Lithuanian grammar

Lithuanian grammar has a highly inflectional morphology. Its nouns are inflected for numbers and cases. Its verbs are inflected for person, tense-aspect-mood, and voice. In additional, both its nouns and verbs have multiple inflectional classes.

Many linguists consider lithuanian grammar to be highly conservative. Compared to other modern descendents of Proto-Indo-European, Lithuanian preserves relatively more grammatical features and markers from their common ancestor.

Properties and morphological categories

Grammatical terminology

:{| class="wikitable"

!rowspan="2" scope="col" | Category

!colspan="2" scope="col" | Language

! Lithuanian

! English

!rowspan="11" scope="row" | Parts of speech

| daiktavardis || noun

| būdvardis || adjective

| veiksmažodis || verb

| skaitvardis || numeral

| įvardis || pronoun

| prieveiksmis || adverb

| dalelytė || particle

| prielinksnis || preposition

| jungtukas || conjunction

| jaustukas || interjection

| ištiktukas || verbal interjection

!rowspan="7" scope="row" | Main cases (liñksniai)

| vardininkas || nominative

| kilmininkas || genitive

| naudininkas || dative

| galininkas || accusative

| įnagininkas || instrumental

| vietininkas || inessive

| šauksmininkas || vocative

!rowspan="3" scope="row" | Locative cases

| iliatyvas, kryptininkas || illative

| aliatyvas || allative

| adesyvas || adessive

!rowspan="3" scope="row" | Number (skaĩčiai)

| vienaskaita || singular

| dviskaita || dual

| daugiskaita || plural

!rowspan="3" scope="row" | Degrees of comparison (láipsniai)

| nelyginamasis || positive

| aukštesnysis || comparative

| aukščiausiasis || superlative

!rowspan="2" scope="row" | Genders (gìminės)

| vyriškoji || masculine

| moteriškoji || feminine

!rowspan="4" scope="row" | Tenses (laikaĩ)

| esamasis || present

| būtasis kartinis || past

| būtasis dažninis || past iterative

| būsimasis || future

!rowspan="4" scope="row" | Moods (núosakos)

| tiesioginė || indicative

| netiesioginė || indirect

| tariamoji || conditional (subjunctive)

| liepiamoji || imperative

!rowspan="2" scope="row" | Voices (rū́šys)

| veikiamoji || active

| neveikiamoji || passive

!rowspan="2" scope="row" | Aspects (veikslaĩ)

| įvykio || perfective

| eigos || continuous, progressive

Gender

Lithuanian nouns are classified into one of two genders:

masculine
feminine

Lithuanian adjectives, numerals, pronouns and participles are classified into one of three genders:

masculine
feminine
neuter

Since no noun can have a neutral gender, it is used with subjects of neutral or undefined gender:

Ji () yra graži () – She is beautiful.
Mokytojas () bus pasirengęs () – The teacher will be ready.
Skaityti buvo įdomu (neuter) – Reading was interesting.

The gender of a pronoun kas – 'who? what?', personal pronouns aš / mes – 'I' / 'we', tu / jūs – 'you (singular) / you (plural)' and a reflexive pronoun savęs is indefinite, it means any of the genders. The word kas uses masculine inflections, the other pronouns have their own specific paradigm. The nouns of the indefinite gender have feminine form inflections.

The masculine gender is also the indeterminate gender as in many other Indo-European languages. This means that for an entire mixed group of objects belonging to masculine and feminine genders, the masculine gender is used. The masculine as the indeterminate gender differs from the indefinite gender, which allows treatment of the word in two ways.

Note that there are many nouns that use masculine or feminine genders without any reason of biological gender, for instance, words that denote inanimate objects. The masculine or feminine usage of these words is stable (with few exceptions) and doesn't depend on the will of a speaker.

Lithuanian grammatical genders are similar to, for instance, Latin:

:{| class="wikitable" style="line-height: 1.4em;"

|- valign=top

| nominative    genitive || vilkas wolf vilko || kalba language kalbos || prekė commodity prekės || pilis castle pilies || viršus top viršaus || akmuo stone akmens || girdė́tas, girdė́ta, girdė́ta heard; gender sequence: , , girdė́to, girdė́tos from girdė́ti – to hear (continuing, imperfective action) || ìšgirstas, išgirstà, ìšgirsta heard ìšgirsto, išgirstõs from išgir̃sti – to hear (one-time, perfective action)

|- valign=top

| nominative    genitive || lupus wolf lupī || lingua language linguae || rēs thing reī || turris tower turris|| frūctus fruit frūctūs || acūmen  sharp point acūminis || audītus, audīta, audītum heard, listened; from audīre [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/audio#Latin] – to hear, listen audītī, audītae, audītī

Grammatical number

The Lithuanian language has two main numbers, singular and plural. It has also a dual number, which is used in certain dialects, such as Samogitian. Some words in the standard language retain their dual forms (for example du ("two") and abu ("both"), an indefinite number and super-plural words (dauginiai žodžiai in Lithuanian). Dual forms of pronouns used in the standard language are also optional.

The singular number indicates that the denoted thing is one or indivisible (as in méilė – love, smė̃lis – sand, píenas – milk). The plural number, when it can be in contrast with the singular, indicates that there are many of the things denoted by the word. But sometimes, when a word doesn't have the singular number, being a plurale tantum noun, the plural form doesn't indicate real singularity or plurality of the denoted object(s).

Adjectives and numerals also have the singular-plural distinction. Their number depends on that of the noun they are attributed to.

The dual number indicates a pair of things. Historically, the dual number has been a full grammatical number, participating as the third element in singular-dual – plural distinction. During the last century, the dual was used more or less sporadically in Lithuanian, sometimes reaching the status of a full number for agreement purposes, meaning the dual of noun required dual agreement in its adjectives or the dual of the subject required the dual of the verb. But in many more cases the dual was reduced to a nominal category explicitly indicating a pair of things, but not requiring dual agreement of adjectives or verbs. Presently, the dual is mostly used as a declension paradigm for numbers du – two, abu – both (and a variant abudu – idem) and with personal pronouns aš – I, mùdu – we two (mẽs – we) and tu – you, jùdu – you two (jū̃s – you).

:{|

| colspan=4| dual || || colspan=4| plural

| present || past || future || imperative || || present || past || future || imperative

| eĩnava – we two are going; we two go || ė̃jova || eĩsiva || eĩkiva – let us two go || || eĩname || ė̃jome || eĩsime || eĩkime – let us go

| eĩnata – you two are going; you two go || ė̃jota || eĩsita || eĩkita – you two go || || eĩnate || ė̃jote || eĩsite || eĩkite

| colspan=4| || || colspan=4| singular

| colspan=4 rowspan=2| || || einù || ėjaũ || eĩsiu ||

| || einì || ėjaĩ || eĩsi || eĩk – go

The indefinite number indicates that the same form of the word can be understood singular or plural, depending both on situation and on other words in the sentence. There are only few words that demonstrate indefinite number, and the indefinite number doesn't have its own forms in Lithuanian. These words are pronouns kas – 'who? what?', kažkas – 'something, somebody' and reflexive pronoun savęs. All of them use inflections of the singular.

The super-plural words are a few numbers and pronouns that indicate a counting not of separate things, but of groups of things.

:keleri – 'several (groups of)'

:abeji – 'both (groups of)'

:(vieneri – 'one (group of)')

:dveji – 'two (groups of)'

:treji – 'three (groups of)'

:ketveri – 'four (groups of)'

:penkeri – 'five (groups of)'

:šešeri – 'six (groups of)'

:septyneri – 'seven (groups of)'

:aštuoneri – 'eight (groups of)'

:devyneri – 'nine (groups of)'

These words are also used with plurale tantum nouns instead of plural words (keli, abu, du, trys and so on), in which case they indicate not the plural of groups, but just the semantic plural or singular (a word vieneri – 'one' only) of the noun.

Cases of declined words

Nominative – vardininkas
Genitive – kilmininkas; it also functions similarly to the ablative case in other languages.
Dative – naudininkas
Accusative – galininkas
Instrumental – įnagininkas
Locative cases:

:* Locative (inessive) – vietininkas

:* Illative – (iliatyvas, sometimes referred as kryptininkas); dialectal, without clear status in the standard Lithuanian

:* Allative; obsolete, the singular is reduced to adverbs

:* Adessive; extinct

Vocative – šauksmininkas

Examples of the locative cases:

inessive is fully used locative case (and the only one of Indo-European origin, the following three being borrowed to Uralic). An example: nãmas – a house, namè – in a house, vyruose – in men. It is also used for a temporal meaning in some words: vakarè – in the evening (vãkaras 'an evening'). But more nouns are used in accusative for the latter meaning: vãsarą – in summer, rùdenį – in autumn, trẽčią vãlandą – in three o'clock. This accusative form also means duration: trečią dieną kepina (kepina is idiomatic or slang in such meaning) – it is the third day when it (sun) sizzles (its heat). Plural forms for temporal "locatives" are expressed by instrumental: vakaraĩs – in / by evenings, vãsaromis – in / by summers.
illative is used sparingly. Some terms are normal, for example, in law: patráukti baudžiamõjon atsakomýbėn – to prosecute; literally: to draw, pull, move to penal amenability (not į (to) baudžiamają atsakomybę , not (for) baudžiamajai atsakomybei dative). Other examples: singular káiman – to(wards) the village, miškañ – to(wards) a forest, and forms of the common language į káimą, į mìšką; plural káimuos-na, miškúos-na and common forms į káimus, į miškùs;
allative. Examples: namop – up to the home. Today it is used only in a few idiomic expressions like vakaróp – about nightfall, velnióp – to hell with smth.; šuniop – down the drain (about dog, to a dog); galóp – ultimately; nuteisti myriop – to send to the scaffold;
adessive. Examples: laukíe-p – beside the field, at the field, namíe-p . It is a historical or dialectal case, extinct in modern standard Lithuanian, but it is preserved in the adverbs: namie – at home, netoli(e) – not far, toli(e) – far, arti(e) – nearby, vienaip ar kitaip – anyway, savaip – in one's own fashion/way, tavaip – in your () fashion/way, visaip – diversely. etc.

The later three locatives are adverb-forming cases.

Nouns

Lithuanian grammar makes a distinction between proper and common nouns. Only proper nouns are capitalized. Some nouns, for example sun and moon, can be both proper and common. There are no articles in Lithuanian.

The genders of nouns are masculine and feminine. A rough rule of thumb is that almost all masculine nouns in nominative case end in -s and most feminine in -(i)a or -ė. There are no strict rules governing the gender. For example, upė – river, is feminine, but upelis – rivulet, is masculine. There is no neuter gender ("it gender"), but there are a few words that can be applied to both genders equally. They mostly describe people, have negative connotations, and end in -a, for example vė́pla – dummy, el̃geta – beggar, naktìbalda – night-lumberer, a person who does not sleep at night, but mėmė̃ – gawk.

There are no separate declension paradigms for animate and inanimate nouns in Lithuanian.

Number

Most nouns have singular and plural numbers. There are some words that have only singular (e.g., pienas – milk, auksas – gold, gripas – flu, laimė – happiness) or only plural (e.g., lubos – ceiling, miltai – flour, kelnės – trousers) forms. Most such words are abstract (i.e., represent concepts like luck or love and not tangible things such as table or house), describe material or name a disease. However, in some instances, for example poetic language, it is possible to use singular nouns in plural form.

Noun modification by numeral

In Lithuanian the choice of form when a count noun is to be used in conjunction with a number depends on the final digits of the number in question. The distribution of number and case differs somewhat from the similar systems used in Slavic languages. This system stands in stark contrast to those of Romance and Germanic languages.

:{| class="wikitable"

! Number ends with

! Form

! Example

| 1 (excluding 11)

| Singular

| 31 litas

| 2–9 (excluding 12–19)

| Plural

| 25 litai

|- valign=top

| 0 or 11–19

| Special case:  Singular + noun in plural genitive

| 110 litų

111 litų

Note: Plural or singular without the case means that the word or words can be declined in any case in plural or singular respectively, but plural genitive means that the second word remains undeclined.

Declension

Nouns in Lithuanian language have 12 declension paradigms, in scholar grammar corresponding to five declensions which are defined by the inflection in singular nominative and genitive cases. Only few borrowed words, like taksì – taxi, kupė – compartment (in a train), coupe, are not subject to declension rules.

:{| class=wikitable style="text-align: left;"

|- valign=top style="background: #efefef;"

| rowspan=2|   || colspan=2| Inflection in singular cases || colspan=3 width="300px" | Examples || rowspan=2| Notes

|- style="background: #efefef;"

| width="80px"| Nominative || width="80px"| Genitive || width="80px"| Nominative || width="80px"| Genitive || width="160px"| Meaning

|- valign=top

|I || -as, -is, -ys || -o || výras mẽdis traukinỹs kẽlias || výro mẽdžio tráukinio kẽlio || man, male; husband tree train road || Main pattern for masculine nouns.

|- valign=top

|II || -a, -i1, -ė || -os, -ės || žmonà šviesà várna pradžià sáulė || žmonõs šviesõs várnos pradžiõs sáulės || wife light crow beginning sun || Main pattern for feminine nouns; few masculine exceptions.

|- valign=top

|III || -is2 || -ies || móteris3 pilìs avìs dantìs || móteries piliẽs aviẽs dantiẽs || woman, female castle sheep tooth || Rarer; feminine nouns; fewer masculine exceptions.

|- valign=top

|IV || -us || -aus || žmogùs sūnùs medùs skaĩčius || žmogaũs sūnaũs medaũs skaĩčiaus || man (human being) son honey number || Rare; masculine nouns.

|- valign=top

| V || -uo, -ė3 || -en-s, -er-s || vanduõ akmuõ skaitmuõ sesuõ duktė̃ || vandeñs akmeñs skaitmeñs seser̃s dukter̃s || water stone digit sister daughter || Very rare; masculine nouns; four3 feminine; all are suffixed by -en- and -er- .

There are only two nouns ending in -i: pati 'wife' and marti 'daughter-in-law'. Their declension is the same to the second adjective feminine declension and similar to a second feminine noun palatalized declension. The noun pati is the same to a pronoun pati 'herself; myself ; itself (for feminine nouns)'
Exception: petys – shoulder, peties, etc., after this declensional pattern. The third declension is very similar to the fifth declension.
Duktė 'daughter' is the only word of the fifth declension, not having an ending uo. A word moteris 'woman, female' often has a genitive móters; the plural genitive of moteris is moterų (not palatalized -ių); it is the only normal form for the fifth declension and one of the two (the main is -ių) for the third. The more two words, obelis – apple tree and dieveris – (older) brother-in-law, are the same declensional case as moteris, but dieveris, being masculine possibly has a -iu. Dieveris is also the only -er- masculine case.

Typology

In the table below the numbers of nouns, received by the statistical analysis of the data in the Dictionary of contemporary Lithuanian language (Dabartinės Lietuvių kalbos žodynas; the fourth issue, 2000), are given grouped by the patterns of declension and accentuation. The data does not include verbal abstracts ending in -imas, -ymas, -umas (for instance, metimas 'a throwing; a throw' from mesti 'to throw'), 18,700 in total (12,000 of the first accentuation paradigm, 6,000 of the second), because they can be made from any verb. There may be some inaccuracies due to some specific features, for instance, there are homonyms which differ only in an accent: síetas 1 – sieve (related to sijóti – to sieve), siẽtas 2 – tether, leash (related to siẽti – to tie, bond; saĩtas – bond; leash), and the possibility exists that in some of such cases the two words were taken as one.

Words with a suffix -men-, are attributed to the third declensional pattern in these tables, but they are of the fifth, the singular (can be used for all, but is not usual for all) is -uo: for example, ãšmenys 3b – blade, sė́dmenys 3a – buttocks, nates, sėdmuõ , nẽšmenys 3b – silts, sediments carried by a water stream. The singular instrumental is -imi, like in the third declension, while for masculine words of the fifth declension the proper ending is chosen to be -iu; but -imi can also be chosen for the words of the fifth declension.

:{| class="wikitable" style="line-height: 1.1em; text-align: right; background: #FFFFFF;"

| width=50| || || width=30| 1 || width=30| 2 || width=30| 3 || width=30| 3a || width=30| 3b || width=30| 34a || width=30| 34b || width=30| 4 || width=30| alt. || width=30| all

| align=left| -as || rowspan=5| || 1907 || 3499 || 90 || 35 || 393 || 48 || 5 || 340 || 94 || 6411

|- valign=top

| align=left| -j-as || rowspan=2| 921 || rowspan=2| 16 || || rowspan=2| || rowspan=2| || rowspan=2| || rowspan=2| || 4 || rowspan=2| || rowspan=2| 944

| align=left| -ias || 1 || 2

| align=left| -is || 3085 || 2188 || || || || || || || 22 || 5295

| align=left| -ys || || || 16 || 192 || 581 || 48 || 25 || 282 || 102 || 1246

|- valign=top

| rowspan=3 align=left| -a || align=left| || 1571 ||635 ||19 ||58 ||369 ||16 ||1 ||405 ||26 ||3100

| align=left| || 1 || 11 || || || || || || || || 12

| align=left| c ||207 ||32 ||3 ||1 ||6 || || ||16 || 1 || 266

|- valign=top

| align=left| -j-a || rowspan=2| || rowspan=2| 1821 || rowspan=2| 114 || rowspan=2| || rowspan=2| || rowspan=2| 22 || rowspan=2| || rowspan=2| || rowspan=2| 43 || rowspan=2| 5 || rowspan=2| 2005

| align=left| -ia

|- valign=top

| rowspan=3 align=left| -ė || align=left| || 2668 || 2895 || 14 || 30 || 125 || 14 || 1 || 202 || 59 || 6008

| align=left| || || 4 || || || || || || || || 4

| align=left| c || 2 || 6 || || || 7 || || || 4 || || 19

|- valign=top

| align=left rowspan=3| -is || align=left| || 50 || 2 || 7 || 10 || 76 || 1 || || 99 || 10 || 255

| align=left| || 1 || 1 || 2 || 6 || 10 || || 1 || 3 || 3 || 27

| align=left| c || || || || || 3 || || 1 || 1 || 3 || 8

| align=left| -us || rowspan=3| || || 7 || 2 || || || || || 10 || || 19

|- valign=top

| align=left| -j-us || 184 || rowspan=2| 314 || rowspan=2| || rowspan=2| || rowspan=2| || rowspan=2| || rowspan=2| || rowspan=2| || rowspan=2| 1 || rowspan=2| 504

| align=left| -ius || 2

| align=left| -uo || || || || || 23 || 38 || 1 || || || 1 || 63

The numbers in the upper row mean accentuation types. For the third type the additional information is given in dictionaries. The mark 3 without the letter added, is for words, stressed in the next-to-last syllable. The letter after is for polysyllabic words and says what type of stress the syllable has in those cases where the stress falls on the stem (other cases receive it on the ending) and how distant from the ending the syllable stressed is. The letter a is for a start-firm (tvirtapradė priegaidė) accent and the letter b – for an end-firm (tvirtagalė priegaidė) and short stressed vowel. The single digit with a letter means that the stress falls on the third syllable from the ending; if the stress falls on the fourth syllable from the ending, the mark is 34a or 34b, there are also nouns having stress in the fifth (35a, 35b) and sixth (36b) syllable from the ending. Here are a few examples of nouns of the third accentuation pattern, the singular nominative and the plural dative and accusative cases: akmuõ, akmenìms, ãkmenis; áugalas, augaláms, áugalus; žándas, žandáms, žándus. The first declension also includes nouns stressed in a syllable more distant from the ending than the next-to-last, but their stress is steady throughout the cases and is always clear from the nominative singular.

In the left column the nominative singular endings of words, grouped by declensional paradigms, are given: -as, -is, -ys, -ias (masculine gender) – the first; -a (-ia), -ė (feminine gender; some other) – II; -is (feminine, some other) – III; -us (-ius) (masculine) – IV; -uo (masculine; two feminine) – V. The palatalized variants of -as, -a, -us types, that is, -ias, -ia, -ius, are counted together with those having -j- before the inflectional ending: -j-as, -j-a, -j-us.

The letters , , mean gender: – feminine, – masculine, – common (is understood as either of the genders). The column under the abbreviation alt. is for alternative forms, for instance, a word grobuonis 2, 3a – predator (of the third declension), can be accentuated in two types: (2) grobuõnis, grobuõnies, grobuõniui; (3a) grobuonìs, grobuoniẽs, gróbuoniui.

:{| class="wikitable" style="background: #FFFFFF;"

| || width=200| -as || width=140| -j-as || width=180| -is || width=130| -ys || width=100| -ias

|- valign=top

| 1. || výras – man, male, pienas – milk, skruostas – cheek || vė́jas – wind, šilójas – heather, ling; veikė́jas – character, actor, vartótojas – consumer || brólis – brother, sotis – satiety, gruodis – December, kūjis – hammer, dilbis – forearm, jautis – bull, ox, pojūtis – sense, sensation ||  – || élnias – deer (also accented el̃nias 2)

|- valign=top

| 2. || sõdas – garden, metas – specific time (to do smth, for smth), padas – sole, metatarsus, ginklas – weapon, varžtas – screw, kuras – fuel || galvijas – cow (cattle); yahoo, šalavijas – salvia, sage || žõdis – word, skonis – taste, lygis – level, kelis – knee, medis – tree, valgis – dish, meal, karštis – heat ||  – ||

|- valign=top

| 3. || stógas – roof, óras – weather, žándas – face part down from cheekbone, kalnas – mountain, beržas – birch, aidas – echo, augalas – plant ||  – ||  – || arklỹs – horse, pavyzdỹs – example, obuolỹs – apple || (1) vélnias – devil

|- valign=top

| 4. || krãštas – region; edge, strazdas – trush, ledas – ice, penas – food, pabulum, sniegas – snow, vardas – name, kulnas – heel, laikas – time, dugnas – bottom || (4) kraũjas – blood, pelėsiaĩ – molds (fungi), kapojaĩ – chaffed fodder, klijaĩ – glue ||  – || kepsnỹs – roast, fry, genỹs – woodpecker, vabzdỹs – insect || (2) kẽlias – road, svẽčias – guest

:{| class="wikitable" style="background: #FFFFFF;"

| || width=380| -a (-ia) || width=390| -ė

|- valign=top

| 1. || vė́tra – windstorm, scud, pė́da 3 – foot, lova – bed, lūpa – lip, líepa – linden, July; duona – bread, spurga – doughnut, kaina – price, koja – leg, pérėja – crosswalk, vartótoja – user || dróbė – linen, dìldė – rasp, nail file, kárvė – cow, pagálvė – pillow, vaivórykštė – rainbow, daržóvė – vegetable

|- valign=top

| 2. || rankà – hand, arm, putà – froth, vietà – place, valià – will, galià – power || brãškė – strawberry, žẽmė – earth, prẽkė – commodity, piẽnė – sowthistle, vìrvė – rope, raidė (3, 4) – letter, ùpė – river, bìtė – bee, pùsė – side, half, striùkė – jacket

|- valign=top

| 3. || galvà – head, burnà – mouth, pėdà 1 – foot, apačià – bottom, underpart || versmė̃ – fount, spring, varškė̃ – curd, aikštė̃ – square, plaza

|- valign=top

| 4. || vėsà – chill, dienà – day, lentà – board, wood cut, dainà – song, pradžià – beginning || srovė̃ – stream, kėdė̃ – chair, dėžė̃ – box, vertė̃ – value, erdvė̃ – space, eilė̃ – queue, row

:{| class="wikitable" style="background: #FFFFFF;"

| || width=150px| -is || width=150px| -uo || width=150px| -us || width=150px| -ius || width=150px| -j-us

|- valign=top

| 1. || nósis – nose, krósnis; masculine: (1) gẽležuonys – adenitis equorum, strangle || rė́muo 1 (also rėmuo 3a) – waterbrash || there is one proper word: Jė́zus – Jesus || (2) ámžius – age, stálčius – drawer (furniture); there is also one proper word: Vìlnius || rytójus – tomorrow, kritèrijus – criterion

|- valign=top

| 2. || dùrys – door, gaĩštis – dallying; masculine: (1) pirmuõnys (also deguõnis – oxygen; deguonis 3b is a rarer variant) ||  – || (7) Tur̃gus – market place, cùkrus – sugar || sõdžius – village, vaĩsius – fruit, bal̃džius – furniture maker || pavõjus – danger

|- valign=top

| 3. || širdìs – heart, obelìs – apple tree, smegenys – brain; masculine: (19) debesìs – cloud, žvėrìs – beast || akmuõ – stone 3b, vanduõ – water 3a || (2) sūnùs – son, lietùs – rain ||  – ||  –

|- valign=top

| 4. || naktìs – night, žuvìs – fish, sritìs – area, district, vinìs – nail, spike, pirtìs -, šalìs, griñdys – floor, flooring; masculine: (3) dantìs – tooth, petỹs – shoulder, ropuonìs – reptile (used word is roplỹs 4) || (1) šuõ – dog || (10) medùs, alùs, viršùs, vidùs, piẽtūs – dinner; the south ||  – ||  –

;The first declension, -as, -is, -ys, -ias.

Names of -as type have vocative -ai instead of -e of common nouns: Jõnas – Jõnai, Tòmas – Tòmai. Common nouns sometimes have this ending, it is usual for a word tė́vas: tė́vai and tė́ve.
Words having -j- before the ending -as (vė́jas – wind, naudótojas – user) have two differences of declensional cases from other -as words; -j- is soft sound and the locative for these words is like in soft -is / -ys / -ias type (mẽdyje, kepsnyjè, kelyjè), but with a vowel changed where needed for an easier pronunciation: vė́jyje, but naudótojuje. Vocative is also different: vėjau, naudótojau (naudotoje would sound the same as naudótoja, which is feminine (nominative and vocative) form of the same word. The vocative is similar for -as and -ė words: ą́žuolas – oak : ą́žuole and ẽglė – spruce : ẽgle). This form is sometimes present in other cases: brólis : voc. bróli and brolaũ, vélnias : vélniau. Many of these -j- words are made with an actors (personal, not for things) suffix -ėjas , -ėja , -t-ojas , -t-oja : veĩkti 'to act, affect; operate' – veikė́jas 'actor, character'; naudóti 'to use' – naudótojas 'user'.
There are only a few -ias words, they are declined like -ys words, except some cases: nominative for kẽlias, nominative and vocative for elnias – elni, and vélnias – vélniau.
-is and -ys words differ in that -is words (with the short i sound) are stressed on the stem (I, II accentuation patterns) and -ys words (with the same sound, but long) are stressed on the ending (III, IV accentuation patterns). In the -is type almost half of the nouns have consonants t, d in the stem ending. These consonants change when palatalized: mẽdis – mẽdžio etc. (in the -as paradigm, on the other hand, there are no cases with palatalization: vardas – vardo etc.). In the -ys type about 12% of nouns have t, d as stem ending.

;The second, -a (-ia), -ė ( -ės)

a type; twelve nouns are of masculine gender: viršilà 2 – warrant-officer, sergeant, barzdylà 2 – bearded one (person) ( barzdỹlos; it can also be heard barzdýla 1, barzdýlos; this is either a mistake and outcome of nivellation of accents or a type of word formation without changing an accent, compare adjectives, for example, ausýlas , -a 'sharp-eard'), vaivadà – voivode (historical office) (it is attributed to be of the 2 accentuation type in vocabularies, but it is of 3 or 1 if used in language: vaivadà 3, vaĩvadai or vaĩvada 1), maršálka 1 – historical office: mareschalus, marshal. 265 – of common gender: mušeikà 2 (1) – scrapper, bruiser, personà 2 – personage, nebrendilà 2 – immaturely behaving person (in language can also be heard nebrendýla 1, nebrendylà 2), nekláužada 1 – tinker (kid), namìsėda 1 – home-keeping, who sits at home. Two words have -i ending: martì 4 – daughter-in-law, patì 4 – wife (more like older).
ė type; four nouns are masculine: dė̃dė 2 – uncle, tė̃tė 2 (more used or equal variant is tė̃tis 2) – dad, dailìdė 2 – carpenter, woodworker and ciùcė 2 – doggy (in kid speech). 19 words are of common gender: garsenýbė 1 – renowned (person, thing), tauškalỹnė 2 – wind-bag, gasser, mėmė̃ 4 – gawk, spiegėlė̃ 3b – who shrieks too much (the latter word, for example, is not very likely to be heard, a word spieglỹs, -ė̃ 4 would probably occur). The t, d stems in -ė are present in the following percentage through the four accentuation paradigms: I – 15%, II – 35%, III – 23%, IV – 12%.

;The third, -is

There were 245 feminine and 24 masculine nouns in this class. 6 nouns have common gender: (the first three can also be attributed to masculine gender

The indirect mood, sometimes called "participle speech", has multiple uses, but primarily denote actions not experienced directly by the speaker and bearing a high degree of uncertainty: Čia kažkada stovėjusi tvirtovė – [I'm not really sure, it seems like] some time ago there stood a fortress here.

Another widely known use of the indirect mood is describing actions in fictional literature (especially folklore) (could be considered as an equivalent of French Passé simple, except that in Lithuanian it is not limited to the past): Kartą gyvenęs kalvis, kuris turėjęs du sūnus – Once there lived a smith who had two sons.

In modern Lithuanian this mood is not very widely used, because other ways of expressing uncertainty and fictional events exist.

Imperative mood

The imperative mood has three forms or tenses (simple, perfect and inchoative). The simple form of the 2nd person of singular, the 1st and the 2nd persons of plural is very regular:

Remove the infinitive ending -ti (the stress pattern is always the same as the infinitive).
Add the suffix -k- to the stem.
Finally, add the corresponding ending.

The 3rd person imperative is sometimes called the "optative mood" and has numerous equivalent forms:

By adding a simple grammatical prefix te- to the 3rd person of the present tense (tedìrba – let him work). Used moderately often.
By adding a simple grammatical prefix te- to the 3rd person of the present tense and replacing the ending with -i.e. or -ai (tedirbiẽ – let him work, teskaĩtai – let him read). Obsolete / rare.
By adding one of the particles tè, tegùl, tegù, laĩ before the 3rd person of the present tense (or sometimes the future tense): tegùl dìrba – let him work, laĩ skaĩto – let him read. Used very often.

:{| class="wikitable"

! colspan=1| dìrbti – to work

! colspan=1| norė́ti – to want

! colspan=1| skaitýti – to read

! colspan=1| praũstis – to wash oneself

! colspan=1| bū́ti – to be

|align="right"|I

|colspan=5|—

|align="right"|You (singular)

|dìrbk(i)

|norė́k(i)

|skaitýk(i)

|praũskis

|būk(i)

|align="right"|He/She/It

|tedirbiẽ / tedìrba

|tenoriẽ / tenóri

|teskaĩtai / teskaĩto

|tesiprausiẽ / tesipraũsia

|teesiẽ / tebūniẽ / tebùs

|align="right"|We

|dìrbkime

|norė́kime

|skaitýkime

|praũskimės

|bū́kime

|align="right"|You (plural)

|dìrbkite

|norė́kite

|skaitýkite

|praũskitės

|bū́kite

|align="right"|They

|tedirbiẽ / tedìrba

|tenoriẽ / tenóri

|teskaĩtai / teskaĩto

|tesiprausiẽ / tesipraũsia

|teesiẽ / tebūniẽ / tebùs

The imperative mood is used to describe an action that the speaker wants another person to do: Duok pinigų! – Give me some money! Iš pradžių įleiskime svečius. – Let us at first invite the guests in. This mood is actively used in modern Lithuanian.

The 2nd person of singular has its ending -i only in poetry / fictional literature. The usage of this ending is usually an indication of poetic style.

The perfect and inchoative forms are composed of the auxiliary verb būti in its simple imperative form and of an active participle of the main verb, matched according to gender and number of the person:

:{| class="wikitable"

! colspan=1| Perfect

! colspan=1| Inchoative

|align="right"|I

|colspan=5|—

|align="right"|You (singular)

|būk skaitęs / skaičiusi

|būk beskaitąs / beskaitainti

|align="right"|He/She/It

|tebūnie skaitęs / skaičiusi

|tebūnie beskaitąs / beskaitainti

|align="right"|We

|būkime skaitę / skaičiusios

|būkime beskaitą / beskaitainčios

|align="right"|You (plural)

|būkite skaitę / skaičiusios

|būkite beskaitą / beskaitainčios

|align="right"|They

|tebūnie skaitę / skaičiusios

|tebūnie beskaitą / beskaitančios

Imperative perfect means an instruction of the speaker that has to be completed before some other event: Pirmadienį jau būkite apsisprendę – Please already have your decision made by Monday. This form is actively used in modern Lithuanian.

Imperative inchoative means an instruction of the speaker that has to be started before some other event and continued afterwards: Kai grįšiu, būkite bedirbą – When I'll come back, please be working. This form is obsolete.

Conditional mood

The conditional mood has three forms or tenses (simple, perfect and inchoative). It is very regular to form:

Remove the infinitive suffix -ti (the stress pattern is always the same as the infinitive).
Add the respective suffix and ending.

:{| class="wikitable"

! colspan=1| dìrbti – to work

! colspan=1| norė́ti – to want

! colspan=1| skaitýti – to read

! colspan=1| praũstis – to wash oneself

! colspan=1| bū́ti – to be

|align="right"|I

|dìrbčiau

|norė́čiau

|skaitýčiau

|praũsčiausi

|bū́čiau

|align="right"|You (singular)1

|dìrbtum(ei)

|norė́tum(ei)

|skaitýtum(ei)

|praũstumeisi

|bū́tum(ei)

|align="right"|He/She/It

|dìrbtų

|norė́tų

|skaitýtų

|praũstųsi

|bū́tų

|align="right"|We2

|dìrbtu(mė)me

|norė́tu(mė)me

|skaitýtu(mė)me

|praũstu(mė)mės

|bū́tu(mė)me

|align="right"|You (plural)2,3

|dìrbtu(mė)te

|norė́tu(mė)te

|skaitýtu(mė)te

|praũstu(mė)tės

|bū́tu(mė)te

|align="right"|They

|dìrbtų

|norė́tų

|skaitýtų

|praũstųsi

|bū́tų

:*1The longer form with the ending -ei is used very rarely in modern Lithuanian.

:*2In modern colloquial speech the shorter forms actually retain the -mė- syllable, but remove the final -e (except for reflexive verbs): dirbtumėm, skaitytumėt.

:*3A shorter form without -mė- does exist, but is used very rarely.

This mood is actively used in modern Lithuanian and one of its functions corresponds to the English conditional mood. The conditional mood is used to describe a hypothetical action that could take place if certain conditions were met (hence the name) or a desired action in present or in future: Panaikinus muitus, sumažėtų prekių kainos – Having eliminated customs duties, prices would go down. Conditional mood is used in conditional (if) sentences; this usage requires conditional mood in subordinate and main clauses if both actions are perceived as hypothetical: Visi laimėtų, jeigu priimtumėte šį pasiūlymą. – There would be a win-win situation for everyone if you accepted this offer.

Another very important function of conditional mood is the expression of purpose in final clauses (corresponds to Subjunctive mood in English): Dirbu viršvalandžius, kad uždirbčiau daugiau. – I work extra hours so that I earn more.

The third function of conditional mood is the expression of politeness: Siūlyčiau panagrinėti šią temą kitu kampu. – I would like to suggest to examine this topic from a different angle.

The perfect and inchoative forms are composed of the auxiliary verb būti in its simple conditional form and of an active participle of the main verb, matched according to gender and number of the person:

:{| class="wikitable"

! colspan=1| Perfect

! colspan=1| Inchoative

|align="right"|I

|būčiau skaitęs / skaičiusi

|būčiau beskaitąs / beskaitainti

|align="right"|You (singular)

|būtum skaitęs / skaičiusi

|būtum beskaitąs / beskaitainti

|align="right"|He/She/It

|būtų skaitęs / skaičiusi

|būtų beskaitąs / beskaitainti

|align="right"|We

|būtume skaitę / skaičiusios

|būtume beskaitą / beskaitainčios

|align="right"|You (plural)

|būtumėte skaitę / skaičiusios

|būtumėte beskaitą / beskaitainčios

|align="right"|They

|būtų skaitę / skaičiusios

|būtų beskaitą / beskaitančios

Conditional perfect is actively used in modern Lithuanian. It means a hypothetical action in the past that would have taken place if certain conditions had been met (corresponds to the semantically equivalent form in English): Vadovas būtų pritaręs renginiui, bet niekas nerodė iniciatyvos. – The leader would have approved the event, but nobody showed initiative.

Inchoative conditional means an action that could have started in the past and continued until present if certain conditions were met: Jei jis būtų paklaũsęs mano patarimo, šiandien būtų besimáudąs turtuose. – If he had listened to my advice, today he would be rolling in money. This form is obsolete.

Passive voice

In Lithuanian, passive voice is always analytical and structured differently from the active voice. Passive voice has no perfect tense and no inchoative aspect, because similar semantic relationships can be expressed by the present or past passive participle dichotomy.

Passive voice is always composed of the auxiliary verb būti in its respective tense or person and either a present passive participle or a past passive participle that must match the gender and number of the subject. Sometimes the necessity participle can be used as well. In order to avoid redundancy, the following table only includes the masculine third person, singular.

:{| class="wikitable"

! colspan=1| Present passive

! colspan=1| Past passive

!rowspan=4|Indicative mood

!Present

|yra baigiamas

|yra baigtas

!Past

|bùvo baĩgiamas

|buvo baigtas1

!Past iterative

|bū́davo baigiamas

|būdavo baigtas

!Future

|bùs baigiamas

|bus baigtas

!rowspan=4|Indirect mood

!Present

|esą̃s baigiamas

|esąs baigtas

!Past

|bùvęs baigiamas

|buvęs baigtas1

!Past iterative

|bū́davęs baigiamas

|būdavęs baigtas

!Future

|bū́siąs baigiamas

|būsiąs baigtas

!colspan=2|Imperative mood

|tebūnie baigiamas

|tebūnie baigtas

!colspan=2|Conditional mood

|būtų baigiamas

|būtų baigtas

:*1This form for all persons can expressed using the passive (invariable) neuter gender participle bū́ta instead of the active participle bùvęs, usually for intransitive verbs: Prieš tai mes buvome [buvę] apsilankę muziejuje → Prieš tai mūsų būta apsilankyta muziejuje. – Before that we had gone to a museum → Before that it had been gone by us to a museum. This structure is rarely used in modern Lithuanian.

The subject of the active voice is converted to the passive voice using its possessive genitive form (hence aš, tu (I, you) converts not into manęs, tavęs, but mano, tavo): Vaikus pagimdei tu, bet užauginau aš → Vaikai buvo tavo pagimdyti, bet mano užauginti. – You gave birth to the children, but I raised them → The children were given birth by you, but raised by me. The possessive adjectives are indeclinable.

Passive voice structures with present participle are the passive equivalents of active voice simple tenses: Mokslininkai atranda tolimas planetas → Tolimos planetos yra mokslininkų atrandamos – Scientists discover distant planets → Distant planets are being discovered by scientists. Kaime bijodavo vilkų → Kaime būdavo bijoma vilkų – Village [people] used to fear wolves → Wolves used to be feared by village [people].

Passive voice structures with past participle are the passive equivalents of active voice perfect tenses: Siuntinį paštas bus pristatęs iki Kalėdų → Siuntys bus pašto pristatytas iki Kalėdų – The post office will have delivered the parcel until Christmas → The parcel will have been delivered by the post office until Christmas. Už tokį poelgį tave būtų pagerbę → Už tokį poelgį būtum pagerbtas – One would have praised you for such a behaviour → You would have been praised for such a behaviour.

Because of the flexibility offered by the neuter gender, in Lithuanian most active voice structures can be converted into passive voice, including intransitive, reflexive and even impersonal verbs. A transitive example (some or most of the English translations are literal, do not make sense in English and are shown only to give an idea):

Tinginys valgo duoną → Duona yra tinginio valgoma – A lazy one is eating bread → Bread is being eaten by a lazy one.
An intransitive example: Vaikai smagiai pažais ir nueis miegoti → Vaikų bus smagiai pažaista ir nueita miegoti – Children will play pleasantly and then go to sleep → It we be played pleasantly and then gone to sleep by children.
A reflexive example: Šeimos pykdavosi dėl menkniekių → Šeimose būdavo pykstamasi dėl menkniekių – The families used to quarrel for nothing → It used to be quarrelled in the families for nothing.
An impersonal example: Po vakarykštės audros daug prilijo → Po vakarykštės audros daug prilyta – There is a lot of rain water after yesterday's storm – It has been a lot of rain water after yesterday's storm.

Generally in modern Lithuanian absence of the subject has a very limited use (except for impersonal verbs). In cases where an active voice structure would have no subject or there is no need for it (except for impersonal verbs), a passive voice equivalent is used instead: Čia nerūko! → Čia nerūkoma! – [Nobody] smokes here! → No smoking here! (The subject would be too broad). Skubiai išnuomoja dviejų kambarių butą. → Skubiai išnuomojamas dviejų kambarių butas. [Someone] is urgently renting a two-room apartment. → A two-room apartment is urgently for rent. (The subject is not necessary).

The opposite case is true as well. If a passive voice structure has an agent expressed in the genitive case, an active voice structure is preferred: Pilietinė visuomenė turi būti skatinama vyriausybės. → (more common) Vyriausybė turi skatinti pilietinę visuomenę. – A civil society should be promoted by the government. → The government should promote a civil society.

Participles

Lithuanian retains a rich system of participles, fourteen in total. In contrast English contains just two: the present participle ("the eating cow") and the past participle ("the eaten cow").

Adjectival participles decline as adjectives, while adverbial participles are not declined.[http://www.lituanus.org/1984_3/84_3_05.htm].

In Lithuanian participles are very important part of every type of speech. All of them have their own function, but not all are used equally often.

Adjectival participles

Adjectival participles have all the adjectival characteristics: three genders (masculine, feminine, neuter), pronominal forms, mostly identical declension and sometimes even degrees of comparison. Their primary function is to describe a nominal part of speech (usually a noun), like any adjective would in their position, hence they are matched by gender, case and number with the noun they are describing.

They can be active or passive. In the following tables only nominative case forms are given.

The verb used is baĩgti (to finish).

Active (non pronominal forms):

::{| class="wikitable"

!!!colspan="3"|Simple

!colspan="3"|Reflexive

!!!Masculine||Feminine||Neuter||Masculine||Feminine||Neuter

!Present

|baigią̃s / baĩgiantis||baĩgianti||baigią̃||besibaigią̃s / besibaĩgiantis / baĩgiąsis||besibaĩgianti / baĩgiantis||besibaigią̃ / baigią̃si

!Past

|baĩgęs||baĩgusi||baĩgę||baĩgęsis||baĩgusis||baĩgęsi

!Past iterative

|baĩgdavęs||baĩgdavusi||baĩgdavę||baĩgdavęsis||baĩgdavusis||baĩgdavęsi

!Future

|baigsią̃s / baĩgsiantis||baĩgsianti||baigsią̃||baĩgsiąsis||baĩgsiantis||baĩgsiąsi

Active (pronominal counterparts):

:{| class="wikitable"

!!!colspan="3"|Simple

!colspan="3"|Reflexive

!!!Masculine||Feminine||Neuter||Masculine||Feminine||Neuter

!Present

|baigiantỹsis||baigiančióji||–||besibaigiantỹsis||besibaigiančióji||–

!Past

|baigusỹsis||baigusióji||–||(pa)sibaigusỹsis1||(pa)sibaigusióji1||–

!Past iterative

|–||–||–||–||–||–

!Future

|baigsiantỹsis||baigsiančióji||–||(pa)sibaigsiantỹsis1||(pa)sibaigsiančióji1||–

:*1This form only exists for verbs with prefixes (except for be-).

One of the main functions of active participles is to describe a characteristic of a noun related to some ongoing, past or future action in which the said noun is the agent: migruojantys paukščiai – migrating birds, nepatyręs vairuotojas – inexperienced driver, pablogėsiančios darbo sąlygos – working conditions that will worsen. Only present, past simple and future active participles can fulfill this function.
Another function of active participles is to describe a secondary action performed by the sentence subject before the main action: Atidariusi langą mergina grožėjosi tekančia saule. – Having opened the window, the girl admired the sunrise. This function is limited to the past simple participle and is one of its most common uses. If there is a need to describe a secondary action performed by the sentence subject at the same time as the main action, the pusdalyvis must be used instead (present active participle does not have this function): Atidarydama langą mergina grožėjosi tekančia saule. – While opening the window, the girl admired the sunrise. See "Adverbial participles" for further explanation.
The third, a somewhat rarer, function is to explain (precise) another verb by indicating a secondary action of which the subject is the agent: Kaltinamasis prisipažįsta padaręs nusikaltimą ir labai dėl to gailisi. – The defendant confesses having committed the crime and sincerely regrets it. If the subject is not the agent expressed in the nominative case of a noun or a pronoun, an adverbial participle must be used instead.

Passive (non pronominal forms):

:{| class="wikitable"

!!!colspan="3"|Simple

!colspan="3"|Reflexive

!!!Masculine||Feminine||Neuter||Masculine||Feminine||Neuter

!Present

|baĩgiamas||baigiamà||baĩgiama||(už)sibaĩgiamas2||(už)sibaigiamà2||baĩgiamasi

!Past

|baĩgtas||baigtà||baĩgta||(už)sìbaigtas2||(už)sibaigtà2||baĩgtasi

!Past iterative

|colspan="6" style="text-align: center;"| —

!Future

|baĩgsimas||baigsimà||baĩgsima||(už)sibaĩgsimas2||(už)sibaigsimà2||baĩgsimasi

!Necessity

|baĩgtinas||baigtinà||baĩgtina||(už)sibaĩgtinas2||(už)sibaigtinà2||baĩgtinasi

Passive (pronominal counterparts):

:{| class="wikitable"

!!!colspan="3"|Simple

!colspan="3"|Reflexive

!!!Masculine||Feminine||Neuter||Masculine||Feminine||Neuter

!Present

|baigiamàsis||baigiamóji||–||(už)sibaigiamàsis2||(už)sibaigiamóji2||–

!Past

|baigtàsis||baigtóji||–||(už)sibaigtàsis2||(už)sibaigtóji2||–

!Past iterative

|colspan="6" style="text-align: center;"| —

!Future

|baigsimàsis||baigsimóji||–||(už)sibaigsimàsis2||(už)sibaigsimóji2||–

!Necessity

|baigtinàsis||baigtinóji||–||(už)sibaigtinàsis2||(už)sibaigtinóji2||–

:*2This form only exists for transitive verbs with prefixes (except for be-). In Lithuanian reflexive verbs can be transitive: susipinti plaukus – to plait one's hair [to oneself].

Passive voice present participles and the necessity participles can acquire degrees of comparison if their meaning allows it: mėgti (to like) → liked (favourite), mėgstamesnis (more liked), mėgstamiausias (most liked/favorite); būti (to be) → būtinas (necessary), būtinesnis (more necessary), būtiniausias (the most necessary).

The necessity participles are used to describe something that has to be done: Įsidėmėtinos rašybos atvejis – A spelling case one has to pay special attention to. Abejotina, ar mums pavyks – It is to be doubted if we succeed. Mostly limited to official styles, but certain participles are actively used in colloquial speech as well, some of them being considered more adjectives than verbs: Jis suimtas už pasibaisėtiną elgesį su gyvūnais – He was arrested for an appalling behaviour with animals. (Pasibaisėtinas = one that has to be detested).

Main passive participles mainly denote actions that have impact upon nouns they describe: statomas namas – a house that is being built, iškeltas klausimas – a question that has been raised, vykdysimas įsakymas – an order that will be obeyed. Future passive participles are rare in modern speech.

Present passive participles very often have an active meaning, especially if the verb is intransitive, and are one of the terminology building tools: kuliamoji mašina – a threshing machine, taupomasis bankas – a savings bank, grįžtamasis ryšys – a feedback. If the verb is transitive, it can be used in its intransitive meaning in form of a present passive participle: gydomasis vanduo – healing water. Compare: geriamasis vanduo – drinking water. The difference in those cases is only semantic (water cannot be healed, thus it is accepted that gydomasis vanduo denotes water having healing properties, but not water being healed).

Adverbial participles

As the name suggests, adverbial participles have the characteristics of an adverb and are used to describe the verb instead of the subject. There are three types of such participles: padalyvis ("sub-participle"), pusdalyvis ("half-participle") and būdinys ("descriptive participle"). These forms are not conjugatable, although the pusdalyvis has feminine and masculine genders for both singular and plural. These forms do not have equivalents in English or other languages (except Latvian), the given translations of these names are ad hoc.

:{| class="wikitable"

!!!Simple

!Reflexive

!Present padalyvis

|baĩgiant||baĩgiantis

!Past padalyvis

|baĩgus||baĩgusis

!Past iterative padalyvis

|baĩgdavus||baĩgdavusis

!Future padalyvis

|baĩgsiant||baĩgsiantis

!rowspan="2"|Pusdalyvis

|baĩgdamas ( ), baigdamà ( )||baĩgdamasis ( ), baĩgdamasi ( )

|baigdamì ( ), baĩgdamos ( )||baĩgdamiesi ( ), baĩgdomosi ( )

!Būdinys (I)

|baigtè||–

!Būdinys (II)

|baigtinaĩ||–

The primary function of the padalyvis is to indicate an action that is happening at the same time (present padalyvis) or before (past padalyvis) the event said with the main verb, of which the sentence subject is not the agent: Lauko darbus mes dirbome saulei šviečiant (present padalyvis) – We were doing the field works the sun shining; Skaniai pavalgius malonu pamiegoti (past padalyvis) – Having eaten a delicious meal, it is pleasant to take a nap.
The primary function of the pusdalyvis is to indicate a simultaneous, but secondary action done by the sentence subject in nominative case (it must be matched according to gender and number with the said subject): Lauko darbus mes dirbome dainuodami – We were doing the field works while singing. In this case the present padalyvis participle can be used as well: Lauko darbus mes dirbome dainuojant, but this time the sentence will mean: We were doing the field works while someone else was singing. A secondary action done previously by the sentence subject can be expressed with adjectival past simple participle: Lauko darbus mes dirbome padainavę – We were doing the field works having sung. When used with the preposition prieš (before), pusdalyvis and padalyvis denote a secondary action in future: Lauko darbus mes dirbome prieš dainuodami. – We were doing the field works before singing. Lauko darbus mes dirbome prieš dainuojant. – We were doing the field works before someone else started to sing.

This table shows the participle usage in temporal adverbial phrases:

:{| class="wikitable"

!!!Past action

!Simultaneous action

!Future action

!Sentence subject is the agent

|Past simple adjectival participle

|Pusdalyvis

|Prieš + pusdalyvis

!Sentence subject is not the agent

|Past padalyvis

|Present padalyvis

|Prieš + padalyvis

Another function of the padalyvis is to explain (precise) another verb by indicating a secondary action of which the subject is not the agent: Vartydamas seną albumą, prisiminiau mus šiame ežere maudydavusis – While seeing an old photo album, I remembered us having used to swim in this lake. If the subject is the agent, an adjectival participle must be used instead.

This table shows the participle usage as an object.:

:{| class="wikitable"

!!!Simultaneous action

!Past action

!Multiple actions in the past

!Future action

!Sentence subject is the agent

|Present adjectival active participle

|Past simple adjectival active participle

|Past iterative adjectival active participle

|Future adjectival active participle

!Sentence subject is not the agent

|Present padalyvis

|Past padalyvis

|Past iterative padalyvis

|Future padalyvis

The būdinys (the descriptive or intensifying participle) reinforces the meaning of the verb being described: Šaukte šaukiausi pagalbos, niekas neatsiliepė – I was shouting loudly for help, nobody answered. Type I būdinys is used relatively often in some written and colloquial speech. Type II būdinys is very rare and can only be found in literary language. Their primary function is the same. In some grammars they are not considered verbs, but adverbs derived from verbs.

Grammatical aspect

All Lithuanian verbs can be characterized by their aspect which can be either perfective or imperfective. Nevertheless, this important dichotomy is semantical, rather than expressed by purely grammatical means. Formally distinguishing an imperfective verb from its perfective counterpart is not possible, since those forms are not mutually exclusive or interdependent. Moreover, certain grammatical categories (like past iterative tense) automatically negate any perfectiveness a certain verb might have in infinitive or in other tenses. The opposite is true as well: a different tense (like an inchoative or perfect tense) of an otherwise imperfective verb automatically grants a perfective meaning. Contrary to modern Slavonic languages, each and every Lithuanian verb, in spite of its aspect, has all tenses and forms described in previous chapters of this article.

Nevertheless, certain very general rules can be laid down to detect the aspect of a verb in Lithuanian.

The imperfective aspect of a verb means the continuity of an action or a repetitiveness of a completed action. The imperfective aspect can sometimes be implied by:

The absence of a prefix for certain verbs: dìrbti – to be working, šaũkti – to be shouting, krìsti – to be falling.
The presence of a suffix (except for -er(ė)ti, -el(ė)ti) combined with the absence of a prefix for certain verbs: maldáuti – to be begging, mė́tyti – to be throwing [multiple times], šokinė́ti – to be jumping [constantly, multiple times].
The impossibility for certain verbs to be used without a prefix: užgaulióti – to be bullying, pãsakoti – to be telling a story.
The complete or partial change of meaning for certain prefixed verbs: priklausýti – to be in possession (from klausýti – to listen), pakę̃sti – to tolerate (from kę̃sti – to suffer), atsidúoti – to be stinking (from dúoti – to give).
For some prefixed verbs that merely indicate the ability to do something: panèšti – to be able to carry, nusėdė́ti – to be able to sit.

The perfective aspect of a verb means the completeness of an action. The perfective aspect can sometimes be implied by:

The presence of a prefix for certain verbs: padìrbti – to work for a certain amount of time, pašaũkti – to call, nukrìsti – to fall. There are very few perfective prefixed verbs that would distinguish themselves from their imperfective unprefixed counterparts only by their perfective meaning, since any prefix almost always has a semantical nuance.
The presence of the suffix -er(ė)ti or -el(ė)ti: dìrsterėti – to take a glimpse, kúoktelėti – to become insane.

In other cases the aspect is contextual. This might sometimes be implied by:

The absence of a suffix and a prefix for certain verbs:

:– mèsti – to throw:

::Vakar mečiau darbą – I quit my job yesterday. (perfective)

::Visas senas knygas jis metė į šiukšlių dėžę – He was throwing all the old books to the trash bin. (imperfective)

:– grį̃žti – to come back:

::Grįžęs namo, virtuvėje rasi sriubos. – Having come back home, you'll find some soup in the kitchen. (perfective)

::Grįžtu namo, kol saulė dar nenusileido – I'm going home as the sun is not yet down. (imperfective)

A specific tense in some other cases:

:– laimė́ti – to win:

::Kol kas mūsų komanda laimi – For the meantime our team is winning. (present tense, imperfective)

::mūsų komanda laimėjo dideliu skirtumu – Our team [has] won by a big difference. (past simple tense, perfective)

Verb prefixes

General usage notes

Prefixes are added to verbs to make new verbs that have different color of the primary verb's meaning. The new verb and the primary verb are considered different words, taking different positions in vocabularies. However their meanings are related, often showing similarity to being forms of a single verb. In many instances a prefixed verb has no apparent semantical relationship with the primary verb. Prefixes have mostly restrictive sense, so they restrict the meaning of the primary not prefixed verb to certain direction, amount or limit of time.

ap- round (direction, perfective), about, around
api- is a variant of ap- before b or p
at- off; from, from somewhere (direction; place, perfective); at (with 'moving towards' verbs)
ati- is a variant of at- before d or t
į- in (direction, perfective), into, be able to (imperfective)
iš- out (direction, perfective), ex-
nu- away (direction), from the start place (action with some direction, perfective); down
pa- sub-, under (direction, perfective); definite, terminating on continuous (< after), a bit, slightly, some time (time or amount, imperfective), till end (for single actions, cf su-, time or amount, perfective)
ima - 'it takes'
pa-ima - 'it takes and finishes it'
ėmė - 'it was taking', 'it has been taking', 'it had been taking'
pa-ėmė - 'it took'
par- back, similar to English (Latin) re- (with some differences; perfective)
per- through (place, perfective), over, across, thoroughly, completely (perfective)
pra- by (direction, perfective), through, between, starting (time, perfective rarely)
pri- up, to (direction or place, perfective), close to, to the place (of the action) (place, perfective), much, many (amount, sometimes perfective)
su- together (place, perfective), from everywhere (direction), till end (time, perfective), completely (long or complex action, perfective)
už- on (direction or place), completely (short action, cf. su-, perfective)
už- behind (direction, perfective), in (for limited time, cf į-) (direction and time, perfective), suddenly, unexpectedly (time, perfective)

There are also three special modifying prefixes that can be used with other prefixed or unprefixed (including reflexive) verbs. They define different forms of the same verb, rather than a new verb:

ne- is a prefix that makes negative form of a verb: turiù – I have, neturiù – I haven't.
be- says that an action of a verb:

:– takes an undefined amount of time: Šitaip bedirbant galima susigadinti sveikatą – Working [for a long time] like that one can damage one's health. This function allows be- to be used as a dummy prefix for reflexive present tense participles. In that case the reflexive formant moves right after the prefix, thus avoiding the formation of a complex reflexive ending: džiaũgtis – to rejoice → džiaũgiantisis – the one (, nominative) who rejoices, but more commonly: besidžiaũgiantis. Other forms besides nominative (džiaũgiančiasis – the ones (, accusative) who rejoice) are not used at all in favour of besidžiaũgiančias etc.

:– may be interrupted (see "Inchoative tenses");

:– is restrictive (a combination of English "only" and "still"): Ligoninėje jį motina beaplanko – Only his mother still visits him to the hospital.

te- indicates:

:– that an action of a verb is restrictive (equivalent of English "only"): Ligoninėje jį motina teaplanko – Only his mother visits him to the hospital;

:– the 3rd person of the imperative mood (see "Imperative mood").

tebe- indicates that an action of a verb is still ongoing (equivalent of English "still"): Ligoninėje jį motina tebeaplanko – His mother still visits him to the hospital.
nebe- indicates that an action of a verb is no longer ongoing (equivalent of English "no longer"): Ligoninėje jo motina nebeaplanko – His mother no longer visits him to the hospital.
A verb cannot acquire more than one prefix, except for ne-, te-, be-, nebe- or tebe-. Only very few words are exception from this.
The indicator of reflexion -si is used between the prefix and the root if the verb is prefixed, e. g.

nẽšasi but nusìneša, atsìneša

laikýtis but susilaikýti, pasilaikýti

teiráutis but pasiteiráuti</poem></blockquote>

The same rule is applied, when ne-, be-, nebe-, te- or tebe- is added:

nẽšasi but nesìneša, nebesìneša, also nenusìneša, neatsìneša, tebeatsìneša

laikýtis, but nesilaikýti, also nesusilaikýti, nepasilaikýti

teiráutis but nesiteiráuti, also nepasiteiráuti</poem></blockquote>

Stress retraction

Certain Lithuanian verbs have the ability to move their stress to the last prefixed element they acquire. General stress retraction principles are laid down below.

All prefixes (including ne- type, but not including the prefix per-) acquire the stress only in:

past simple tense forms of primary (monosyllabic stem) verbs. This always happens when the 3rd person has an -ė ending, its stress would normally fall on its penultimate syllable and this syllable has a short vowel or a rising tone:

:baũsti (to punish, monosyllabic stem verb) → baũdė (stress on the penultimate, rising tone) → nùbaudė, nebenùbaudė etc.

:vìrti (to boil, monosyllabic stem verb) → vìrė (stress on the penultimate, short vowel) → ìšvirė, nebeišsìvirė etc.

:kláusti (to ask, monosyllabic stem verb) → kláusė (stress on the penultimate, falling tone, the rule does not apply) → pakláusė

:darýti (to ask, suffixal verb, the rule does not apply) → dãrė (stress on the penultimate, rising tone) → padãrė

Some present tense forms (primary or mixed stem), but only if the stress of the 3rd person falls on its penultimate syllable, this syllable is not a suffix and has a short vowel or a rising tone:

:kalbė́ti (to speak, suffixal verb) → kal̃ba (stress on the penultimate, no suffix, rising tone) → sùkalba, tebesìkalba etc.

:sukti (to turn, primary verb) → sùka (stress on the penultimate, no suffix, short vowel) → pàsuka, nèsuka etc.

Past simple accent retraction is regular, present tense accent retraction is sporadic. If a particular verb retracts its accent in one tense, it does not mean that the other tense will follow suit.
The accent retraction does not depend on a particular prefix (except for per-) and will systematically happen with every other prefixed structure (a prefix, a ne- type prefix or a reflexive formant). It means that even if dictionaries never include ne- type prefixes, the stress retraction can be deduced from other prefixed forms that dictionaries do include:

:plaũkti (to swim) → išplaũkti (to swim out) → išplaũkia (no retraction, hence: neišplaũkia, teišplaũkia etc.)

:riñkti (to gather) → suriñkti (to gather them all) → sùrenka (retraction does happen, hence: nèrenka, tèrenka etc.)

The latter rule has two exceptions:

:turė́ti (to have) → suturė́ti (to restrain) → sùturi (retraction does happen, but not for ne- type prefixes of the non-prefixed verbs: netùri, tetùri etc.)

:galė́ti (to be able) → išgalė́ti (to afford) → ìšgali (retraction does happen, but not for ne- type prefixes of the non-prefixed verbs: negãli, begãli etc.)

The prefix pér- always has the falling tone and takes the stress in all parts of speech of that word, ignoring all the other accentuation rules: pérduoti – to transmit, nebepérsivalgymas – the inability to overeat.

Stem classes

The below given tables are not a full collection of types of conjugation, there can be types in language not included here.

Consonants d, t become s before t in any case in language. In verbs this occurs before a desinence -ti of the infinitive, desinence with -t- of the past passive participle.

Non-suffixed

:{| class="wikitable" style="line-height: 1.2em; background: #FFFFFF;"

|- valign=top

| rowspan=2| infinitive || colspan=3| present tense || colspan=3| past tense || rowspan=2| meaning

| || || , || || || ,

| style="padding:15px;" colspan=8 | Consonantal non-palatalized stems (it is palatalized in the form of the present, but not in the remaining forms). Sounds of a stem do not change in conjugation, except for a common pre-desinential alternation between historically nasal vowels (in the infinitive) and nasal diphthongs.

| áugti || áugu || áugi || áuga || áugau || áugai || augo || to grow

| bė́gti || bė́gu || bė́gi || bė́ga || bė́gau || bė́gai || bė́go || to run

| šókti || šóku || šóki || šóka || šókau || šókai || šóko || to jump, spring, leap; hop in, out; dance

| dìrbti || dìrbu || dìrbi || dìrba || dìrbau || dìrbai || dìrbo || to work

|- valign=top

| sė́sti || sė́du || sė́di || sė́da || sė́dau || sė́dai || sė́do || to sit down, sit up; mount, get on (car, plain etc.)

| grū́sti || grū́du || grū́di || grū́da || grū́dau || grū́dai || grū́do || to thrust; hustle; pestle; tamp

| žį́sti || žìndu || žìndi || žìnda || žìndau || žìndai || žìndo || to suck, nurse (at)

| ką́sti || kándu || kándi || kánda || kándau || kándai || kándo || to bite

| galą́sti || galándu || galandi || galánda || galándau || galandai || galándo || to sharpen, hone

| lìpti || lipù || lipì || lìpa || lipaũ || lipaĩ || lìpo || to mount; tread (on); scale, climb

| kìšti || kišù || kišì || kìša || kišaũ || kišaĩ || kìšo || to put, slip, poke, stick in

| rìsti || ritù || ritì || rìta || ritaũ || ritaĩ || rìto || to roll, bowl

| sukti || suku || suki || suka || sukau || sukai || suko || to turn; bear (to); spin; wrap

| supti || supu || supi || supa || supau || supai || supo || to swing, sway, rock

| lupti || lupu || lupi || lupa || lupau || lupai || lupo || to peel; flay; swinge, thrash

| skùsti || skutù || skutì || skùta || skutaũ || skutaĩ || skùto || to shave; scale, peel, scrape; run fast

| style="padding:15px;" colspan=10 | There is a frequent verb with its final stem consonant palatalized in the present tense.

| léisti || léidžiu || leidi || leidžia || leidau || leidai || leido || to let, allow; spend

| style="padding:15px;" colspan=8 | Alternation between pre-desinential e of the present tense and i of the other forms. Possible only when the syllable contains a mixed diphthong (a, e, i, u + sonorant) and is stressed in the end-firm accent.

| sir̃gti || sergù || sergì || ser̃ga || sirgaũ || sirgaĩ || sir̃go || to be ill

|- valign=top

| kirsti || kertu || kerti || kerta || kirtau || kirtai || kirto || to cut, fell (by axe); cross, traverse; strike, smite; pitch in (food)

| vilkti || velku || velki|| velka || vilkau || vilkai || vilko || to pull, trail, drag

|- valign=top

| tilpti || telpu || telpi || telpa || tilpau || tilpai || tilpo || to get / have enough of space for oneself: be contained, go into

| rinkti || renku || renki || renka || rinkau || rinkai || rinko || to pick; collect

|- valign=top

| lįsti || lendu || lendi || lenda || lindau || lindai || lindo || to be getting into / through smth.; make a pass at, intrude, molest, cavil, meddle

| style="padding:15px;" colspan=8 | A numerous part of the verbs having any short vowel – a, e, i, u – in a pre-desinential syllable in infinitive receive n, m (the latter when before p, b) after these vowels in the present.

| tàpti || tampù || tampì || tam̃pa || tapaũ || tapaĩ || tãpo || to become

| rasti || randu || randi || rañda || radau || radai || rãdo || to find

| gesti || gendu || gendi || genda || gedau || gedai || gedo || to deteriorate; decay; spoil; corrupt

| tikti || tinku || tinki || tinka || tikau || tikai || tiko || to fit

| tekti || tenku || tenki || tenka || tekau || tekai || teko || to go for (property)

| apnikti || apninku || apninki || apninka || apnikau || apnikai || apniko || to obsess, crowd in

| migti || mingu || mingi || minga || migau || migai || migo || to be / start falling asleep

| lipti || limpu || limpi || limpa || lipau || lipai || lipo || to stick, cling

| plisti || plintu || plinti || plinta || plitau || plitai || plito || to spread, proliferate, circulate

| misti || mintu || minti || minta || mitau || mitai || mito || to feed on, fare, live on

| kisti || kintu || kinti || kinta || kitau || kitai || kito || to mutate; vary

| švisti || švintu || švinti || švinta || švitau || švitai || švito || to begin to light, esp. to day-light

| blukti || blunku || blunki || blunka || blukau || blukai || bluko || to fade

| klupti || klumpu || klumpi || klumpa || klupau || klupai || klupo || to stumble

| justi || juntu || junti || junta || jutau || jutai || juto || to sense, feel

| style="padding:15px;" colspan=8 | A small group of verbs has to be written with a nosinė in the present.

| balti || bąlu || bąli || bąla || balau || balai || balo || to become white, to whiten

| šalti || šąla || šąli || šąla || šalau || šalai || šalo || to freeze; to cool; to feel cold

| karti || kąra || kąri || kąra || karau || karai || karo || to incline, bow down (hung things, boughs)

| style="padding:15px;" colspan=8 | For the verbs that have start-firm accented mixed diphthongs -il-, -ir- in the pre-desinential syllable in the infinitive, the vowel i lengthens and receives the end-firm accent in the present tense, if the syllable becomes open.

| kìlti || kylù || kyli || kỹla || kilau || kilai || kilo || to rise; emerge (e.g. question)

| dilti || dylu || dyli || dyla || dilau || dilai || dilo || to fray, decay, become dull

| birti || byru || byri || byra || birau || birai || biro || to pour (solid, no liquid matter), fall apart

| irti || yru / irstu || yri || yra || irau || irai || iro || to disintegrate, decay, crumble

| style="padding:15px;" colspan=8 | Cases of alternation between a pre-desinential e of the present tense and i of the other forms in verbs which receive n, m in the present forms. The a-verb likti has i.e. / i alternation. The a-verb kristi can be conjugated with both -en- and -in- in the present tense.

| skristi || skrendù || skrendi || skrenda || skridau || skridai || skrido || to fly

| bristi || brendu || brendi || brenda || bridau || bridai || brido || to wade, go on foot through water, grass etc.

| kristi || krentu /krintu || krenti || krinta || kritau || kritai || krito || to fall

| likti || lieku || lieki || lieka || likau || likai || liko || to remain

| style="padding:15px;" colspan=8 | Stems that are palatalized in the past tense.

| ėsti || ė́du || ėdi || ėda || ė́džiau || ėdei || ėdė || to eat (for animals); eat like an animal; erode

|- valign=top

| vesti || vedù || vedi || veda || vedžiaũ || vedei || vedė || to lead, take smb. to somewhere; marry (for a man; for a woman the a-verb is tekėti, teka, tekėjo)

| mèsti || metù || meti || meta || mečiau || metei || metė || to throw

| vežti || vežu || veži || veža || vežiau || vežei || vežė || to carry by means of conveyance, by vehicle

| nešti || nešu || neši || neša || nešiau || nešei || nešė || to carry (going on foot)

| kasti || kasu || kasi || kasa || kasiau || kasei || kasė || to dig

| lesti || lesu || lesi || lesa || lesiau || lesei || lesė || to peck

| sekti || seku || seki || seka || sekiau || sekei || sekė || to follow; spy (on, upon); tell a tail

| kepti || kepu || kepi || kepa || kepiau || kepei || kepė || to bake

| degti || degu || degi || dega || degiau || degei || degė || to be on fire, burn; kiln

| megzti || mezgu || mezgi || mezga || mezgiau || mezgei || mezgė || to knit

| zùiti || zujù || zuji || zuja || zujau || zujai || zujo || to pop in and out

| kálti || kalù || kali || kala || kaliau || kalei || kalė || to hammer, smith, batter; mint; chisel; hit

| málti || malu || mali || mala || maliau || malei || malė || to grind, mill

| bár̃ti || barù || bari || bara || bariau || barei || barė || to scold, trim

| style="padding:15px;" colspan=8 | The a-verb pulti has alternation between u in the infinitive and uo in the present and past tenses. Verbs gimti, mirti have the suffix -st- in the present.

| pùlti || púolu || puoli || puola || púoliau || puolei || puolė || to attack; fling, throw oneself, make a dive

| gìmti || gìmstu || gimsti || gimsta || gimiaũ || gimei || gimė || to be born, arrive

| mir̃ti || mìrštu || miršti || miršta || miriaũ || mirei || mirė || to die, stop living

| style="padding:15px;" colspan=8 | For the verbs of this group that have start-firm accented mixed diphthongs starting in i – im, in, il, ir – in a pre-desinential syllable in the infinitive, the syllable becomes open and a vowel i lengthens (the accent remains start-firm) in the past tense.

| pìlti || pilù || pili || pila || pýliau || pylei || pylė || to pour (any non solid material); tip

| tirti || tiriu || tiri || tiria || tyriau || tyrei || tyrė || to investigate; analyse; research

| skinti || skinu || skini || skina || skyniau || skynei || skynė || to pluck (fruits, flowers etc.)

| pinti || pinu || pini || pina || pyniau || pynei || pynė || to plait; weave; pleach

| trinti || trinu || trini || trina || tryniau || trynei || trynė || to rub

| minti || minu || mini || mina || myniau || mynei || mynė || to step, tread (on); trample; treadle

| ginti || ginu || gini || gina || gyniau || gynei || gynė || to defend

| im̃ti || imù || imi || ima || ėmiaũ || ėmeĩ || ė̃mė || to take

| style="padding:15px;" colspan=8 | There are some verbs having mixed diphthongs in a pre-desinential syllable that have alternation between pre-desinential e of the present tense and i of the other forms. A sound i of a pre-desinential syllable is not lengthened in the past tense. The a-verb virti has d insterted after -er- in the present tense.

| atsimiñti || atsìmenu || atsimeni || atsimena || atsìminiau || atsiminei || atsiminė || to remember, recollect

| miñti || menù || meni || mena || miniaũ || minei || minė || to riddle, ask a riddle

| giñti || genù || geni || gena || giniau || ginei || ginė || to herd, goad, drive

| vìrti || vérdu || verdi || verda || viriaũ || vireĩ || vìrė || to boil ( as well); cook (by boiling)

| style="padding:15px;" colspan=8 | Consonantal non-palatalized stems that have suffix -st- in the present. There are many verbs in this group. When the suffix is preceded by d, t of a stem, these consonants merge with s and s remains, when it is preceded by ž, š of a stem, the remaining are stem-ending consonants ž, š.

| sprógti || sprógstu || sprogsti || sprógsta || sprógau || sprogai || sprogo || to explode, burst; eat (get stomach filled)

| plýšti || plýštu || plyšti || plyšta || plyšau || plyšai || plyšo || to tear, rip, split; () get drunk

| klysti || klystu || klysti || klysta || klydau || klydai || klydo || to mistake, err, be under misapprehension

| linkti || linkstu || linksti || linksta || linkau || linkai || linko || to bend (itself)

| rūgti || rūgstu || rūgsti || rūgsta || rūgau || rūgai || rūgo || to sour, become turned

| tolti || tolstu || tolsti || tolsta || tolau || tolai || tolo || to become remote, distant, to recede

| alkti || alkstu || alksti || alksta || alkau || alkai || alko || to become, be hungry; to be short of food

|- valign=top

| pažìnti || rowspan=2| pažį́stu || rowspan=2| pažįsti || rowspan=2| pažįsta || pažinaũ || pažinai || pažino || to become familiar, to explore; recognize

| pažinoti || pažinojau || pažinojai || pažinojo || to know smb., be acquaintance with smb.

| pỹkti || pykstù || pyksti || pỹksta || pykaũ || pykai || pyko || to be angry, annoyed

| nykti || nykstu || nyksti || nyksta || nykau || nykai || nyko || to dwindle, wither away, vanish, disappear

| rausti || raustu || rausti || rausta || raudau || raudai || raudo || to become red, to redden; to blush

| brangti || brangstu || brangsti || brangsta || brangau || brangai || brango || to become expensive

| išsigąsti || išsigąstu || išsigąsti || išsigąsta || išsigando || išsigandai || išsigando || to get a scare, fright; to lose courage

|- valgin=top

| vargti || vargstu || vargsti || vargsta || vargau || vargai || vargo || to have difficulties doing; be in hardship

| širsti || širstu || širsti || širsta || širdau || širdai || širdo || to be angry (širdis – heart)

| dingti || dingstu || dingsti || dingsta || dingau || dingai || dingo || to disappear

| klimpti || klimpstu || klimpsti || klimpsta || klimpau || klimpai || klimpo || to sink (to viscous material)

| drįsti || drįstu || drįsti || drįsta || drįsau || drįsai || drįso || to dare

| grįžti || grįžtu || grįžti || grįžta || grįžau || grįžai || grįžo || to come back, return

| style="padding:15px;" colspan=8 | A small group of stems ending in ž, š, has to be written with an ogonek in the present.

|- valign=top

| gesti || gęstu || gęsti || gęsta || gesau || gesai || geso || to be stopping (intransitive) shining, burning, working (for light, fire; life; motor)

| težti || tęžtu || tęžti || tęžta || težau || težai || težo || to become squidgy; wimp out

| style="padding:15px;" colspan=8 | For a few stems that have a pre-desinential syllable ending in ž or š and with a short i or u in it, the vowels lengthen in the present. For tikšti the forms tykšta and tyška are used in the present tense.

| dùžti || || || dū̃žta || || || dùžo || to smash, chip

| gižti || || || gyžta || || || gižo || to sour, become turned ( as well)

| tikšti || || || tykšta || || || tiško || to splash on smth., smb.

| tižti || || || tyžta || || || tižo || to become squidgy; wimp out

| ižti || || || yžta || || || ižo || to crack (usual for ice)

| nižti || || || nyžta || || || nižo || to start itching, to itch

| style="padding:15px;" colspan=8 | Vocalic stems. The consonant n (or j in dialects) is inserted before desinences after a pre-desinential au. The diphthong becomes ov in the past, when start-firm accented. Consonant v is palatalized.

| eĩti || einù || eini || eĩna || ėjaũ || ėjai || ė̃jo || to go

| aũti || aunù || auni || aũna || aviaũ || avei || ãvė || to boot, shoe

| máuti || máunu || máuni || máuna || móviau || || movė || to put on, glove, shoe

| rauti || raunu || rauni || rauna || roviau || rovei || rovė || to tear up

| šauti || šaunu || šauni || šauna || šoviau || šovei || šovė || to shoot

| brautis || braunuosi || brauniesi || braunasi || broviausi || broveisi || brovėsi || to intrude; thrust one's way; be breaking in

|- valign=top

| liautis || liaujuosi || liaujiesi || liaujasi || lioviausi || lioveisi || liovėsi || to cease, desist

| griauti || griaunu || griauni || griauna || grioviau || griovei || griovė || to ruin, demolish; unsettle

| style="padding:15px;" colspan=8 | Consonant v / n is inserted after ū.

| griū̃ti || griūvù /-nù || griūni || griū̃va || griuvaũ || griuvai || griùvo || to tumble down, fall down; collapse

| žūti || žūnu /-vu || žūni || žūva || žuvau || žuvai || žuvo || to perish

| pūti || pūvu /-nu || pūni || pūva || puvau || puvai || puvo || to rot

| siūti || siuvu /siūnu || siuvi || siuva || siuvau || siuvai || siuvo || to sew, stitch

| gáuti || gáunu || gauni || gauna || gavaũ || gavai || gãvo || to get

| style="padding:15px;" colspan=8 | The consonant j is inserted before desinences after other pre-desinential vowels or diphthong 'ie'

| móti || móju || moji || moja || mójau || mojai || mojo || to motion, wave, sweep

| ploti || ploju || ploji || ploja || plojau || plojai || plojo || to clap, applaud; flatten; swat

| joti || joju || joji || joja || jojau || jojai || jojo || to ride on horse

| goti || goju || goji || goja || gojau || gojai || gojo || () to go in a hurry

|- valign=top

| kloti || kloju || kloji || kloja || klojau || klojai || klojo || to lay, pave; to tell, report, retail; to make a bed (lovą);

| groti || groju || groji || groja || grojau || grojai || grojo || to play (musical instrument)

| sėti || sėju || sėji || sėja || sėjau || sėjai || sėjo || to sow, seed; disseminate

| sieti || sieju || sieji || sieja || siejau || siejai || siejo || to tie, associate, bond

| lieti || lieju || lieji || lieja || liejau || liejai || liejo || to pour (liquid); water (plants)

| lýti || || || lỹja || || || lijo || to rain

| gýti || gyjù || gyji || gỹja || gijaũ || gijai || gijo || to heal, recover

| rýti || ryjù || ryji || ryja || rijau || rijai || rijo || to swallow; guttle

| výti || vejù || veji || veja || vijau || vijai || vijo || to strand, twist; chase

| style="padding:15px;" colspan=8 | Two verbs have d insterted before the desinences in the present forms.

| dúoti || dúodu || duodi || dúoda || daviaũ || davei || davė || to give

| dė́ti || dedù || dedi || dẽda || dėjau || dė́jai || dėjo || to put, lay, set; place

| style="padding:15px;" colspan=8 | Palatalized consonantal stems. Maybe the most numerous group of non-suffixed verbs.

| siẽkti || siekiù || sieki || siẽkia || siekiaũ || siekei || siekė || to seek, aim (at, for)

| griebti || griebiu || griebi || griebia || griebiau || griebei || griebė || to grab; snatch

| braukti || braukiu || brauki || braukia || braukiau || braukei || braukė || to wipe, sweep across; line through

| lenkti || lenkiu || lenki || lenkia || lenkiau || lenkei || lenkė || to (make it) bend

| rausti || rausiu || rausi || rausia || rausiau || rausei || rausė || to trench, burrow

| kaupti || kaupiu || kaupi || kaupia || kaupiau || kaupei || kaupė || to save up, gather, amass

| mer̃kti || merkiù || merkì || mer̃kia || merkiaũ || merkeĩ || mer̃kė || to soak, dip

| dengti || dengiu || dengi || dengia || dengiau || dengei || dengė || to cover

| tęsti || tęsiu || tęsi || tęsia || tęsiau || tęsei || tęsė || to continue, proceed; drag, carry

| čiulpti || čiulpiu || čiulpi || čiulpia || čiulpiau || čiulpei || čiulpė || to suck

| láužti || láužiu || lauži || laužia || láužiau || laužei || laužė || to break (transitive)

| grėbti || grėbiu || grėbi || grėbia || grėbiau || grėbei || grėbė || to rake

| grobti || grobiu || grobi || grobia || grobiau || grobei || grobė || to plunder; kidnap; usurp, hog

| mérkti || mérkiu || mérki || mérkia || mérkiau || mérkei || mérkė || to give a wink; to close eyes

| melžti || melžiu || melži || melžia || melžiau || melžei || melžė || to milk

| jùngti || jùngiu || jungi || jungia || jungiau || jungei || jungė || to connect, join

| keisti || keičiu || keiti || keičia || keičiau || keitei || keitė || to change

| švęsti || švenčiu || šventi || švenčia || švenčiau || šventei || šventė || to celebrate

| siųsti || siunčiu || siunti || siunčia || siunčiau || siuntei || siuntė || to send

| skleisti || skleidžiu || skleidi || skleidžia || skleidžiau || skleidei || skleidė || to spread

| skų́sti || skùndžiu || skundi || skundžia || skundžiau || skundei || skundė || to tell on; tattle; appeal (against)

| style="padding:15px;" colspan=8 | When a pre-desinential syllable having mixed diphthong becomes open in the past, its vowel receives a start-firm accent and lengthens (for a, e, besides lengthening, those vowels are of different quality, o, ė) if stressed.

| gérti || geriu || geri || geria || gė́riau || gėrei || gėrė || to drink

| bérti || beriu || beri || beria || bė́riau || bėrei || bėrė || to (make it) pour (solid, no liquid matter), (make it) fall apart

| pér̃ti || periu || peri || peria || pė́riaũ || pėrei || pėrė || to beat with a leafy, wet birch bunch (in sauna)

| kélti || keliu || keli || kelia || kėliau || kėlei || kėlė || to raise

| rem̃ti || remiu || remi || remia || rėmiau || rėmei || rėmė || to prop, bear up; support

| kùlti || kuliu || kuli || kulia || kū́liau || kūlei || kūlė || to flail

| dùrti || duriu || duri || duria || dūriau || dūrei || dūrė || to prick, stick

| stùmti || stumiu || stumi || stumia || stūmiau || stūmei || stūmė || to push, move; thrust, shove; () grudge

| ìrti || iriu || iri || iria || ýriau || yrei || yrė || to row, oar

| spìrti || spiriu || spiri || spiria || spyriau || spyrei || spyrė || to kick; spring back; press (for), push

| kárti || kariù || kari || kãria || kóriau || korei || korė || to hang over; execute

| árti || ariù || ari || ãria || ariaũ || areĩ || ãrė || to plough

| tar̃ti || tariù || tari || tãria || tariaũ || tarei || tarė || to pronounce; assume

| style="padding:15px;" colspan=8 | Alternation between u, e, a in the present and respectively ū, ė, o (long vowels, historically: ū, ē, ā) in the past. A vowel u is short both in stressed and unstressed position, e, a lengthen and are end-firm accented in stressed position in stem (not in desinence).

| pū̃sti || pučiù || puti || pùčia || pūčiau || pūtei || pū̃tė || to blow; toot

| tū̃pti || tupiu || tupi || tupia || tūpiau || tūpei || tūpė || to squat; hunker

|- valign=top

| drė̃bti || drebiu || drebi || drẽbia || drėbiau || drėbei || drė̃bė || to make fall on (for viscous, thick material); sleet; plonk

| krė̃sti || krečiu || kreti || krečia || krėčiau || krėtei || krėtė || to shake down

| plė̃sti || plečiu || pleti || plečia || plėčiau || plėtei || plėtė || to expand, widen, amplify

| lė̃kti || lekiu || leki || lekia || lėkiau || lėkei || lėkė || to scurry, rip along, fly; fly; fall out, fly away

| skė̃sti || skečiu || sketi || skečia || skėčiau || skėtei || skėtė || to spread, open out (e.g. arms, legs, umbrella)

| tė̃kšti || teškiu || teški || teškia || tėškiau || tėškei || tėškė || to splash onto; slap; slam

| võgti || vagiu || vagi || vãgia || vogiau || vogei || vogė || to steal

Suffixed

:{| class=wikitable style="line-height: 1.2em; background: #FFFFFF;"

| style="padding:15px;" colspan=10 | -o- suffixed stems. Shorter present tense. The consonant j is inserted between the vocalic stem and the desinence to make pronunciation easier. Historically it is most probably the same type as the full one, there are verbs that are conjugated in both types, for example, saugoti, saugau / saugoju (< saugā(j)u). The a-verb pažinoti – to know (a person), has the same to pažinti – to know, become familiar, -st- suffixed present forms.

| žinóti || žinaũ || žinai || žino || žinójau || žinojai || žinojo || to know, be aware (of; that)

| šypsótis || šỹpsaũsi || šypsaisi || šỹpsosi || šypsójausi || šypsojaisi || šypsojosi || to smile

| sáugoti || sáugau || saugai || saugo || sáugojau || saugojai || saugojo || to protect; keep, save

| style="padding:15px;" colspan=10 | Full type of -o- suffixed stems (the suffix is kept the same in conjugation)

| naudóti || naudóju || naudoji || naudoja || naudójau || naudojai || naudojo || to use

| putóti || putoju || putoji || putoja || putojau || putojai || putojo || to foam

| býlóti || byloju || byloji || byloja || bylojau || bylojai || byloja || to speak, purport

| sáugoti || sáugoju || saugoji || saugoja || saugojau || saugojai || saugojo || to protect; keep, save

|- valign=top

| šakótis || šakojuosi || šakojiesi || šakojasi || šakojausi || šakojaisi || šakojosi || to spread boughs: ramify; () conflict, put one's own condition over smb.; fork, divaricate

| vilióti || vilioju || vilioji || vilioja || viliojau || viliojai || viliojo || to attract, seduce, bait

| galióti || || || galioja || || || galiojo || to stand, hold good, be valid

| style="padding:15px;" colspan=10 | Stems that do not have -o- suffix in the present tense.

| miegóti || miegù || miegi || miẽga || miegójau || miegojai || miegojo || to sleep

| raudóti || ráudu || raudi || ráuda || raudójau || raudojai || raudojo || to weep, mourn

| giedóti || gíedu || giedi || gieda || giedójau || giedojai || giedojo || to chant (religious); warble, crow

| style="padding:15px;" colspan=10 | -y- suffixed stems. The present is of the -o- suffixed type. The past forms are historically possibly the same to the full -y- suffixed type, there are verbs that are conjugated in both types, for example, pelnyti, (past) pelniau / pelnijau, pelnė (< pelnē < (possibly) pelni(j)ā) / pelnijo (< pelnijā) (an after a soft consonant is e).

| sakýti || sakaũ || sakai || sãko || sakiaũ || sakei || sãkė || to say

| klausýti || klausau || klausai || klauso || klausiau || klausei || klausė || to listen

| darýti || darau || darai || daro || dariau || darei || darė || to do

| matýti || matau || matai || mato || mačiau || matei || matė || to see

|- valign=top

| mė́tyti || mė́tau || mėtai || mė́to || mė́čiau || mėtei || mė́tė || to throw (one-time: mesti, metu, mečiau)

| ródyti || rodau || rodai || rodo || rodžiau || rodei || rodė || to show

| pelnýti || pelnaũ || pelnai || pel̃no || pelniau || pelnei || pelnė || to earn

|- valign=top

| gáudyti || gaudau || gaudai || gaudo || gaudžiau || gaudei || gaudė || to catch (one-time: su/pagauti, -gaunu, -gavau)

| barstýti || barstau || barstai || barsto || barsčiau || barstei || barstė || to pour (multiple times) (iterative)

| lankstýti || lankstau || lankstai || lanksto || lanksčiau || lankstei || lankstė || to bend (multiple times) (iterative)

| style="padding:15px;" colspan=10 | Full type of -y- suffixed stems. The suffix is shortened in conjugation if not stressed and is long or short (both variants are used) in the present if stressed.

| pel̃nyti || pel̃niju || pelniji || pelnija || pelnijau || pelnijai || pelnijo || (obsolete) to earn

| mū́ryti || mū́riju || mūriji || mūrija || mūrijau || mūrijai || mūrijo || to lay bricks, set

| nuõdyti || nuõdiju || nuodiji || nuodija || nuodijau || nuodijai || nuodijo || to poison

| trūnýti || || || trūnỹja || || || trūnijo || to rot, putrefy

| style="padding:15px;" colspan=10 | -ė- suffixed stems. Shorter present tense, palatalized ending consonant of a stem. It is possible that historically it would be the same type as the full one, there are words that are conjugated in both types, for example, ryšė́ti – to wear something tied on oneself (rišti – to tie), ryšiù / ryšė́ju. For the a-verb vertėti the mainly used form is subjunctive, (present) vertė́tų – it would be worth, for the present tense it is mostly said in a neuter adjective: ver̃ta – it is worth (doing), for the past tense it is said either buvo verta or vertėjo – it was worth (doing).

| mylė́ti || mýliu || mýli || mýli || mylė́jau || mylė́jai || mylė́jo || to love

| norė́ti || nóriu || nori || nori || norėjau || norėjai || norėjo || to want

| blyksė́ti || blýksiu || blyksi || blyksi || blyksėjau || blyksėjai || blyksėjo || to twinkle, blink

| švytė́ti || švyčiù || švyti || švyti || švytė́jau || švytėjai || švytėjo || to shine, to glow, light brightly

| galė́ti || galiù || galì || gãli || galė́jau || galėjai || galėjo || to be able

| girdė́ti || girdžiù || girdi || girdi || girdėjau || girdėjai || girdėjo || to hear

| rūpė́ti || rūpiù || rūpi || rūpi || rūpėjau || rūpėjai || rūpėjo || to concern, be interesting to smb.

| nyrė́ti || nyriù || nyri || nyri || nyrėjau || nyrėjai || nyrėjo || to be submerged and still

| tikė́ti || tikiù || tiki || tiki || tikėjau || tikėjai || tikėjo || to believe

| vertė́ti || || || (verti) || || || vertėjo || to be worth for being done / to be done

| style="padding:15px;" colspan=10 | Full type of -ė- suffixed stems (the suffix is kept the same in conjugation)

|- valign=top

| ryškė́ti || ryškė́ju || ryškėji || ryškėja || ryškė́jau || ryškėjai || ryškėjo || to grow clear, bold, bright, glowing

| šviesė́ti || šviesė́ju || šviesėji || šviesėja || šviesė́jau || šviesėjai || šviesėjo || to grow light

| tvirtė́ti || tvirtėju || tvirtėji || tvirtėji || tvirtėjau || tvirtėjai || tvirtėjo || to stiffen, strengthen, firm up

| raudonė́ti || raudonėju || raudonėji || raudonėja || raudonėjau || raudonėjai || raudonėjo || to grow red, to redden

| púoselėti || púoselėju || puoselėji || puoselėja || púoselėjau || puoselėjai || puoselėjo || to foster; cherish

| style="padding:15px;" colspan=10 | The stems having the suffix -in-ė-, which is used to make iterative or progressive meaning, are of this type. Varaũ į darbą – I am driving / going to work (or "I am going to drive / go to work", if said before the action happens). Varinėju po miestą – I am driving / going in the town / city here and there. Varau per miestą – I am driving / going through a town / city. Atidarinėju tą dėžutę – I am opening / I am trying to open that can (at the moment) ("atidarau" is also possible as "I am opening"). Lengvai atidarau – I open it easily.

|- valign=top

| varinė́ti || varinė́ju || varinėji || varinėja || varinė́jau || varinėjai || varinėjo || to drive, direct; drive, go (on foot, by train, etc.); propel, power (not repeated: varyti, varau, variau)

|- valign=top

| pardavinėti || pardavinėju || pardavinėji || pardavinėja || pardavinėjau || pardavinėjai || pardavinėjo || to sell, market (one-time: parduoti, -duodu, -daviau)

|- valign=top

| klausinėti || klausinėju || klausinėji || klausinėja || klausinėjau || klausinėji || klausinėjo || to ask (not repeated: klausti, klausiu, klausiau)

| style="padding:15px;" colspan=10 | Stems that have neither -ė- suffix nor palatalization in the present tense.

| kalbė́ti || kalbù || kalbi || kal̃ba || kalbė́jau || kalbėjai || kalbėjo || to speak; talk

| judė́ti || judu || judi || juda || judėjau || judėjai || judėjo || to move, be in motion

| žibė́ti || žibu || žibi || žiba || žibėjau || žibėjai || žibėjo || to glitter, glint, star

| bambė́ti || || bámbì || bám̃ba || || bambėjai || bambėjo || to grouse, be on smb's case

| skambė́ti || || || skamba || || || skambėjo || to tune; sound

| skaudė́ti || || || skauda || || || skaudėjo || to hurt, ache

|- valign=top

| byrė́ti || || || byra || || || byrėjo || to crumble; fall (small particles, petals)

| style="padding:15px;" colspan=10 | -au-, -uo- suffixed stems, the suffix is -av- in the past. Verbs of this group are made from nouns, adjectives, etc. Verbs made from borrowings from other languages receive the suffix -uo-, for example, sportuoti – to go in for sports.

|- valign=top

| bendráuti || bendráuju || bendrauji || bendrauja || bendravaũ || bendravai || bendravo || to associate (with), communicate (with)

| kariáuti || kariauju || kariauji || kariauja || kariavau || kariavai || kariavo || to be at war, wage war

| matúoti || matúoju || matuoji || matuoja || matavaũ || matavai || matavo || to measure

| dainúoti || dainuoju || dainuoji || dainuoja || dainavau || dainavai || dainavo || to sing

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| sapnúoti || sapnuoju || sapnuoji || sapnuoja || sapnavau || sapnavai || sapnavo || to dream (sleeping); (coll.) to speak about smth. lacking orientation in it

| vėlúoti || vėluoju || vėluoji || vėluoja || vėlavau || vėlavai || vėlavo || to be late, to fall behind schedule

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| raudonúoti || raudonuoju || raudonuoji || raudonuoja || raudonavau || raudonavai || raudonavo || to blush; to attract attention by being red

| sūpúoti || sūpuoju || sūpuoji || sūpuoja || sūpavau || sūpavai || sūpavo || to swing, sway, rock

| kopijúoti || kopijuoju || kopijuoji || kopijuoja || kopijavau || kopijavai || kopijavo || to copy

| style="padding:15px;" colspan=10 | Some other suffixes, for example, transitivity-forming suffix -in-. The suffix -en- can have a meaning of moderate intensity of action. The suffix -in- is usual for making verbs from foreign words, e.g., () kòpinti – to copy, which is used besides longer standard kopijuoti.

| rū́pintis || rū́pinuosi || rūpiniesi || rūpinasi || rū́pinausi || rūpinasi || rūpinosi || to take care

| grãžinti || grãžinu || gražini || gražina || grãžinau || gražinai || gražino || to beautify

| grąžìnti || grąžinù || grąžini || grąžìna || grąžinaũ || gražinai || grąžino || to give back, return

| jùdinti || jùdinu || judini || judina || jùdinau || judinai || judino || to move, make smth. move

|- valign=top

| lýginti || lýginu || lygini || lygina || lýginau || lyginai || lygino || to compare; to level, make level; make smooth; to iron (clothes); to equate

| srovénti || || || srovẽna || || || srovẽno || to stream tranquilly, in small ripples

| kuténti || kutenù || kuteni || kutẽna || kutenaũ || kutenai || kutẽno || to tickle, titillate

| gabenti || gabenu || gabeni || gabena || gabenau || gabenai || gabeno || to convey, carry

| kūrenti || kūrenu || kūreni || kūrena || kūrenau || kūrenai || kūreno || to fire a furnace, heater

| ridenti || ridenu || rideni || ridena || ridenau || ridenai || rideno || to trundle, wheel, roll, make roll; bowl

Syntax

Word order

Lithuanian has an SVO (subject–verb–object) as the main word order:

:Adjunct(s)(temporal, locative, causal) + Subject + Adjunct(s)(other) + Verb + Object(s) + Infinitive + other parts.

At the same time Lithuanian as a highly declined language is often considered to have the free word order. This idea is partially true, and a sentence such as "Today I saw a beautiful girl at the movies" could be said or written in many ways:

:Aš mačiau gražią mergaitę kine šiandien.

:Šiandien aš mačiau gražią mergaitę kine.

:Gražią mergaitę mačiau aš kine šiandien.

:Gražią mergaitę aš šiandien mačiau kine.

:Kine šiandien aš mačiau gražią mergaitę.

:Kine gražią mergaitę aš mačiau šiandien.

However, word order isn't a subject of intonation only. Different word orders often have different meanings in Lithuanian. There are also some strict rules and some tendencies in using different word placing. For example, a word that provides new information (rheme, or comment) has a tendency to be postponed after other words, but not always to the end of the sentence. Adjectives precede nouns like they do in English, but order of adjectives in an adjective group is different from English. If the main word order is followed, a temporal, locative or causal adjunct is put at the beginning of the sentence, while adjuncts of other types go directly before the verb and its objects (see the SVO rule above).

The word order in Lithuanian can also be described using concepts of theme and rheme. Looking from this point of view, the structure of a sentence is following:

: Initial complementary words or clauses + theme + middle words or clauses + rheme + final complementary words or clauses

The middle words or clauses are more significant words or word groups other than the theme or the rheme, but complementary words or clauses (both the initial and the final) are less significant or secondary. Local, causal or temporal adjuncts are typical parts of the initial complementary words group, while other complementary words are put in the final group. If an adjunct is more significant in a sentence, it should be put in the middle group or even used as theme or as rheme. The same is true considering any other part of sentence, but the Subject and the Verb aren't complementary words typically, and they often serve as the theme and as the rheme respectively. Note that a sentence can lack any part of the structure, except the rheme.

Prepositions

Prepositions indicate the location or direction of an object. In Lithuanian, certain prepositions are used with certain cases, as can be seen by the lists below. (Prepositions marked with an asterisk govern different cases depending on meaning.)

Accusative prepositions

apiẽ 'about'
į̃ 'into, toward'
pagal̃ 'according to, by'
pàs 'to, at'
per̃ 'across, by, over, through, during, via'
*põ 'around, throughout; each'
priẽš 'in front of, before'
prõ 'through, past, by'
*ùž 'for, because of, due to'

Genitive prepositions

añt 'on'
artì 'near, close to'
bè 'without'
dė̃l 'for, because of, due to'
ikì 'until, to, till'
ìš 'from, out of'
lìg, lìgi 'until, to, till'
nuõ 'away from'
pasàk 'according to'
*põ 'after, past, succeeding'
priẽ 'near, at'
šalià 'by, next to, alongside'
tar̃p 'between, among'
*ùž 'behind'
vir̃š 'over, above'

Instrumental prepositions

*põ 'under, beneath'
sù 'with'
tiẽs 'by, over'

Conjunctions

Conjunctions are used to link together clauses in a sentence, for example "I thought it would be a nice day but it was raining." Some common conjunctions in Lithuanian are:

ar̃ – used to start a yes-no question, but can also mean "or"
arbà – or/but
bèt – but
ir̃ – and
jéi – if
kàd – that (not the demonstrative pronoun)
kõl – until/till
nès – because
tačiaũ – however

References

External links

Lithuanian grammar: categories, conjugation, declension
The Historical Grammar of Lithuanian language
Web page on Lithuanian grammar; there are accentuation (kirčiavimas) patterns given here.
Some Unique Features of Lithuanian on Lituanus.org
Some Unsolved Riddles of Lithuanian Linguistics on Lituanus.org
Lithuanian verb conjugation
Lithuanian verbs training
Lithuanian verbs test

Bibliography

Lithuanian Grammar, edited by Vytautas Ambrazas. Institute of the Lithuanian Language, 1997. [http://lukashevichus.info/knigi/ambrazas_lithuanian_grammar.pdf]

Properties and morphological categories

Grammatical terminology

Gender

Grammatical number

Cases of declined words

Nouns

Number

Noun modification by numeral

Declension

Typology

Imperative mood

Conditional mood

Passive voice

Participles

Adjectival participles

Adverbial participles

Grammatical aspect

Verb prefixes

General usage notes

Stress retraction

Stem classes

Non-suffixed

Suffixed

Syntax

Word order

Prepositions

Accusative prepositions

Genitive prepositions

Instrumental prepositions

Conjunctions

See also

References

External links

Bibliography