Litre

thumb|upright|One-litre beer mugs () at the [[Oktoberfest in Germany]]

The litre (Commonwealth spelling) or liter (American spelling) (SI symbols L and l, and which equalled approximately 0.82&nbsp;litres. The litre was also used in several subsequent versions of the metric system and is accepted for use with the SI, despite it not being an SI unit. The SI unit of volume is the cubic metre (m³). The spelling used<!-- NOT "recommended"; it does not decide on national spellings. --> by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures is "litre", a spelling which is shared by most English-speaking countries. The spelling "liter" is predominantly used in American English.

One litre of liquid water has a mass of almost exactly one kilogram, because the kilogram was originally defined in 1795 as the mass of one cubic decimetre of water at the temperature of melting ice ().

SI prefixes applied to the litre

<!-- This section is linked from Glucose and from some prefixed units-->

The litre, though not an official SI unit, may be used with SI prefixes. The most commonly used derived unit is the millilitre, defined as one-thousandth of a litre, and also often referred to by the SI derived unit name "cubic centimetre". It is a commonly used measure, especially in medicine, cooking and automotive engineering. Other units may be found in the table below, where the more often used terms are in bold. However, some authorities advise against some of them; for example, in the United States, NIST advocates using the millilitre or litre instead of the centilitre. There are two international standard symbols for the litre: L and l. In the United States the former is preferred because of the risk that (in some fonts) the letter and the digit may be confused.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:centre"

|-

! Multiple !! Name !!colspan="2"| Symbols !!colspan="2"| Equivalent volume

|-

| 10⁻³⁰&nbsp;L || quectolitre || qL || ql || 10³&nbsp;pm³ || thousand cubic picometres

|-

| 10⁻²⁷&nbsp;L || rontolitre || rL || rl || 10⁶&nbsp;pm³ || million cubic picometres

|-

| 10⁻²⁴&nbsp;L || yoctolitre || yL || yl || nm³ || cubic nanometre

|-

| 10⁻²¹&nbsp;L || zeptolitre || zL || zl || 10³&nbsp;nm³ || thousand cubic nanometres

|-

| 10⁻¹⁸&nbsp;L || attolitre || aL || al || 10⁶&nbsp;nm³ || million cubic nanometres

|-

| 10⁻¹⁵&nbsp;L || femtolitre || fL || fl || μm³ || cubic micrometre

|-

| 10⁻¹²&nbsp;L || picolitre || pL || pl || 10³&nbsp;μm³ || thousand cubic micrometres

|-

| 10⁻⁹&nbsp;L || nanolitre || nL || nl || 10⁶&nbsp;μm³ || million cubic micrometres

|-

| 10⁻⁶&nbsp;L || microlitre || μL || μl || mm³ || cubic millimetre

|-

| 10⁻³&nbsp;L || millilitre || mL || ml || cm³ || cubic centimetre

|-

| 10⁻²&nbsp;L || centilitre || cL || cl || 10¹&nbsp;cm³ || ten cubic centimetres

|-

| 10⁻¹&nbsp;L || decilitre || dL || dl || 10²&nbsp;cm³ || hundred cubic centimetres

|-

| 10⁰&nbsp;L || litre || L || l || dm³ || cubic decimetre

|-

| 10¹&nbsp;L || decalitre || daL || dal || 10¹&nbsp;dm³ || ten cubic decimetres

|-

| 10²&nbsp;L || hectolitre || hL || hl || 10²&nbsp;dm³ || hundred cubic decimetres

|-

| 10³&nbsp;L || kilolitre || kL || kl || m³ || cubic metre

|-

| 10⁶&nbsp;L || megalitre || ML || Ml || dam³ || cubic decametre, 1&nbsp;million litres

|-

| 10⁹&nbsp;L || gigalitre || GL || Gl || hm³ || cubic hectometre

|-

| 10¹²&nbsp;L || teralitre || TL || Tl || km³ || cubic kilometre

|-

| 10¹⁵&nbsp;L || petalitre || PL || Pl || 10³&nbsp;km³ || thousand cubic kilometres

|-

| 10¹⁸&nbsp;L || exalitre || EL || El || 10⁶&nbsp;km³ || million cubic kilometres

|-

| 10²¹&nbsp;L || zettalitre || ZL || Zl || Mm³ || cubic megametre

|-

| 10²⁴&nbsp;L || yottalitre || YL || Yl || 10³&nbsp;Mm³ || thousand cubic megametres

|-

| 10²⁷&nbsp;L || ronnalitre|| RL || Rl || 10⁶&nbsp;Mm³ || million cubic megametres

|-

| 10³⁰&nbsp;L || quettalitre || QL || Ql || Gm³ || cubic gigametre

|-

|}

Non-metric conversions

{| class="wikitable sortable"

! colspan=2|Approx. value of 1 litre in non-metric units

|rowspan=13 style="background:lightgray;"|

! Non-metric unit

! Equivalent in litres

|-

|≈&nbsp;35.19507973 || style="border-left-style:hidden;"|imperial fluid ounces|| 1 imperial fluid ounce || ≡&nbsp;28.4130625&nbsp;mL

|-

|≈&nbsp;33.8140227 ||style="border-left-style:hidden;"| US fluid ounces|| 1 US fluid ounce || ≡&nbsp;29.5735295625&nbsp;mL

|-

|≈&nbsp;7.03901595 ||style="border-left-style:hidden;"| imperial gills|| 1 imperial gill || ≡&nbsp;142.0653125&nbsp;mL

|-

|≈&nbsp;8.45350568 ||style="border-left-style:hidden;"| US gills || 1 US gill || ≡&nbsp;118.29411825&nbsp;mL

|-

|≈&nbsp;1.75975399 ||style="border-left-style:hidden;"| imperial pints|| 1 imperial pint || ≡&nbsp;568.26125&nbsp;mL

|-

|≈&nbsp;2.11337642 ||style="border-left-style:hidden;"| US pints || 1 US pint || ≡&nbsp;473.176473&nbsp;mL

|-

| ≈&nbsp;0.87987699|| style="border-left-style:hidden;"|imperial quart|| 1&nbsp;imperial quart || ≡&nbsp;1.1365225&nbsp;L

|-

| ≈&nbsp;1.05668821||style="border-left-style:hidden;"| US quarts || 1 US quart || ≡&nbsp;0.946352946&nbsp;L

|-

|≈&nbsp;0.21996925 ||style="border-left-style:hidden;"| imperial gallon || 1 imperial gallon || ≡&nbsp;4.54609&nbsp;L

|-

|≈&nbsp;0.26417205 || style="border-left-style:hidden;"|US gallon|| 1 US gallon || ≡&nbsp;3.785411784&nbsp;L

|-

|≈&nbsp;0.03531467||style="border-left-style:hidden;"|cubic foot || 1 cubic foot || ≡&nbsp;28.316846592&nbsp;L

|-

|≈&nbsp;61.02374409|| style="border-left-style:hidden;"|cubic inches || 1 cubic inch || ≡&nbsp;16.387064&nbsp;mL

|}

See also Imperial units and US customary units.

Rough conversions

One litre is about larger than a US liquid quart, and about smaller than an imperial quart.

A mnemonic for its volume relative to an imperial pint is "a litre of water's a pint and three-quarters"; this is very close, as a litre is about 1.760&nbsp;imperial pints.

A cubic foot has a volume of exactly .

Symbol

<!-- This section is linked from International System of Units -->

Originally, the only symbol for the litre was l (lowercase letter L), following the SI convention that only those unit symbols that abbreviate the name of a person start with a capital letter. In many English-speaking countries, however, the most common shape of a handwritten Arabic digit 1 is just a vertical stroke; that is, it lacks the upstroke added in many other cultures. Therefore, the digit "1" may easily be confused with the letter "l". In some computer typefaces, the two characters are barely distinguishable. As a result, L (uppercase letter L) was adopted by the CGPM as an alternative symbol for litre in 1979. The United States National Institute of Standards and Technology recommends the use of the uppercase letter L, a practice that is also widely followed in Canada and Australia. In these countries, the symbol L is also used with prefixes, as in mL and μL, instead of the traditional ml and μl used in Europe. In the UK and Ireland, as well as the rest of Europe, lowercase l is used with prefixes, though whole litres are often written in full (so, "750&nbsp;ml" on a wine bottle, but often "1 litre" on a juice carton). In 1990, the International Committee for Weights and Measures stated that it was too early to choose a single symbol for the litre.

Script l and Unicode

Prior to 1979, the symbol came into common use in some countries; for example, it was recommended by South African Bureau of Standards publication M33 and Canada in the 1970s. This symbol can still be encountered occasionally in some English-speaking and European countries, and its use is ubiquitous in Japan and South Korea.

Fonts covering the CJK characters usually include not only the script small but also four precomposed characters: <span style="font-family:sans-serif,'Yu Gothic'"></span>, <span style="font-family:sans-serif,'Yu Gothic'"></span>, <span style="font-family:sans-serif,'Yu Gothic'"></span>, and <span style="font-family:sans-serif,'Yu Gothic'"></span> for the microlitre, millilitre, decilitre and kilolitre to allow correct rendering for vertically written scripts. These have Unicode equivalents for compatibility, which are not recommended for use with new documents:

• <span style="font-family:sans-serif,'Yu Gothic'"></span>
• <span style="font-family:sans-serif,'Yu Gothic'"></span>
• <span style="font-family:sans-serif,'Yu Gothic'"></span>
• <span style="font-family:sans-serif,'Yu Gothic'"></span>

The CJK Compatibility block also includes corresponding to , Japanese for 'litre'.

History

The first name of the litre was "Cadil"; standards are shown at the Musée des Arts et Métiers in Paris.

The litre was introduced in France in 1795 as one of the new "republican units of measurement" and defined as one cubic decimetre.

One litre of liquid water has a mass of almost exactly one kilogram, due to the gram being defined in 1795 as one cubic centimetre of water at the temperature of melting ice.

The original decimetre length was 44.344 lignes, which was revised in 1798 to 44.3296 lignes. This made the original litre of today's cubic decimetre. It was against this litre that the kilogram was constructed.

In 1879, the CIPM adopted the definition of the litre, with the symbol l (lowercase letter L).

In 1901, at the 3rd CGPM conference, the litre was redefined as the space occupied by 1&nbsp;kg of pure water at the temperature of its maximum density (3.98&nbsp;°C) under a pressure of 1&nbsp;atm. This made the litre equal to about (earlier reference works usually put it at ).

In 1964, at the 12th CGPM conference, the original definition was reverted to, and thus the litre was once again defined in exact relation to the metre, as another name for the cubic decimetre, that is, exactly 1&nbsp;dm³.

In 1979, at the 16th CGPM conference, the alternative symbol L (uppercase letter L) was adopted. It also expressed a preference that in the future only one of these two symbols should be retained, but in 1990 said it was still too early to do so.

Everyday usage

In spoken English, the symbol "mL" (for millilitre) can be pronounced as "mil". This can potentially cause confusion with some other measurement words such as:

1. "mm" for millimetre, a unit of length equal to one-thousandth of a metre
2. "mil" for thousandth of an inch
3. "mil", a Scandinavian unit of length equal to 10 kilometres
4. "mil", unit of angular measurement

The abbreviation "cc" (for cubic centimetre, equal to a millilitre or mL) is a unit of the cgs system, which preceded the MKS system, which later evolved into the SI system. The abbreviation "cc" is still commonly used in many fields, including medical dosage and sizing for combustion engine displacement.

The microlitre (μL) has been known in the past as the lambda (λ), but this usage is discouraged . In the medical field the microlitre is sometimes abbreviated as mcL on test results.

thumb|[[Shot glasses with centilitre fill line graduations. "ARC" is the maker's (Arc International) certification of accuracy.]]

In the SI system, apart from prefixes for powers of 1000, use of the "centi" (10⁻²), "deci" (10⁻¹), "deca" (10⁺¹) and "hecto" (10⁺²) prefixes with litres is common. For example, in many European countries, the hectolitre is the typical unit for production and export volumes of beverages (milk, beer, soft drinks, wine, etc.) and for measuring the size of the catch and quotas for fishing boats; decilitres are common in Croatia, Switzerland and Scandinavia and often found in cookbooks, and restaurant and café menus; centilitres indicate the capacity of drinking glasses and of small bottles. In colloquial Dutch in Belgium, a "" and a "" (literally "twenty-fiver" and "thirty-threer") are the common beer glasses, the corresponding bottles mention 25 cL and 33 cL. Bottles may also be 75 cL or half size at 37.5 cL for "artisanal" brews or 70 cL for wines or spirits. Cans come in 25 cL, 33 cL and 50 cL. Similarly, alcohol shots are often marked in cL in restaurant menus, typically .

thumb|[[Petrol units used in the world:

]]

In countries where the metric system was adopted as the official measuring system after the SI standard was established, common usage eschews prefixes that are not powers of 1000. For example, in Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, consumer beverages are labelled almost exclusively using litres and millilitres. An exception is in pathology, where for instance blood lead level and blood sugar level may be measured in micrograms/milligrams per decilitre.

For larger volumes, kilolitres, megalitres, and gigalitres, have been used by the Northern Territory Government for measuring water consumption, reservoir capacities and river flows, although cubic metres are also used. Cubic metres are generally used for non-liquid commodities, such as sand and gravel, or storage space.

See also

• Unit of volume

Notes

References

</references>

Bibliography

• Bureau International des Poids et Mesures. (2006). "The International System of Units (SI)" (on-line browser):
• Table 6 (Non-SI units accepted for use with the International System). Retrieved 2008-08-24
• National Institute of Standards and Technology. (December 2003). The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty: International System of Units (SI) (web site):
• Note on SI units. Retrieved 2008-08-24.
• Recommending uppercase letter L. Retrieved 2008-08-24.
• Taylor, B.N. and Thompson, A. (Eds.). (2008a). The International System of Units (SI) . United States version of the English text of the eighth edition (2006) of the International Bureau of Weights and Measures publication Le Système International d' Unités (SI) (Special Publication 330). Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. Retrieved 2008-08-18.
• Taylor, B.N. and Thompson, A. (2008b). Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (Special Publication 811). Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. Retrieved 2008-08-23.
• Turner, J. (Deputy Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology). (16 May 2008)."Interpretation of the International System of Units (the Metric System of Measurement) for the United States". Federal Register Vol. 73, No. 96, p.&nbsp;28432-3.
• UK National Physical Laboratory. Non-SI Units