Louise of Sweden (; 31 October 1851 – 20 March 1926) was Queen of Denmark from 1906 until 1912 as the wife of King Frederick VIII.

Born into the House of Bernadotte, Louise was the only surviving child of King Charles XV of Sweden and Norway and his consort, Louise of the Netherlands. Although her father made several attempts to have her recognized as his heir, she was barred from the succession as at the time only males could ascend the throne of Sweden. In 1869, she married the future King Frederick VIII of Denmark, with whom she had eight children. Louise became queen of Denmark in 1906. As queen, she was mainly known for her many charity projects, an interest that she shared with her spouse. She did not care for ceremonial duties and public events, and lived a discreet life dedicated to her children and her interests in art, literature and charity. After a short tenure as queen, she was widowed in 1912.

Louise was the mother of both King Christian X of Denmark and King Haakon VII of Norway.

Birth and family

thumb|upright|left|Princess Louise with her parents.

Princess Louise of Sweden and Norway was born on 31 October 1851 at the Royal Palace in Stockholm. She was the first child born to the then Crown Prince Charles of Sweden and Norway and his wife, Princess Louise of the Netherlands. Princess Louise belonged to the Bernadotte dynasty, which had reigned in Sweden since 1818. Its founder, Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte, one of Napoleon Bonaparte's generals, was elected crown prince of Sweden in 1810 and later succeeded the throne as King Charles XIV John in 1818. He married Désirée Clary, who had once been engaged to the French Emperor. Charles XIV's son, Oscar I, had married Josephine of Leuchtenberg, the granddaughter of Napoleon's first wife, the Empress Josephine. King Oscar I and Queen Josephine were Princess Louise's paternal grandparents.

The following year Princess Louise's younger brother, the long-awaited heir to the throne, Prince Carl Oscar, Duke of Södermanland, was born. However, the little prince died in 1854, and Louise became an only child at the age of three. The tragedy became even greater when it became clear that her mother, due to an injury she had sustained during Prince Carl Oscar's birth, was unable to have any more children. The mother is said to have offered Crown Prince Karl a divorce, which he refused. Louise thus remained an only child. This meant that the throne would pass to her father's younger brother Prince Oscar because, although Sweden had previously had female monarchs and female succession, the Swedish Act of Succession of 1810 had abolished female succession, and introduced agnatic succession.

thumb|The [[Swedish royal family in 1857.]]

On 8 July 1859, when Princess Louise was seven years old, her grandfather King Oscar I died, and her father succeeded him as King of Sweden and Norway under the name of Charles XV. After his accession to the throne, her father made repeated attempts at obtaining a constitutional amendment which would recognize his daughter as heir presumptive to the thrones of Sweden and Norway. These attempts were in vain, however, because after 1858, there was no longer any crisis of succession; Louise's uncle Prince Oscar became the father of several sons, beginning with the birth of the eldest in 1858, and the existence of male relatives in the Bernadotte dynasty rendered action unnecessary.

Childhood and education

upright|thumb|left|A young princess Louise, photographed in Sweden

While her father often referred to her as "Sessan" (in English: "Sissy", a diminutive form of the title Princess), Louise herself made up the name "Stockholmsrännstensungen" ('Stockholm urchin'), and she often used that term in reference to herself. Her uncle, the future king Oscar II, found it shocking that the word was used for a princess, and tried to curb its use, often admonishing Louise for allowing the word to pass her lips. He was perhaps the only one to try to impose any discipline on her, and Louise is invariably described as a loved and spoiled only child, doted upon by her parents: she is said to have been like her mother in appearance, but like her father in behavior, and she is described as energetic, gregarious, masculine and rather unprepossessing.

thumb|Charles XV's studio. The king is seen sitting at his [[easel, behind him Queen Lovisa and at the window Princess Lovisa. Pierre Tetar van Elven (1862).]]

Louise was the center of society already as a child in Stockholm, where children's balls were arranged for her at the Royal Palace in Stockholm, which were considered as the most important part of the society children's social life and attended by among others her male cousins.

Engagement and marriage

thumb|upright|left|Portrait of Princess Louise by [[Amalia Lindegren.]]

Louise became the subject of speculations regarding her marriage early on. The most popular candidate was Crown Prince Frederik of Denmark (1843–1912), the eldest son and child of King Christian IX and Queen Louise of Denmark. This alliance was considered desirable for several reasons. Despite the period's widespread Scandinavism, an ideology that supported a close degree of cooperation among the Scandinavian countries, the relation between the royal houses of Sweden-Norway and Denmark was very tense at this time. Upon the death of the childless King Frederick VII of Denmark in 1863, there had been support for having Charles XV or his brother Prince Oscar of Sweden placed on the Danish throne instead of Christian IX. In Denmark, there was also disappointment over the fact that Sweden, despite the current Scandinavism, had not supported Denmark against Prussia during the Danish-Prussian War in 1864. After 1864, Sweden-Norway and Denmark started to discuss plans to create a form of symbolic reconciliation between the two nations by arranging a marriage between Princess Louise and Crown Prince Frederick.

Still, both parties had reservations about the proposed alliance. Charles XV was critical toward Christian IX, whose personal qualities he doubted, but he nevertheless wanted to see his daughter make an advantageous marriage and become the queen of Denmark. Also the Danish royal family had reservations about the alliance, as Princess Lovisa was no beauty, and her future mother-in-law, Queen Louise, feared that her personality did not fit into the Danish royal family. However, after the recent war with Germany, the marriage was preferred above a marriage to a German princess, which would have been the likely alternative.

thumb|upright|Crown Prince Frederick and Princess Louise.

Louise and Frederick had been introduced to each other the first time in 1862, when the Princess was eleven and the Prince nineteen years old. However, Charles XV did not wish to force his beloved daughter into an arranged marriage, and therefore left the final decision entirely to her own taste. The couple were engaged on 15 June 1868 at Bäckaskog Castle.

During the engagement in the winter of 1868–1869, Louise learned the Danish language and studied Danish literature, culture, and history under the Norwegian poet and art historian Lorentz Dietrichson. The young couple were married on 28 July 1869 in the chapel of the Royal Palace in Stockholm by the Archbishop of Uppsala Henrik Reuterdahl. The wedding was celebrated with great pomp in Sweden. The dowry of the Princess had entirely been made in Sweden. The marriage was welcomed by all three countries as a symbol of the new Scandinavism. Louise was the first Swedish princess to be married into the Danish royal house since Ingeborg Magnusdotter of Sweden in the Middle Ages. Princess Lovisa's wedding was also the first time a Swedish princess had been married off since Princess Ulrika Eleonora's wedding to Frederick I of Hesse in 1715, and Lovisa was thus the first princess from the House of Bernadotte to marry.

Crown Princess of Denmark

thumb|left|Crown Prince Frederick and Crown Princess Louise.

On 10 August 1869, the newlyweds made their entrance into Copenhagen, where they received a warm welcome. In Denmark, Louise became known as Louise rather than Lovisa. As their residence, the couple was awarded Frederik VIII's Palace, an 18th-century palace which forms part of the Amalienborg Palace complex in central Copenhagen. As their country residence they received Charlottenlund Palace, located on the shores of Øresund Strait 10 kilometers north of Copenhagen. Here they had a refuge far away from court life at Amalienborg and here several of their children were born. Frederick and Louise had eight children between 1870 and 1890: Prince Christian (the later King Christian X of Denmark), Prince Charles (the later King Haakon VII of Norway), Princess Louise, Prince Harald, Princess Ingeborg, Princess Thyra, Prince Gustav and Princess Dagmar. Due to the many children, Charlottenlund Palace was rebuilt to accommodate the large family, and in 1880-81 the palace was expanded with a dome and two side wings.

thumb|upright|Louise with her sister-in-law [[Princess Thyra of Denmark.]]

Louise had a difficult time during her long period as Crown Princess of Denmark, although she became very popular with the public. She was considered intelligent with an ability to act popularly and effortlessly at official functions, where she was described as majestic and impressive.

Queen of Denmark and Queen Mother

thumb|Egelund-

thumb|Louise's and Frederik's grave at Roskilde.

Louise became Queen of Denmark in 1906. As Queen, she was mainly known for her many charity projects, an interest that she shared with her spouse. She did not care for ceremonial duties and public events, and lived a discreet life dedicated to her children and her interests in art, literature and charity.

Louise was widowed in 1912. Her eldest son Christian X of Denmark became the new king of Denmark. She was the last widow of a Danish monarch to officially use the title of queen dowager. From 1915 to 1917 she built herself Egelund House between Hillerød and Fredensborg where she lived for the rest of her life. Queen Louise died at Amalienborg Palace in Copenhagen in 1926 and is interred next to her husband in Roskilde Cathedral.

Legacy

Queen Louise was the 862nd Dame of the Order of Queen Maria Luisa.

Queen Louise Land in Northeast Greenland was named in her honour.

Honours and arms

Honours

Danish honours

  • :
  • Commemorative Medal for the Golden Wedding of King Christian IX and Queen Louise, 1892
  • Insignia of the Order of the Elephant, 31 October 1906

Foreign honours

  • : Dame of the Order of Queen Saint Isabel

Arms

<gallery class="center" widths="250" heights="220">

File:Armoiries de la reine Lovisa de Suede.svg|Marital arms of Queen Louise of Denmark

</gallery>

Issue

{| class="wikitable"

!Name

!Birth

!Death

!Spouse

!Children

|-

|Christian X of Denmark

|26 September 1870

|20 April 1947

|Duchess Alexandrine of Mecklenburg-Schwerin

|Frederik IX of Denmark<br>Knud, Hereditary Prince of Denmark

|-

|Haakon VII of Norway

|3 August 1872

|21 September 1957

|Princess Maud of Wales

|Olav V of Norway

|-

|Princess Louise of Denmark

|17 February 1875

|4 April 1906

|Prince Frederick of Schaumburg-Lippe

|Marie Louise, Princess Friedrich Sigismund of Prussia<br>Prince Christian of Schaumburg-Lippe<br>Stephanie, Princess of Bentheim and Steinfurt

|-

|Prince Harald of Denmark

|8 October 1876

|30 March 1949

|Princess Helena Adelaide of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg

|Feodora, Princess Christian of Schaumburg-Lippe<br>Caroline-Mathilde, Hereditary Princess of Denmark<br>Alexandrine-Louise, Countess Luitpold of Castell-Castell<br>Prince Gorm of Denmark<br>Count Oluf of Rosenborg

|-

|Princess Ingeborg of Denmark

|2 August 1878

|12 March 1958

|Prince Carl, Duke of Västergötland

|Margaretha, Princess Axel of Denmark<br>Märtha Louise, Crown Princess of Norway<br>Astrid, Queen of the Belgians<br>Prince Carl Bernadotte

|-

|Princess Thyra of Denmark

|14 March 1880

|2 November 1945

|unmarried

|none

|-

|Prince Gustav of Denmark

|4 March 1887

|5 October 1944

|unmarried

|none

|-

|Princess Dagmar of Denmark

|23 May 1890

|11 October 1961

|Jørgen Castenskiold

|Carl Castenskiold<br />Christian Castenskiold<br>Jørgen Castenskiold<br />Dagmar Castenskiold<br>Christian Frederik Castenskiold

|}

Ancestry

References

Citations

Bibliography

  • Tor Bomann-Larsen (2004) Folket – Haakon & Maud II (Cappelen )
  • Lars Elgklou (1995) Familjen Bernadotte. En kunglig släktkrönika (Stockholm : Fischer)
  • Kay Nielsen, Ib Askholm: (2007) Danmarks konger og dronninger (Hamlet)
  • Rikke Agnete Olsen: (2005) Kongerækken (Lindhard & Ringhof)
  • Aage Friis II:s förhållande till Danmark och Nordslesvig
  • Royal House of Sweden
  • Royal House of Denmark
  • Queen Lovisa at the website of the Royal Danish Collection at Amalienborg Palace

|-