Lucas van Leyden (1494 – 8 August 1533), was a Dutch painter and printmaker in engraving and woodcut. Lucas van Leyden was among the first Dutch exponents of genre painting and was a very accomplished engraver.

Biography

Lucas was the son of the painter Huygh Jacobsz. He was born, died, and was mainly active in Leiden.

Karel van Mander characterises Lucas as a tireless artist, who as a child annoyed his mother by working long hours after nightfall, which she forbade not only for the cost of candlelight, but also because she felt that too much study was bad for his sensibilities. According to Van Mander, as a boy he only consorted with other young artists, such as painters, glass-etchers and goldsmiths, and was paid by the Heer van Lochorst (Johan van Lockhorst of Leiden, who died in 1510) a golden florin for each of his years at age 12 for a watercolour of St. Hubert.

Family

In 1515, Lucas married Elisabeth van Boschhuysen, from a patrician Leiden family. The marriage remained childless. Lucas did have a daughter Marijtje, born in Leiden out of wedlock around 1512. This daughter Marijtje would later marry the painter Dammas Claesz de Hoij. In their offspring, the De Hoij family, one can find prominent artists throughout the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

Paintings

thumb|[[Potiphars Wife Displays Joseph's Garment]]

He learned basic techniques from his father and from Cornelis Engelbrechtsz, but his precocious originality was paramount. Where he learnt engraving is unknown, but he took advantage of the works of Marcantonio Raimondi, whose motifs are reworked in Lucas' engravings and paintings, and became highly skilled in that art at a very early age: the earliest known print by him (Mohammed and the Murdered Monk) dates from 1508, when he was perhaps only 14, yet reveals no trace of immaturity in inspiration or technique.

Seventeen paintings surely by Lucas survive, and a further twenty-seven are known from descriptions by Karel van Mander, from contemporary copies or from drawings of them made by Jan de Bisschop in the later 17th century. Max Friedländer described no clear pattern of stylistic development, in large part because Lucas' oeuvre was swelled and obscured by attributions since found unsustainable.

Four broad stages in his artistic development are characterised by Elise Lawton Smith as his early half-length figures (c 1506–1512), the development of his landscapes (c 1512–1520), the influence of Antwerp paintings (c 1521–25) and the late works (ca 1525–1531), where multiple figures are deployed against wooded landscapes, as in the Healing of blind man of Jericho.

Raimondi's studies of nudes inspired van Leyden in his later work, particularly his altarpieces, in which he is an early Dutch adopter of the Italian-style nude figure. Two further artistic influences were Albrecht Dürer and Jan Gossaert. Indeed, he was friends with both, and Dürer drew van Leyden's portrait when they met in 1521. Dürer's mastery of engraving and Gossaert's Romanist style both heavily influenced van Leyden's work.

Prints

thumb|The [[Holy Family]]

Lucas's print included secular subjects, and many depictions of famous Biblical scenes, including Adoration of the Magi, The Virgin and Child on the Crescent, and The Holy Family.

The Power of Women Series

From 1513 to 1517, Lucas created a series of woodcuts called "The Power of Women", which consisted of two large and small sets of prints. The series is one of a number of representations of the Power of Women theme, which was extremely popular in Renaissance art and literature. Artworks in the genre depict the traditional roles of men and women in inverse, with women dominating over men in various situations. The subjects illustrated often consist of legendary historical women who were considered to be virtuous heroines as well as women who were considered cunning, seductive, and manipulative of men. The purpose of the "Power of Women" theme was to demonstrate that even the strongest and wisest of men were not resistant to the sexuality of women.

Large Power of Women (1513—)

The Mouth of Truth: A woman kneels in front of the Emperor of Rome and places her hand in the mouth of a statue of a lion while a crowd observes in the background.

Solomon's Idolatry: King Solomon kneels in front of an idol of Moloch in the centre foreground while one of his mistresses and a crowd of men observe him from behind.

Herod and Herodias: Herod and Herodias sit at a table while their daughter Salome approaches them, holding a plate bearing the head of St. John the Baptist.

The Poet Virgil Suspended in a Basket: Virgil is shown stranded in a basket hung on the side of a tower in the town square, with a jeering crowd below him.

Small Power of Women (1517—)

The Fall of Man: In the foreground, Adam and Eve are around the tree of knowledge of good and evil, with the serpent wrapped around the trunk and holding an apple. In the background, an angel drives Adam and Eve out of paradise.

Samson and Delilah: Same as woodcut of larger size. Delilah sits a bed of rocks while Samson lies sleeping in her lap. She holds his hair in one hand and cuts it with a knife.

Herod and Herodias: In the foreground, Salome holds a plate bearing the head of St. John the Baptist in front of Herod and Herodias, who are sitting at a table. Through a window on the back wall, St. John the Baptist is seen being beheaded. the Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen, the Philadelphia Museum of Art, the Fralin Museum of Art, the Brooklyn Museum, the Ashmolean Museum, the Detroit Institute of Arts, the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, the Worcester Art Museum, the Clark Art Institute, the University of Michigan Museum of Art, and the Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum.

<gallery heights="200" mode="packed" caption="Paintings">

File:Lucas van Leyden 008.jpg|Annunciation, 1522

File:Lucas van Leyden 010 reconstruction 01.jpg|Virgin and Child with Mary Magdalen and a donor, 1522

File:Leyden, Lucas van — Healing of Blind Man of Jericho (triptych) — Hermitage Museum, ГЭ-407.jpg|Healing of blind man of Jericho, triptych transferred to single canvas, 1531

File:Leyden Bearing of the Cross.jpg|Bearing of the Cross with Veronica, 1520s

File:Lucas van Leyden - The Temptation of St Anthony - WGA12935.jpg|The Temptation of St Anthony

File:The Card Players sc1065.jpg|Card Players

File:Last Judgement, by Lucas van Leyden.jpg|The Last Judgement

File:Attributed to Lucas van Leyden 001.jpg|Saint Paul, attr. Leyden

File:After Lucas van Leyden 001.jpg|Christ with Crown of Thorns, Lost work, After Lucas van Leyden

File:Lucas van Leyden - Lot and his Daughters - WGA12932.jpg|Lot and his Daughters, now anonymous but previously attributed to van Leyden.

</gallery>

<gallery heights="200" mode="packed" caption="Engravings">

File:Mohammed2.jpg|Mohammed and the Murdered Monk, 1508

File:The Milkmaid MET MM10754.jpg|The Milkmaid, 1510

File:Lucas van Leyden 052.jpg|Joseph Explains Pharaoh's Dream, 1512

File:Lucas van Leyden Resting Pilgrims.jpg|Resting Pilgrims

File:The Poet Virgil in a Basket MET I3.jpg|Virgil in a Basket, 1525

</gallery>

<gallery heights="200" mode="packed" caption="Large Power of Women Woodcuts">

File:Lucas van Leyden 051.jpg|The Poet Virgil Suspended in a Basket

File:Lucas van Leyden 050.jpg|Herod and Herodias

File:Lucas van Leyden 046.jpg|The Fall of Man

</gallery>

<gallery heights="200" mode="packed" caption="Small Power of Women Woodcuts">

File:Jael Killing Sisera.jpg|Jael Killing Sisera

File:Lucas van Leyden 061.jpg|Solomon's Idolatry

File:Lucas van Leyden 062.jpg|The Fall of Man

File:Samson and Delilah (cropped).png|Samson and Delilah

</gallery>

See also

  • Renaissance in the Netherlands

References

Notes

Citations

</references>

Sources

  • Prints & People: A Social History of Printed Pictures, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Lucas van Leyden (see index)
  • Works by Lucas van Leyden at the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa
  • Literature on Lucas van Leyden