List of rulers of Austria

From 976 until 1246, the Margraviate of Austria and its successor, the Duchy of Austria, was ruled by the House of Babenberg. At that time, those states were part of the Holy Roman Empire. From 1246 until 1918, the duchy and its successor, the Archduchy of Austria, was ruled by the House of Habsburg. Following the defeat and dissolution of Austria-Hungary in World War I, the titles were abolished or fell into abeyance with the establishment of the modern Republic of Austria.

Margraves and Dukes of Austria under the House of Babenberg

The March of Austria, also known as Marcha Orientalis, was first formed in 976 out of the lands that had once been the March of Pannonia in Carolingian times. The oldest attestation dates back to 996, where the written name "ostarrichi" occurs in a document transferring land in present-day Austria to a Bavarian monastery. In 1156, the Privilegium Minus elevated the march to a duchy, independent of the Duchy of Bavaria.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"

! Name

! Birth<hr/>Death

! Reign

! Ruling part

! Consort

! Notes

|- bgcolor=#FFF

| 100px Leopold I the Illustrious

| <hr/>10 July 994 Würzburg

| 21 July 976<hr/>10 July 994

| March of Austria

| Richardis of Sualafeldgau nine children

| Founder of the Babenbergs.

|- bgcolor=#FFF

| 100px Henry I the Strong

| (?) <hr/>23 June 1018

| 10 July 994<hr/>23 June 1018

| March of Austria

| Unmarried

| In his reign (996), the name Ostarrichi (later Osterreich, Austria) appeared for the first time to designate the land he ruled.

|- bgcolor=#FFF

| 100px Adalbert I the Victorious

| <hr/>26 May 1055 Melk

| 23 June 1018<hr/>26 May 1055

| March of Austria

| Glismod of West-Saxony no children Frozza Orseolo c.1025? two children

| Expanded his Bavarian margraviate to the Morava and Leitha rivers.

|- bgcolor=#FFF

| 100px Ernest the Brave

| 1027 <hr/>10 June 1075

| 26 May 1055<hr/>10 June 1075

| March of Austria

| Adelaide of Eilenburg 1060 three children Swanhilde of Ungarnmark 1072 no children

| Expanded his Bavarian margraviate to the Morava and Leitha rivers.

|- bgcolor=#FFF

| 100px Leopold II the Fair

| 1050 <hr/>12 October 1095 Gars am Kamp

| 10 June 1075<hr/>12 October 1095

| March of Austria

| Ida of Formbach-Ratelnberg 1065 eight children

| Supported the Gregorian Reforms, and was an active opponent to Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor during the Investiture Controversy.

|- bgcolor=#FFF

| 100px Leopold III the Saint

| 1073 Gars am Kamp <hr/>15 November 1136 Klosterneuburg

| 12 October 1095<hr/>15 November 1136

| March of Austria

| Maria of Perg no children Agnes of Germany 1106 nineteen children

| His second marriage brought the margraviate of Austria closer to the Imperial family, which raised the importance of the Babenbergs. Consequently, more royal rights were granted to Austria.

|- bgcolor=#FFF

| 100px Adalbert II the Pious

| 1106 <hr/>9 November 1137

| 15 November 1136<hr/>9 November 1137

| March of Austria

| Adelaide of Poland 1128/29 no children Hedwig of Hungary 1132 no children

| Usually not counted as margrave, despite being cited as so as early as 1119. Nevertheless, it's possible that he ruled for a year, or at least as claimant to his younger brother Leopold. If he ruled, he left no children. Knighted in 1125

|- bgcolor=#FFF

| 100px Leopold IV the Generous

| 1108 – 18 October 1141 Niederalteich

| 9 November 1137<hr/>18 October 1141

| March of Austria

| Maria of Bohemia 28 September 1138 no children

| Also Duke of Bavaria, title given to him after his struggles with the House of Welf.

|- bgcolor=#FFF

| 100px Henry II Jasomirgott

| 1107 <hr/>13 January 1177 Vienna

| 18 October 1141<hr/>13 January 1177

| March of Austria Duchy of Austria

| Gertrude of Süpplingenburg 1 May 1142 one child Theodora Komnene 1148 three children

| Succeeded his younger brother in Austria and also as Duke of Bavaria. Moved his capital to Vienna. In 1156, Austria was raised to a Duchy.

|- bgcolor=#FFF

| 100px Leopold V the Virtuous

| 1157 <hr/>31 December 1194 Graz

| 13 January 1177<hr/>31 December 1194

| Duchy of Austria

| Helena of Hungary 1174 four children

| Children of Henry II, divided Austria: Leopold V kept the main duchy and annexed the Duchy of Styria to his domain in 1192.

|- bgcolor=#CEB

| 100px Henry I the Elder

| 1158 <hr/>31 August 1223

| 13 January 1177<hr/>31 August 1223

| Duchy of Mödling

| Richeza of Bohemia 1177 one child

| Leopold gave his brother Henry the so-called Duchy of Mödling (title Henry used from 1205), which spanned from Liesing to Piesting and Bruck an der Leitha. Henry I and his descendants became mostly interested in the arts.

|- bgcolor=#FFF

| 100px Frederick I the Catholic

| 1175 <hr/>16 April 1198 The Holy Land

| 31 December 1194<hr/>16 April 1198

| Duchy of Austria

| Unmarried

| Left no children.

|- bgcolor=#FFF

| 100px Leopold VI the Glorious

| 15 October 1176 <hr/>28 July 1230 San Germano

| 16 April 1198<hr/>28 July 1230

| Duchy of Austria

| Theodora Angelina 1203 seven children

|- bgcolor=#CEB

| 100px Henry II the Profane

| 1208 <hr/>29 November 1228

| 31 August 1223<hr/>29 November 1228

| Duchy of Mödling

| Agnes of Thuringia 29 November 1225 Nuremberg one child

| Nephew of Henry I, apparently succeeded him as ruler, preceding his cousin (Henry I's son). He is referenced as Heinricus iuvenis dux who died in 1227, and Henrici de Medlico (Henry of Mödling).

|- bgcolor=#CEB

| 100px Henry III the Younger

| 1182 <hr/>1236

| 29 November 1228<hr/>1236

| Duchy of Mödling

| Unmarried

| After his death the duchy reverted to his cousin Gertrude, daughter of Henry II.

|- bgcolor=#FFF

| 100px Frederick II the Quarrelsome

| 25 April 1211 Wiener Neustadt <hr/>15 June 1246 Leitha

| 28 July 1230<hr/>15 June 1246

| Duchy of Austria

| Eudokia Sophia Laskarina Angelina no children Agnes of Merania 1229 no children

| His troublesome marriages with no children opened a succession crisis in Austria.

|- bgcolor=#FFF

| rowspan=2 | 100px Gertrude

| rowspan=2 | 1226 <hr/>24 April 1288

| bgcolor=#CEB| 1236<hr/>4 October 1250

| bgcolor=#CEB| Duchy of Mödling

| rowspan=2 | Vladislaus of Bohemia 1246 no children Herman VI, Margrave of Baden 1248 two children Roman Danylovych 1252 one child

| rowspan=5 | Heiress of Mödling. After her cousin's death in 1246, she was the first to claim the duchy. She was associated with her first two husbands. However, as Herman of Baden failed to defeat the opposition of Austrian nobility, her rule weakened substantially, giving them minimal control over the duchies. Her first refusal of a third marriage with the brother of William II of Holland, combined with the occupation of Austria by her cousin Margaret and Ottokar of Bohemia in 1252, halted her claims. Although she was even given a part of Styria in 1254, she did not forswear her claim; her territorial portion was taken away from her in 1267.

|- bgcolor=#FFF

| 15 June 1246<hr/>4 October 1250 1254–1267

| Duchy of Austria

|- bgcolor=#EEE

| Vladislaus of Bohemia

| 1227 <hr/>3 January 1247 Leitha

| 15 June 1246<hr/>3 January 1247

| Duchy of Austria

| Gertrude 1246 no children

|- bgcolor=#EEE

| 100px Herman VI, Margrave of Baden

| c.1226 <hr/>4 October 1250

| 1248<hr/>4 October 1250

| Duchy of Austria

| Gertrude 1248 two children

|- bgcolor=#EEE

| 100px Frederick I, Margrave of Baden

| 1249 Alland <hr/>29 October 1268 Naples

| 1254<hr/>1267

| Duchy of Austria

| Unmarried

|- bgcolor=#FFF

| 100px Margaret

| 1204 <hr/>29 October 1266 Krumau am Kamp

| 6 May 1252<hr/>29 October 1266

| Duchy of Austria

| Henry (VII) of Germany 29 November 1225 Nuremberg two children Ottokar II of Bohemia 11 February 1252 Hainburg an der Donau no children

| rowspan=3 | Margaret and her husband, future King of Bohemia, invaded Austria in 1252 and were successfully proclaimed Dukes of Austria. After the annulment of their marriage, Margaret retired and Ottokar continued his rule until 1276, when he signed away his claims in Austria in favor of Rudolph of Habsburg. The matter would be settled with his defeat and death at the Battle on the Marchfeld (1278).

|- bgcolor=#EEE

| rowspan=2 | 100px Premislaus Ottokar II of Bohemia The Iron and Golden King

| rowspan=2 | 1233 Městec Králové <hr/>26 August 1278 Dürnkrut

| bgcolor=#EEE| 6 May 1252<hr/>1261

| bgcolor=#EEE| Duchy of Austria

| rowspan=2 | Margaret 11 February 1252 Hainburg an der Donau no children Kunigunda Rostislavna of Halych 25 October 1261 Pressburg three children

|- bgcolor=#FFF

| 1261<hr/>November 1276

| Duchy of Austria

Dukes and Archdukes of Austria under the House of Habsburg

Count Rudolf of Habsburg, elected as king of Germany (1273), was able during 1276–1278 to decisively defeat his main rival, the Bohemian king Ottokar II, and to regain his Austrian domains back for the Empire. By his imperial authority, Rudolf later (1282) invested his sons Albrecht and Rudolf with the duchies of Austria and Styria, thereby securing them for the House of Habsburg. Austria remained under Habsburg rule for more than 600 years, forming the core of the Habsburg monarchy and the present-day country of Austria.

The most important Austrian rulers until the Victory at Vienna in 1683 are described in the book Symmetria iuridico Austriaca.

Possessions (and partitions) of Austria under Habsburg domain

{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"

| colspan=4 style="background:#fff" | Duchy of Austria (1291–1379)

| rowspan=3 style="background:#ceb" | Duchy of Lower Austria (1379–1457)

| colspan=3 style="background:#def" | Duchies of Inner and Further Austria (1379–1406)

| rowspan=2 style="background:#fde" | Duchy of Inner Austria (1406–1453)

| style="background:#def" | Duchy of Further Austria (1406–1439)

| style="background:#ffd" | County of Tyrol (1406–1439)

| colspan=2 style="background:#ffd" | Duchy of Further Austria (1439–1453)

| colspan=2 style="background:#fde" | Archduchy of Inner Austria (1453–1490)

| colspan=2 style="background:#ffd" | Archduchy of Further Austria (1453–1490)

| colspan=4 style="background:#fff" | Archduchy of Austria (1490–1564)

| style="background:#ceb" | Archduchy of Lower and Upper Austria (1564–1619)

| style="background:#fde" | Archduchy of Inner Austria (1564–1619)

| colspan=2 style="background:#ffd" | Archduchy of Further Austria (1564–1619)

| colspan=4 style="background:#fff" | Archduchy of Austria (1619–1623)

| colspan=2 style="background:#fde" | Archduchy of Lower and Inner Austria (1623–1665)

| colspan=2 style="background:#ffd" | Archduchy of Further Austria (1623–1665)

| colspan=4 style="background:#fff" | Archduchy of Austria (1665–1804)

Table of rulers

{| class="wikitable sticky-header" style="text-align:center"

! Ruler

! Birth<hr/>Death

! Reign

! Ruling part

! Consort(s) Child(ren)

! Notes

| 100px Rudolph I

| 1 May 1218 Sasbach am Kaiserstuhl <hr/>15 July 1291 Speyer

| November 1276<hr/>December 1282

| Duchy of Austria

| Gertrude Anna of Hohenberg 1253 Elsass ten children Isabella of Burgundy 6 February 1284 Remiremont no children

| Brought the rule of Austria to the Habsburgs after definitively defeating Ottokar II of Bohemia between 1276 and 1278.

| 100px Albert I

| July 1255 Vienna <hr/>1 May 1308 Windisch

| December 1282<hr/>1 May 1308

| Duchy of Austria

| Elisabeth of Gorizia-Tyrol 20 December 1274 Vienna twelve children

| rowspan=3 | Sons of Rudolf I, Albert I and Rudolf II, co-ruled in Austria only one year (1282–83) when the sole rule was entrusted by the Treaty of Rheinfelden to Albert alone according to the principle of primogeniture. Albert was elected as king of Germany in 1298, and that same year he associated his own eldest son, Rudolf III in Austria. Rudolf III was also elected King of Bohemia in 1306, but predeceased his father, dying in the following year. Albert himself was assassinated by his nephew John Parricida.

| 100px Rudolf II the Debonair

| July 1270 Rheinfelden <hr/>10 May 1290 Prague

| December 1282<hr/>1283

| Duchy of Austria

| Agnes of Bohemia March 1289 Prague one child

| 100px Rudolf III the Good

| 1281 Vienna <hr/>3/4 July 1307 Horažďovice

| 21 November 1298<hr/>3/4 July 1307

| Duchy of Austria

| Blanche of France 25 May 1300 one child Elisabeth Richeza of Poland 16 October 1306 Prague no children

| 100px Frederick I/III the Fair

| 1289 Vienna <hr/>13 January 1330 Gutenstein

| 1 May 1308<hr/>13 January 1330

| Duchy of Austria

| Isabella of Aragon 11 May 1315 Ravensburg three children

| rowspan=2 | Younger brothers of Rudolf III, and co-rulers in Austria and Styria. Leopold, despite being younger than Frederick, was the one who primarily inherited the County of Habsburg, the oldest land of the family, and it was only after his death (1326) that Frederick came to rule there. In 1314, Frederick was elected King of the Romans, firstly as rival of Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor, and then accepting co-rulership.

| 100px Leopold I the Glorious

| 4 August 1290 Vienna <hr/>28 February 1326 Strassburg

| 1 May 1308<hr/>28 February 1326

| Duchy of Austria

| Catherine of Savoy 26 May 1315 Basel two children

| 100px Albert II the Wise

| 12 December 1298 Habsburg Castle <hr/>16 August 1358 Vienna

| 13 January 1330<hr/>16 August 1358

| Duchy of Austria

| Joanna of Pfirt 15 February 1324 Vienna six children

| rowspan=2 | Younger brothers of the predecessors, and co-rulers. Albert established the primogeniture law into their domains. He also brought Carinthia and Carniola into Habsburg rule and laid an unsuccessful siege to Zürich. Otto administered the Swabian Habsburg lands. Otto's minor sons, Frederick (II) and Leopold (II), succeeded him in the co-rulership as titular dukes (1339–1344).

| 100px Otto I the Merry

| 23 July 1301 Vienna <hr/>17 February 1339 Neuberg an der Mürz

| 13 January 1330<hr/>17 February 1339

| Duchy of Austria

| Elisabeth of Bavaria 15 May 1325 Straubing two children Anne of Bohemia 16 February 1335 Znaim no children

| 100px Rudolf IV the Founder

| 1 November 1339 Vienna <hr/>27 July 1365 Milan

| 16 August 1358<hr/>27 July 1365

| Duchy of Austria

| Catherine of Bohemia 13 July 1356 Vienna no children

| After the unchanging of privileges for the Habsburgs in the decree of the Golden Bull in 1356, Rudolf gave the order to draw up the Privilegium Maius, a fake document to empower the Austrian rulers. He was the first to style himself as "Archduke", a title which was only made official in 1453. Rudolf also brought Tyrol into the Habsburg domain.

| colspan=6 | The Privilegium Maius, fabricated by Rudolf in 1359, attempted to invest the Dukes of Austria with the special position of an "Archduke". This title was frequently used by Ernest the Iron and other Dukes but not recognized by other princes of the Holy Roman Empire until Frederick V became Emperor and confirmed the Privilegium in 1453.

After the death of Rudolf in 1365, his brothers Albert and Leopold succeeded him together, but divided their possessions between them in the Treaty of Neuberg of 1379:

Albert founded the Albertinian Line, who received the Duchy of Austria, later called Lower Austria (not to be confused with the namesake modern state);
Leopold founded the Leopoldinian Line, who received the duchies of Styria, Carinthia and Carniola (the group of lands also called Inner Austria), the County of Tyrol and Further Austria.

| rowspan=2 | 100px Albert III the Pigtail

| rowspan=2 | 9 September 1349 Vienna <hr/>29 August 1395 Laxenburg

| 29 July 1365<hr/>25 September 1379

| Duchy of Austria

| rowspan=2 | Elisabeth of Bohemia after 19 March 1366 Vienna no children Beatrice of Nuremberg 4 March 1375 Vienna one child

| rowspan=4| Brothers of the predecessor, divided their domains in 1379. Leopold himself lost his life fighting in the Battle of Sempach (1386), a turning point that established the growth of the Swiss Confederacy and the effective decline of Habsburg power in their Swiss homeland.

| style="background:#ceb" | 25 September 1379<hr/>29 August 1395

| style="background:#ceb" | Duchy of Lower Austria

| rowspan=2 | 100px Leopold III the Just

| rowspan=2 | 1 November 1351 Vienna <hr/>9 July 1386 Sempach

| 29 July 1365<hr/>25 September 1379

| Duchy of Austria

| rowspan=2 | Viridis Visconti 23 February 1365 Vienna six children

| style="background:#def" | 25 September 1379<hr/>9 July 1386

| style="background:#def" | Duchies of Inner and Further Austria with County of Tyrol

| 100px William the Courteous

| 1370 Vienna <hr/>15 July 1406 Vienna

| style="background:#def" | 9 July 1386<hr/>15 July 1406

| style="background:#def" | Duchies of Inner and Further Austria with County of Tyrol

| Joan II of Naples 13 November 1401 Vienna no children

| Co-ruled with his brother Leopold IV. Also held regency in Lower Austria 1404–1406.

| rowspan=2 | 100px Leopold IV the Fat

| rowspan=2 | 1371 Vienna <hr/>3 June 1411 Vienna

| style="background:#def" | 9 July 1386<hr/>15 July 1406

| style="background:#def" | Duchies of Inner and Further Austria with County of Tyrol

| rowspan=2 | Catherine of Burgundy 15 August 1393 Vienna no children

| rowspan=2 | Also held regency in Lower Austria 1404–1411. After the partition of 1406, kept Further Austria.

| style="background:#def" | 15 July 1406<hr/>3 June 1411

| style="background:#def" | Duchy of Further Austria

| 100px Albert IV the Patient

| 19 September 1377 Vienna <hr/>14 September 1404 Klosterneuburg

| style="background:#ceb"| 29 August 1395<hr/>14 September 1404

| style="background:#ceb" | Lower Austria

| Joanna Sophia of Bavaria 24 April 1390 Vienna two children

| His rule was marked by tensions and conflicts with the Leopoldinian line and the Luxemburg dynasty.

| colspan=5 |

| rowspan=2 | Succeeded as a minor, under guardianship of his Leopoldinian uncles. He was elected, in 1437<hr/>38, as King of Bohemia and King of Hungary, and also as King of Germany, beginning a three centuries long succession of Habsburg rulers as Kings of the Romans and Holy Roman Emperors.

| 100px Albert V the Magnanimous

| 16 August 1397 Vienna <hr/>27 October 1439 Neszmély

| style="background:#ceb" | 14 September 1404<hr/>27 October 1439

| style="background:#ceb" | Duchy of Lower Austria

| Elizabeth of Luxembourg 26 April 1422 Vienna three children

| colspan=6 | In 1406, after the death of William, the living brothers of the Leopoldinian Line made a new division of their territories:

Leopold kept Further Austria, to be inherited by his brother Frederick after his death;
Ernest founded the Elder Leopoldinian Line, who received Inner Austria;
Frederick founded the Junior Leopoldian Line, who received the county of Tyrol and then Further Austria.

| 100px Ernest the Iron

| 1377 Bruck an der Mur <hr/>10 June 1424 Bruck an der Mur

| style="background:#fde" | 15 July 1406<hr/>10 June 1424

| style="background:#fde" | Duchy of Inner Austria

| Margaret of Pomerania 14 January 1392 Bruck an der Mur no children Cymburgis of Masovia 25 January 1412 Kraków nine children

| In 1414, he became the last Duke to be enthroned according to Carantanian traditional rite at the Prince's Stone in Carinthia, and from that time on called himself Archduke. Beside Rudolf IV, he was the only one who used the title before it became official in 1453.

| rowspan=2 | 100px Frederick IV of the Empty Pockets

| rowspan=2 | 1382 <hr/>24 June 1439 Innsbruck

| style="background:#ffd" | 15 July 1406<hr/>3 June 1411

| style="background:#ffd" | County of Tyrol

| rowspan=2 | Elisabeth of the Palatinate 24 December 1407 Innsbruck one child Anna of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel 11 June 1411 Innsbruck four children

| rowspan=2 | Also held regency in Inner Austria 1424–1435. Because he sided with Antipope John XXIII, the Council of Constance stripped him of the remaining important Swiss possessions of the family, which went to the Swiss Confederacy.

| style="background:#ffd" | 3 June 1411<hr/>24 June 1439

| style="background:#ffd" | County of Tyrol with Further Austria

| colspan=6 | Vacant 1439–1440

| colspan=5 |

| rowspan=2 | Succeeded as a minor, under the guardianship of his Ernestine cousin. His death without descendants ended the Albertinian line. The domains which he inherited in Bohemia and Hungary were lost, and were only recovered during the reign of Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor.

| 100px Ladislaus the Posthumous

| 22 February 1440 Komárom <hr/>23 November 1457 Prague

| style="background:#ceb" | 22 February 1440<hr/>23 November 1457

| style="background:#ceb" | Duchy of Lower Austria Archduchy of Lower Austria

| Unmarried

| colspan=6 | Lower Austria annexed to Inner Austria

| colspan=5 |

| rowspan=2 | In 1490 he abdicated his control over his territories, giving way for the reunification of Austria.

| 100px Sigismund the Rich

| 26 October 1427 Innsbruck <hr/>4 March 1496 Innsbruck

| style="background:#ffd" | 24 June 1439<hr/>1490

| style="background:#ffd" | Duchy of Further Austria with County of Tyrol Archduchy of Further Austria with County of Tyrol

| Eleanor of Scotland 12 February 1449 Innsbruck one child Katharina of Saxony 24 February 1484 Innsbruck no children

| colspan=6 | Further Austria and Tyrol annexed to Inner Austria

| colspan=5 |

| rowspan=4 | Sons of Ernest I, ruled jointly. Occasionally, Albert revolted against Frederick, occupying until his death the lands known today as Upper Austria and Lower Austria. On his part, Frederick was elected, between 1440 and 1452, King of the Romans and Holy Roman Emperor. With this dignity, he conceded and made official, in 1453, the Habsburg title of Archduke. He officially elevated the Duchy into an Archduchy, which he came to inherit a few years later.

Despite having reunited all of Austria, Frederick's rule wasn't always uncontested: in 1485–1490, Matthias Corvinus, king of Hungary, occupied the proper Duchies of Austria and Styria, claiming the title Archduke of Austria.

| rowspan=2 | 100px Frederick V the Peaceful

| rowspan=2 | 21 September 1415 Innsbruck <hr/>19 August 1493 Linz

| style="background:#fde" | 10 June 1424<hr/>1490

| style="background:#fde" | Duchy of Inner Austria Archduchy of Inner Austria

| rowspan=2 | Eleanor of Portugal 16 March 1452 Rome five children

| 1490<hr/>19 August 1493

| Archduchy of Austria

| 100px Albert VI the Prodigal

| 12 September 1418 Vienna <hr/>2 December 1463 Vienna

| style="background:#fde" | 10 June 1424<hr/>2 December 1463

| style="background:#fde" | Duchy of Inner Austria Archduchy of Inner Austria

| Mechthild of the Palatinate 1452 Vienna no children

| 100px Maximilian I the Last Knight

| 22 March 1459 Wiener Neustadt <hr/>12 January 1519 Wels

| 19 August 1493<hr/>12 January 1519

| Archduchy of Austria

| Mary of Burgundy 18 August 1477 Ghent three children Anne of Brittany 18 December 1490 Rennes no children Bianca Maria Sforza 16 March 1494 Hall in Tirol no children

| In 1490, he reconquered lost Austrian lands after Matthias Corvinus's death and persuaded his cousin Sigismund to cede Tyrol to him. Appointed King of the Romans in 1486 and crowned Holy Roman Emperor in 1508. His first marriage allowed him to extend Habsburg domain over the Low Countries.

| 100px Charles I

| 24 February 1500 Ghent <hr/>21 September 1558 Yuste

| 12 January 1519<hr/>1521/1556

| Archduchy of Austria

| Isabella of Portugal 10 March 1526 Seville seven children

| Grandson of his predecessor. Through his mother he gained, in 1516, the recently unified Kingdom of Spain. He founded a Spanish branch of the Habsburgs that reigned until 1700. In 1519, he inherited the Austrian Archduchy, and was the first solely elected (not crowned) King of the Romans and Holy Roman Emperor (as Charles V). In 1521, he abdicated from Austria. He was succeeded in Austria by his brother, but continued being his brother's overlord until 1556. In this year, Charles abdicated control over all his possessions and retired to the Monastery of Yuste.

| 100px Ferdinand I

| 10 March 1503 Alcalá de Henares <hr/>25 July 1564 Vienna

| 1521/1556<hr/>25 July 1564

| Archduchy of Austria

| Anne of Bohemia and Hungary 25 May 1521 Linz fifteen children

| Brother of the predecessor. While Charles I's son Philip II of Spain inherited the "Western" possessions (Low Countries, Spain with ultramarine lands, and Italian states), Ferdinand inherited the rest (Austrian possessions), while gaining the kingdoms of Hungary and Bohemia, and came to be elected King of the Romans and Holy Roman Emperor in 1556, after his brother's abdication.

| colspan=6 | In 1564, after Ferdinand I's death, the Archduchy was once more divided between his sons:

Maximilian received Austria proper, known then as Lower and Upper Austria;
Ferdinand received Tyrol and Further Austria, which after his death with no descendants passed to the elder Austrian line;
Charles received Inner Austria (the duchies of Styria, Cartinhia and Carniola).

| 100px Maximilian II

| 31 July 1527 Vienna <hr/>12 October 1576 Regensburg

| style="background:#ceb" | 25 July 1564<hr/>12 October 1576

| style="background:#ceb" | Archduchy of Lower and Upper Austria

| Maria of Spain 13 September 1548 Valladolid sixteen children

| Maximilian, as the eldest son, was elected King of the Romans and Holy Roman Emperor in 1564, and inherited also the kingdoms of Hungary and Bohemia.

| 100px Ferdinand II

| 14 June 1529 Linz <hr/>24 January 1595 Innsbruck

| style="background:#ffd" | 25 July 1564<hr/>24 January 1595

| style="background:#ffd" | Archduchy of Further Austria with County of Tyrol

| Philippine Welser ca. 1576 four children Anne Juliana Gonzaga 14 May 1582 Innsbruck three children

| Had descendants, but from his morganatic marriage, making them unsuitable for succession; his lands were eventually inherited by the senior Austrian line.

| 100px Charles II

| 3 June 1540 Vienna <hr/>10 July 1590 Graz

| style="background:#fde" | 25 July 1564<hr/>10 July 1590

| style="background:#fde" | Archduchy of Inner Austria

| Maria Anna of Bavaria (I) 26 August 1571 Vienna fifteen children

| Unlike his brother Maximilian, Charles was Catholic and promoted the Counter-Reformation in his domains.

| 100px Rudolf V

| 18 July 1552 Vienna <hr/>20 January 1612 Prague

| style="background:#ceb" | 12 October 1576<hr/>1608

| style="background:#ceb" | Archduchy of Lower and Upper Austria

| Unmarried

| Also Holy Roman Emperor and King of Bohemia and Hungary. He was a patron of the arts, known for his support of Mannerist art.

| rowspan=2 | 100px Matthias

| rowspan=2 | 24 February 1557 Vienna <hr/>20 March 1619 Vienna

| style="background:#ffd" | 24 January 1595<hr/>26 June 1612 2 November 1618<hr/>20 March 1619

| style="background:#ffd" | Archduchy of Further Austria with County of Tyrol

| rowspan=2 | Anna of Tyrol 4 December 1611 Vienna no children

| rowspan=2 | Also Holy Roman Emperor and King of Bohemia and Hungary.

| style="background:#ceb" | 1608<hr/>20 March 1619

| style="background:#ceb" | Archduchy of Lower and Upper Austria

| 100px Maximilian III

| 12 October 1558 Vienna <hr/>2 November 1618 Vienna

| style="background:#ffd" | 26 June 1612<hr/>2 November 1618

| style="background:#ffd" | Archduchy of Further Austria

| Unmarried

| In 1587 stood as a candidate for the throne of the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth. He also held the regency of Lower and Upper Austria 1593–1595.

| 100px Albert VII

| 13 November 1559 Wiener Neustadt <hr/>13 July 1621 Brussels

| style="background:#ceb" | 20 March<hr/>9 October 1619

| style="background:#ceb" | Archduchy of Lower and Upper Austria

| Infanta Isabella Clara Eugenia of Spain 18 April 1599 Valencia no children

| Also Viceroy of Portugal under Philip II of Spain, and ruler of the Low Countries (1598–1621). Ruled a few months as archduke, before abdicating. His abdication resulted in a new reunion of Austria.

| colspan=6 | In 1619, Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor (Ferdinand III of Austria) reunited the Archduchy. During the Thirty Years' War, he felt the need to divide the land once more:

Ferdinand kept Lower and Inner Austria;
Leopold, Ferdinand's brother, received Upper Austria (with Further Austria and Tyrol).

| colspan=5 |

| rowspan=4 | Also Holy Roman Emperor (1619–1637), and King of Hungary and Bohemia. In 1619, he reunited Austria, but divided it again.

| rowspan=3 | 100px Ferdinand III

| rowspan=3 | 9 July 1578 Graz <hr/>15 February 1637 Vienna

| style="background:#fde" | 10 July 1590<hr/>9 October 1619

| style="background:#fde" | Archduchy of Inner Austria

| rowspan=3 | Maria Anna of Bavaria (II) 23 April 1600 Graz seven children Eleonora Gonzaga (I) 2 February 1622 Innsbruck no children

| 9 October 1619<hr/>1623

| Archduchy of Austria

| style="background:#fde" | 1623<hr/>15 February 1637

| style="background:#fde" | Archduchy of Lower and Inner Austria

| 100px Leopold V

| 9 October 1586 Graz <hr/>13 September 1632 Schwaz

| style="background:#ffd" | 1623<hr/>13 September 1632

| style="background:#ffd" | Archduchy of Further Austria

| Claudia de' Medici 19 April 1626 Innsbruck five children

| When he was chosen as archduke regnant, he abdicated his ecclesiastical status (as he previously held the Bishoprics of Passau and Strasbourg) in order to get married and have children.

| colspan=5 |

| rowspan=2 |

| 100px Ferdinand Charles

| 17 May 1628 Innsbruck <hr/>30 December 1662 Kaltern

| style="background:#ffd" | 13 September 1632<hr/>30 December 1662

| style="background:#ffd" | Archduchy of Further Austria

| Anna de' Medici 10 June 1646 Innsbruck two children

| 100px Ferdinand IV

| 13 July 1608 Graz <hr/>2 April 1657 Vienna

| style="background:#fde" | 15 February 1637<hr/>2 April 1657

| style="background:#fde" | Lower Austria and Inner Austria

| Maria Anna of Spain 20 February 1631 Vienna six children Maria Leopoldine of Austria 2 July 1648 Linz one child Eleonora Gonzaga (II) 30 April 1651 Wiener Neustadt four children

| Also Holy Roman Emperor (1637–1657), and King of Hungary and Bohemia.

| 100px Sigismund Francis

| 27 November 1630 Innsbruck <hr/>25 June 1665 Innsbruck

| style="background:#ffd" | 30 December 1662<hr/>25 June 1665

| style="background:#ffd" | Archduchy of Further Austria

| Hedwig of the Palatinate-Sulzbach 13 June 1665 Sulzbach no children

| Brother of the predecessor. After his death, his territories reverted to the elder line.

| rowspan=2 | 100px Leopold VI

| rowspan=2 | 9 June 1640 Vienna <hr/>5 May 1705 Vienna aged 64

| style="background:#fde" | 2 April 1657<hr/>25 June 1665

| style="background:#fde" | Archduchy of Lower and Inner Austria

| rowspan=2 | Margaret Theresa of Spain 12 December 1666 Vienna four children Claudia Felicitas of Austria 15 October 1673 Graz two children Eleanor Magdalene of Palatinate-Neuburg 14 December 1676 Passau eleven children

| rowspan=2 | Also Holy Roman Emperor, and King of Bohemia and Hungary. In 1665, he unified Austria once more.

| 25 June 1665<hr/>5 May 1705

| Archduchy of Austria

| 100px Joseph I

| 26 July 1678 Vienna <hr/>17 April 1711 Vienna

| 5 May 1705<hr/>17 April 1711

| Archduchy of Austria

| Wilhelmina Amalia of Brunswick 10 June 1646 Vienna three children

| Also Holy Roman Emperor, and King of Bohemia and Hungary.

| 100px Charles III

| 1 October 1685 Vienna <hr/>20 October 1740 Vienna

| 17 April 1711<hr/>20 October 1740

| Archduchy of Austria

| Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel 1 August 1708 Santa Maria del Mar, Barcelona five children

| Also Holy Roman Emperor, and King of Bohemia and Hungary. In 1700, he claimed the Kingdom of Spain in the War of Spanish Succession (1700–1713).

| 100px Maria Theresa

| 13 May 1717 Hofburg Imperial Palace <hr/>29 November 1780 Hofburg Imperial Palace

| 20 October 1740<hr/>29 November 1780

| Archduchy of Austria

| rowspan=2 | 12 February 1736 Vienna sixteen children

| Also Queen of Bohemia and Hungary.

| 100px Francis I Stephen

| 8 December 1708 Nancy <hr/>18 August 1765 Innsbruck aged 56

| 20 October 1740<hr/>18 August 1765

| Archduchy of Austria

| Also Holy Roman Emperor (1740–1765). Exchanged his original Duchy of Lorraine for the Grand Duchy of Tuscany (1737).

| colspan=6 | The Austrian agnatic branch ended in 1780 with the death of Maria Theresa of Austria and was replaced by a combination of the Austrian cognatic branch of the Habsburgs and the Vaudemont branch of the House of Lorraine in the person of her son Joseph II. The new successor house styled itself as Habsburg-Lorraine (Habsburg-Lothringen). All Habsburgs living today are in the agnatic descendants of Maria Theresa and Francis Stephen.

| 100px Joseph II

| 13 March 1741 Vienna <hr/>20 February 1790 Vienna

| 29 November 1780<hr/>20 February 1790

| Archduchy of Austria

| Isabella of Parma 6 October 1760 Vienna two children Maria Josepha of Bavaria 23 January 1765 Schönbrunn no children

| Co-ruling with his mother since the death of his father. Also Holy Roman Emperor (1765–1790).

| 100px Leopold VII

| 5 May 1747 Vienna <hr/>1 March 1792 Vienna

| 20 February 1790<hr/>1 March 1792

| Archduchy of Austria

| Maria Luisa of Spain 16 February 1764 Innsbruck sixteen children

| Had a brief reign. Also elected Holy Roman Emperor (1790–1792).

| 100px Francis II

| 12 February 1768 Florence <hr/>2 March 1835 Vienna

| 1 March 1792<hr/>11 August 1804

| Archduchy of Austria

| Elisabeth of Württemberg 6 January 1788 Vienna one child Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily 15 September 1790 Vienna twelve children Maria Ludovika of Austria-Este 6 January 1808 Vienna no children Caroline Augusta of Bavaria 29 October 1816 Vienna no children

| In 1804 Francis adopted the new title Emperor of Austria, but kept the title of Archduke of Austria.

In 1806 the Holy Roman Empire was dissolved.

Emperors of Austria (1804–1918)

House of Habsburg-Lorraine

Following the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire, Francis created his own Austrian Empire.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"

! Ruler

! Birth<hr/>Death

! Reign

! Ruling part

! Consort

! Notes

|- bgcolor=#fff

| 100px Francis I

| 12 February 1768 Florence <hr/>2 March 1835 Vienna

| 11 August 1804<hr/>2 March 1835

| Austrian Empire

| Elisabeth of Württemberg 6 January 1788 Vienna one child Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily 15 September 1790 Vienna 12 children Maria Ludovika of Austria-Este 6 January 1808 Vienna no children Caroline Augusta of Bavaria 29 October 1816 Vienna no children

|- bgcolor=#fff

| 100px Ferdinand I the Benevolent

| 19 April 1793 Vienna <hr/>29 June 1875 Prague

| 2 March 1835<hr/>2 December 1848

| Austrian Empire

| Maria Anna of Savoy 12 February 1831 Turin no children

| Abdicated due to the Revolutions of 1848.

|- bgcolor=#fff

| 100px Francis Joseph

| 18 August 1830 Florence <hr/>21 November 1916 Vienna

| 2 December 1848<hr/>21 November 1916

| Austrian Empire<hr/>Cisleithania

| Elisabeth of Bavaria 24 April 1854 Vienna four children

| Nephew of Ferdinand I, and grandson of Francis I. The Empire became a dual monarchy following the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, forming Austria-Hungary.

|- bgcolor=#fff

| 100px Charles

| 17 August 1887 Persenbeug-Gottsdorf <hr/>1 April 1922 Funchal

| 21 November 1916<hr/>12 November 1918

| Cisleithania

| Zita of Bourbon-Parma 21 October 1911 Schwarzau am Steinfeld eight children

| Grand-nephew of Francis Joseph I, and great-great-grandson of Francis I.

Following the defeat in World War I, Austria-Hungary was dissolved in 1918.

List of rulers of Austria

Margraves and Dukes of Austria under the House of Babenberg

Dukes and Archdukes of Austria under the House of Habsburg

Possessions (and partitions) of Austria under Habsburg domain

Table of rulers

Emperors of Austria (1804–1918)

House of Habsburg-Lorraine

See also

References

Works cited