) was the first Puerto Rican and the first American citizen of Hispanic heritage to graduate from the United States Military Academy (West Point), and the founder of the Puerto Rico National Guard. Of his West Point class, that included Dwight Eisenhower, Omar Bradley, Joseph McNarney, James Van Fleet and George E. Stratemeyer, Esteves was the first to achieve the rank of general.
Early years
Esteves was born Luis Raul Esteves y Völckers in Aguadilla, Puerto Rico on April 30, 1893. His father and mother were also natives of Aguadilla. His father, Francisco Esteves Soriano had served in the Spanish Army and his mother, Enedina Völckers Van der Dijs, of German and Dutch descent, was a housewife. His father, had also served as mayor of Aguadilla.
At the outbreak of the Spanish–American War, the Esteves Völckers family welcomed the Americans as an alternative to Spanish rule of the island. Esteves's father wanted his son to continue the family military tradition and encouraged him to consider a military career. However, his mother had other plans. She wanted her son to become an engineer and to study in the United States. The family's financial situation did not permit her to realize her dream.
West Point
right|thumb|150px|Major General Luis R. Esteves
While at West Point he tutored Dwight D. Eisenhower in Spanish, as a second language was required in order to graduate. In 1915, Esteves graduated with Eisenhower and Omar Bradley among his classmates, and was the first Puerto Rican graduate of the academy. He was later the first graduate of 1915, "the class the stars fell on", to reach the rank of general. One of the problems that Esteves faced upon his graduation was that in order to become an officer in the U.S. Army he had to be a citizen of the United States and Puerto Ricans at the time were not. The War Department was able find a precedent when they remembered that during the American Revolutionary War, foreign officers like Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette and Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben were given commissions in the Continental Army. He obtained the rank of Second Lieutenant and was assigned to the 23rd Infantry Regiment, where he worked in the National Matches of Florida.
Pancho Villa incident
Esteves served as a 2nd lieutenant in the 8th Infantry Brigade of the U.S. Army under the command of General Pershing, when he was sent to El Paso, Texas during the "Pancho Villa Incident". During the onset of the Battle of Columbus in June 1916, Esteves was promoted to first lieutenant. His request was met with approval. The National Guard Bureau approved this initiative, and on July 19, 1919, the current incarnation of the PRNG was organized. During this time, he reorganized the Puerto Rico National Guard and held the position of Adjutant General until his retirement in June 1957.
On October 30, 1950, the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party organized a series of uprisings in numerous cities in Puerto Rico against the United States rule and the Puerto Rican commonwealth government in what is known as the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party Revolts of the 1950s. The Puerto Rico National Guard was mobilized under the command of Esteves by orders of Governor Luis Muñoz Marín and U.S. Brigadier Gen. Edwin L. Sibert, and sent to confront the Nationalists in various towns such as Jayuya, Utuado and San Juan.
Later years
General Esteves' main hobby was studying military history. He also published two books, Los Barrabases and ¡Los Soldados Son Así! (Soldiers are like that). In ¡Los Soldados Son Así!, he tells about many anecdotes, jokes, and stories of the Boricua (Puerto Rican) soldiers, covering the period from when the ancient regiment from Puerto Rico was organized (which today is the 65 Infantry) up to the Second World War. He also authored Cosas de Viajero and Cosas de Soldados. On April 30, 1957, Esteves retired from service due to health concerns.
Legacy
The former Puerto Rico National Guard Armory in Hato Rey, Puerto Rico "Gen. Luis R. Esteves" and the street in front of the Puerto Rico National Guard's headquarters in Old San Juan, Puerto Rico was renamed "La Calle Gen. Esteves" in his honor.
In 2017 General Esteves was posthumously inducted to the Puerto Rico Veterans Hall of Fame.
Military awards and decorations
Among Major General Luis R. Esteves' military decoration and awards are the following:
{| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
| colspan="6" style="text-align: center" | 210px
|-
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|-
! 1
| colspan="6" style="text-align: center" | Combat Infantryman Badge
|-
! 2
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center" | Legion of Merit
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center" | Mexican Service Medal
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top" | Mexican Border Service Medal
|-
! 3
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top" | World War I Victory Medal
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top" | Army of Occupation Medal
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top" | National Defense Service Medal
|-
! 4
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top; width: 22em" | World War II Victory Medal
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top; width: 22em" | American Defense Service Medal<br /><small>with one bronze service star</small>
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top; width: 22em" | American Campaign Medal
|}
See also
- List of Puerto Ricans
- List of Puerto Rican military personnel
- Puerto Ricans in World War I
- Puerto Ricans in World War II
- Puerto Rico Adjutant General
- 65th Infantry
- German immigration to Puerto Rico
Notes
References
Citations
Bibliography
External links
- Generals of World War II