Lucas Cranach the Elder

Lucas Cranach the Elder ( ;  – 16 October 1553) was a German Renaissance painter and printmaker in woodcut and engraving. He was court painter to the Electors of Saxony for most of his career, and is known for his portraits, both of German princes and leaders of the Protestant Reformation, whose cause he embraced with enthusiasm. He was a close friend of Martin Luther, and eleven portraits of that reformer by him survive. Cranach also painted religious subjects, first in the Catholic tradition, and later trying to find new ways of conveying Lutheran religious concerns in art. He continued to paint nude subjects from mythology and religion throughout his career.

Cranach had a large workshop and many of his works exist in different versions; his son Lucas Cranach the Younger and others continued to create versions of his father's works for decades after his death. He has been considered the most successful German artist of his time.

Early and personal life

thumb|Signature of Cranach the Elder from 1508 on a winged snake with ruby ring, depicted in a 1514 portrait

He was born at Kronach in upper Franconia (now central Germany), probably in 1472. His exact date of birth is unknown. He learned the art of drawing from his father Hans Maler (his surname meaning "painter" and denoting his profession, not his ancestry, after the manner of the time and class). His mother, with surname Hübner, died in 1491. Later, a variant of the name of his birthplace was used for his surname, another custom of the times. Where Cranach was trained is not known, but it was probably with local south German masters, as with his contemporary Matthias Grünewald, who worked at Bamberg and Aschaffenburg (Bamberg is the capital of the diocese in which Kronach lies).

According to Gunderam (the tutor of Cranach's children), Cranach demonstrated his talents as a painter before the close of the 15th century. His work then drew the attention of Duke Frederick III, Elector of Saxony, known as Frederick the Wise, who attached Cranach to his court in 1504. The records of Wittenberg confirm Gunderam's statement to this extent: that Cranach's name appears for the first time in the public accounts on the 24 June 1504, when he drew 50 gulden for the salary of half a year, as ("the duke's painter").

Career

thumb|upright|Apollo and Diana, 1530

thumb|upright|Portrait of [[Martin Luther, 1529]]The first evidence of Cranach's skill as an artist comes in a picture dated 1504. Early in his career he was active in several branches of his profession: sometimes a decorative painter, more frequently producing portraits and altarpieces, woodcuts, engravings, and designing the coins for the electorate. to the electors of Saxony in Wittenberg, an area in the heart of the emerging Protestant faith. His patrons were powerful supporters of Martin Luther, and Cranach used his art as a symbol of the new faith. Cranach made numerous portraits of Luther, and provided woodcut illustrations for Luther's German translation of the Bible.

Somewhat later the duke conferred on him the monopoly of the sale of medicines at Wittenberg, and a printer's patent with exclusive privileges as to copyright in Bibles. Cranach's presses were used by Martin Luther. His apothecary shop was open for centuries, and was only lost by fire in 1871. and possibly Grünewald or Burgkmair.

Works and art

thumb|left|upright|[[Adam and Eve, woodcut, 1509]]

thumb|upright|Study for portrait of Margaret of Pomerania (1518–1569), c. 1545, a drawing with all details of the sitter's costume meticulously described, was intended for the future reference and to facilitate the work on large number of commissions in the artist's atelier.

The oldest extant picture by Cranach is the Rest of the Virgin during the Flight into Egypt, of 1504. The painting already shows remarkable skill and grace, and the pine forest in the background shows a painter familiar with the mountain scenery of Thuringia. There is more forest gloom in landscapes of a later time. where scenes from the Passion of Christ were matched by a print mocking practices of the Catholic clergy, so that Christ driving the money-changers from the Temple was matched by the Pope, or Antichrist, signing indulgences over a table spread with cash (see gallery below). Some of the prints were echoed by paintings, such as his Adoration of the Shepherds (c. 1517).

One of his last works is the altarpiece, completed after his death by Lucas Cranach the Younger in 1555, for the Stadtkirche (city church) at Weimar. The iconography is original and unusual: Christ is shown twice, to the left trampling on Death and Satan, to the right crucified, with blood flowing from the lance wound. John the Baptist points to the suffering Christ, whilst the blood-stream falls on the head of a portrait of Cranach, and Luther reads from his book the words, "The blood of Christ cleanseth from all sin."

File:Lucas Cranach d. Ä. (Werkst.) - Moses und die Wolkensäule (nach 1530).jpg|Moses and the Pillar of Cloud by Lucas Cranach the Elder and Studio. Circa 1530. Private collection.

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Mythological scenes

alt=Hercules holds the globe while atlas takes a break|thumb|Hercules Relieving Atlas of the Globe, c. 1530, [[National Gallery of Art]]

Cranach was equally successful in a series of paintings of mythological scenes which nearly always feature at least one slim female figure, naked but for a transparent drape or a large hat.

These are mostly in narrow upright formats; examples are several of Venus, alone or with Cupid, who has sometimes stolen a honeycomb, and complains to Venus that he has been stung by a bee (Weimar, 1530; Berlin, 1534). Other such subjects are the Three Graces, Diana with Apollo, shooting a bow, and Hercules sitting at the spinning-wheel mocked by Omphale and her maids.

Humour and pathos are combined at times in pictures such as Jealousy (Augsburg, 1527; Vienna, 1530), where women and children are huddled into groups as they watch the strife of men wildly fighting around them. A lost canvas of 1545 is said to show hares catching and roasting hunters. In 1546, possibly under Italian influence, Cranach composed the Fons Juventutis (The Fountain of Youth), executed by his son, a picture in which older women are seen entering a Renaissance fountain, and exiting it transformed into youthful beauties.

Paintings

Portraits

Lucas Cranach the Elder - Duke Henry the Pious - Google Art Project.jpg|Duke Henry the Pious, 1514

Attributed to Lucas Cranach the Elder Portrait of the Duchess Catherine Thielska 78.tif|Catherine of Mecklenburg, 1514

Lucas Cranach d.Ä. - Bildnis einer jungen Frau (Galleria degli Uffizi).jpg|Sybille, 1530s

1516 Emilia.jpg|Emilie, c. 1535

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File:Lucas Cranach d.Ä. - Porträt eines sächsischen Prinzen.jpg|Portrait of a Saxon Prince (possibly Johann, husband of Elizabeth of Hesse), c. 1517

File:Lucas Cranach d. Ä. 052.jpg|Portrait of a Saxon Princess (possibly George of Saxony's daughter-in-law Elizabeth of Hesse), c. 1517

File:Lucas Cranach d. Ä. 044FXD.jpg|John Frederick I, 1531

File:Lucas Cranach d. Ä. 040.jpg|Sibylle of Cleves, wife of John Frederick I, 1526

File:LucasCranachtheElderCuspinian.jpg|Johannes Cuspinian, 1502

File:Lucas Cranach d. Ä. 036.jpg|Johannes Cuspinian's wife, 1502

File:Lucas Cranach d.Ä. - Bildnis des Lukas Spielhausen.jpg|Lukas Spielhausen, 1532, Metropolitan Museum of Art

File:Lucas Cranach d.Ä. - Bildnis des Markgrafen Albrecht von Brandenburg-Ansbach (Herzog Anton Ulrich-Museum).jpg|Albert of Prussia, 1528, Herzog Anton Ulrich Museum

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Religion, mythology, allegory

thumb|[[Torgauer Altar, 1509, Städel Museum, Frankfurt]]

File:Lucas Cranach d.Ä. - Adam und Eva (Courtauld Institute of Art).jpg|Adam and Eve (Courtauld Institute of Art)

File:Lucas Cranach d.Ä. - Venus mit Cupid als Honigdieb (Galleria Borghese).jpg|Venus and Cupid with a Honeycomb, c. 1527

File:Lucas Cranach d.Ä. - Das Martyrium der Heiligen Barbara.jpg|The Martyrdom of Saint Barbara, 1510, Metropolitan Museum of Art

File:Cranach, Lucas, d.Ä. - Die Heilige Dorothea - c. 1530.jpg|Dorothea, c. 1530

File:Lucas Cranach d. Ä. - Judith Victorious - WGA05720.jpg|Judith with the head of Holofernes, 1530

File:Lucas Cranach d.Ä. - Simson bezwingt den Löwen.jpg|Samson's Fight with the Lion, 1525

File:Lucas Cranach d.Ä. - Phyllis und Aristotle (1530).jpg|Phyllis and Aristotle, 1530

File:Gerechtigkeit-1537.jpg|Justice, 1537

File:Bemberg_fondation_Toulouse_-_Les_amoureux_-_Lucas_Cranach_l'Ancien.jpg|Lovers, Bemberg Foundation, Toulouse

File:Cranach Eve.jpg|Eve, National Museum, Wrocław

File:CranachBrandenburgasJerome.jpg|Saint Jerome in His Study, 1526

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Looted Cranachs

The Nazis had a particular affection for Cranach's work and looted many paintings during the Third Reich. This has led to claims for restitution, notably from Jewish collectors who were persecuted or looted by the Nazis. The Nazis looted Cranach's Portrait of John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony (around 1530s) from Jewish art collector Fritz Gutmann before murdering him but the painting was recovered by Gutmann's grandson Simon Goodman eighty years later after decades of searching.

Cranach's "Cupid Complaining to Venus" passed through in Hitler's personal collection, causing the National Gallery to research its history, suspecting that it may have been looted. The diptych Adam and Eve by Lucas Cranach the Elder has been the focus of a legal dispute between the heirs of the former owner, Dutch art collector Jacques Goudstikker, and the Norton Simon museum in California. In 1999, the Commission for Art Recovery of the World Jewish Congress notified the North Carolina Museum of Art that its prized Cranach Madonna and Child had been looted by Nazis from the Jewish Viennese art collector Philipp von Gomperz.

On 20 October 2000 a Budapest court ruled that a Cranach and other paintings claimed by the granddaughter of famous Hungarian Jewish art collector Baron Herzog that were looted by Nazis with the Hungarian financial police should be returned to her. In 2012 the heirs of Rosa and Jakob Oppenheimer submitted a claim to the National Gallery of Ireland for a Cranach painting of Saint Christopher. The museum hired a private provenance researcher, Laurie Stein, to investigate the circumstance of the sale in 1934, and she concluded that the Cranach had not been sold under duress by the Jewish owners.

In April 2021 Cranach's "The Resurrection" was sold at auction following a settlement between the heirs of Holocaust victim Margarete Eisenmann and the art dealer Eugene Thaw. After being looted, the Cranach had been consigned to Sothebys by Hans Lange and passed through Hugo Perls and Knoedler Galleries before being acquired by Eugene Thaw. Most of the lawsuits last many years and go through several appeals in different courts. A painting by a follower of Lucas Cranach the Elder titled Lamentation and completed in the 1530s, which had been looted from Poland in 1946, was returned to the National Museum, Wrocław in 2022.

References

External links

cranach.net Containing more than 15000 images and 6000 research documents, collaborative project by about 60 international art historians
Cranach Digital Archive (cda) Containing images and research information, collaborative project by 26 international galleries
Fifteenth- to eighteenth-century European paintings: France, Central Europe, the Netherlands, Spain, and Great Britain, a collection catalog fully available online as a PDF, which contains material on Lucas Cranach the Elder (cat. no. 9)
Prints & People: A Social History of Printed Pictures, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Lucas Cranach the Elder (see index)
Discussion of Portrait of Martin Luther by Janina Ramirez and Peter Stanford: Art Detective Podcast, 26 April 2017
Cranach map of Palestine, 1508 or 1515. Eran Laor Cartographic Collection, the National Library of Israel
Joshua P. Waterman, "'Portrait of Joachim II of Brandenburg' by Lucas Cranach the Elder (cat. 739)The John G. Johnson Collection: A History and Selected Works, Philadelphia Museum of Art.
Critical Catalogue of Luther portraits (1519 - 1530) Results of the research project, 2018-2021, Germanisches Nationalmuseum / Cranach Digital Archive / University of Erlangen-Nuremberg / Cologne Institute of Conservation Sciences / Technical University of Cologne.

Early and personal life

Career

Works and art

Mythological scenes

Paintings

Portraits

Religion, mythology, allegory

Looted Cranachs

References

Further reading

External links