This is a list of republics. For antiquity (or later in the case of societies that did not refer to modern terminology to qualify their form of government) the assessment of whether a state organisation is a republic is based on retrospective analysis by historians and political theorists. For more recent systems of government, worldwide organisations with a broad political acceptance (such as the United Nations), can provide information on whether or not a sovereign state is referred to as a republic.

List by period

Antiquity

{| class="sortable wikitable"

! width=120px|State

! Dates of existence (BCE)

! Notes

|-

| style="text-align:center" | Ancient Carthage

| c. 7th/6th century –146

| Greek sources may have misunderstood Carthage’s political system, mistaking its leaders for kings when it was actually governed by a council of nobles (Shophets). The legend of Queen Dido likely served to legitimize this non-monarchical system. During the 6th century BC, Carthage experienced political upheaval marked by the revolt of a shophet/general named Malchus, signaling the city’s transition from monarchy to an oligarchic republic. Inscriptions from this period suggest that aristocratic rule had become firmly established by the late 7th or mid 6th century BC.

| c. 7th/6th century – c. 345

|Sixteen kingdoms or oligarchic republics that existed in ancient India from the sixth to fourth centuries BCE, during the second urbanisation period.

|-

| style="text-align:center" | Licchavikas

| c. 7th/6th century – c. 468

| The leading confederate tribe of the Vajjika League Mahajanapada; the city of Vesālī was the republic's capital.

|-

| style="text-align:center" | Vaidehas

| c. 7th/6th century – c. 468

| One of the confederate tribes of the Vajjika League Mahajanapada; the city of Mithilā was the republic's capital.

|-

| style="text-align:center" | Nāyas

| c. 7th/6th century – c. 468

| One of the confederate tribes of the Vajjika League Mahajanapada; the city of Kuṇḍagāma was the republic's capital.

|-

| style="text-align:center" | Mallakas

| c. 7th/6th century – c. 468

| One of the confederate tribes of the Vajjika League Mahajanapada; the Mallakas were divided into two republics with the cities of Kusinārā and Pāvā as their respective capitals.

|-

| style="text-align:center" | Sakyas

| c. 7th/6th century – c. 5th century

|

|-

| style="text-align:center" | Koliyas

| c. 7th/6th century – c. 5th century

|

|-

| style="text-align:center" | Moriyas

| c. 7th/6th century – c. 5th century

|

|-

| style="text-align:center" | Bulayas

| c. 7th/6th century – c. 5th century

|

|-

| style="text-align:center" | Bhaggas

| c. 7th/6th century – c. 5th/4th century

|

|-

| style="text-align:center" | Kālāmas

| c. 7th/6th century – c. 5th/4th century

|

|-

| style="text-align:center" | Roman Republic

| 509–27

|

|-

| style="text-align:center" | Classical Athens

| 508–322

| Various Greek city-states under Classical Athenian influence; these loyalties and governments changed frequently (see synoecisms), and in some instances were even under the influence of Sparta without succumbing to oligarchy.

|}

Middle Ages

{| class="sortable wikitable"

! width=120px|State

! width=60px|Dates of existence (CE)

! System of government

|-

| style="text-align:center" |Khersonite State

|422 BCE – 1299 CE

|Democracy

|-

| style="text-align:center" | Republic of San Marino

|since 301, constitutional since 1600

|Directorial Republic

|-

| style="text-align:center" |Monemvasía State

|588–1252

|

|-

| style="text-align:center" |Qarmatians

|899–1067

|Theocracy

|-

| style="text-align:center" |Gotland

|?–1285

|Thing (Assembly)

|-

| style="text-align:center" |Frisian freedom(Upstalsboom League),

|c. 12th century–15th century

|peasant republic

|-

| style="text-align:center" |20px Icelandic Commonwealth

|930–1262

|

|-

| style="text-align:center" | Couto Misto

|c. 1000 – 1868

|

|-

| style="text-align:center" |Taifa of Córdoba

|1031–1070

|

|-

| style="text-align:center" | Republic of Florence

|1115–1537

|

|-

| style="text-align:center" | Republic of Siena

|1125–1557

|

|-

| style="text-align:center" |Novgorod Republic

|1136–1478

|

|-

| style="text-align:center" | Commune of Rome

|1144–1193

|

|-

| style="text-align:center" | Most Serene Republic of Lucca

|1160–1805

|

|-

| style="text-align:center" | Haudenosaunee

|c. 13th century–1794

|

|-

| style="text-align:center" |Republic of Massa

|1225–1336

|

|-

| style="text-align:center" |Republic of Sassari

|1275–1323

|

|-

| style="text-align:center" | Old Swiss Confederacy

|1291–1798

|

|-

| style="text-align:center" |Republic of Poljica

|1322–1806

|

|-

| style="text-align:center" |Republic of Senarica

|1343–1797

|

|-

| style="text-align:center" |20px Pskov Republic

|1348–1510

|

|-

| style="text-align:center" |Dithmarschen

|c. 1400 – 1559

|

|-

| style="text-align:center" | Republic of Cospaia

|1440–1826

|

|-

| style="text-align:center" | Golden Ambrosian Republic

|1447–1450

|

|-

| style="text-align:center" | Most Serene Republic of Venice

|697–1797

|merchant republic

|-

| style="text-align:center" |Republic of Gaeta

|839–1140

|merchant republic

|-

| style="text-align:center" | Republic of Amalfi

|839–1131

|merchant republic

|-

| style="text-align:center" |Bajjāna

|886–922

|merchant republic

|-

| style="text-align:center" | Republic of Ancona

|c. 1000 – 1532

|merchant republic

|-

| style="text-align:center" | Republic of Pisa

|c. 1000 – 1406, 1494–1509

|merchant republic

|-

| style="text-align:center" | Most Serene Republic of Genoa

|c. 1100 – 1797

|merchant republic

|-

| style="text-align:center" | Republic of Noli

|1192–1797

|merchant republic

|-

| style="text-align:center" | Republic of Ragusa

|1358–1808

|merchant republic

|-

|}

Free imperial cities

A free imperial city was a self-ruling city member of the Holy Roman Empire that was represented in the Imperial Diet.

  • 20px Free Imperial City of Worms (c. 11th century–1789)
  • 20px Free Imperial City of Goslar (1081–1802)
  • (1166–1801)
  • 20px Free Imperial City of Ulm (de jure: 1290–1803; de facto: 1184–1803)
  • 20px Free Imperial City of Besançon (1184–1654)
  • (1189–1806;)
  • 20px Free Imperial City of Konstanz (1192–1548)
  • 20px Free Imperial City of Wetzlar (c. 12th century–1803)
  • 20px Free Imperial City of Friedberg (1211–1806)
  • 20px Free Imperial City of Nördlingen (1215–1803)
  • 20px Free Imperial City of Nuremberg (1219–1806)
  • 20px Free Imperial City of Nordhausen (1220–1802)
  • 20px Free Imperial City of Pfullendorf (1220–1803)
  • 20px Free Imperial City of Lübeck (1226–1811)
  • 20px Free Imperial City of Rheinfelden (1225–1330)
  • 20px Free Imperial City of Colmar (1226–1679)
  • 20px Free Imperial City of Esslingen (1229–1802/3)
  • 20px Free Imperial City of Offenburg (c. 1240–1803)
  • 20px Free Imperial City of Reutlingen (1240–1803)
  • 20px Free Imperial City of Bopfingen (1241–1802)
  • 20px|alt= Free Imperial City of Mainz (1241–1462)
  • 20px Free Imperial City of Regensburg (1245–1486; 1496–1803)
  • 20px Free Imperial City of Schweinfurt (1245–1803)
  • 20px Free Imperial City of Windsheim (1248–1802)
  • 20px Free Imperial City of Buchau (c. 1250–1803)
  • 20px Free Imperial City of Mühlhausen (1251–1803)
  • 20px Free Imperial City of Strasbourg (1262–1681)
  • 20px Free Imperial City of Memmigen (1268–1802)
  • 20px Free Imperial City of Rottweil (1268–1802)
  • 20px Free Imperial City of Überlingen (1268–1803)
  • 20px Free Imperial City of Gmünd (1268–1802)
  • 20px Free Imperial City of Rothenburg (1274–1803)
  • 20px Free Imperial City of Buchhorn (1275–1803)
  • 20px Free Imperial City of Lindau (1275–1802)
  • 20px Free Imperial City of Weil (1275–1803)
  • 20px Free Imperial City of Augsburg (1276–1803)
  • 20px Free Imperial City of Ravensburg (1276–1803)
  • 20px Free Imperial City of Hall (1280–1802)
  • 20px Free Imperial City of Biberach an der Riß (1281–1803)
  • 20px Free Imperial City of Kaufbeuren (1286–1803)
  • 20px Free Imperial City of Wangen (1286–1802)
  • 20px Free Imperial City of Cologne (1288–1801)
  • 20px Free Imperial City of Kempten (1289–1802/3)
  • 20px Free Imperial City of Dortmund (1293–1803)
  • 20px Free Imperial City of Leutkirch (1293–1803)
  • 20px Free Imperial City of Speyer (1294–1792)
  • 20px Free Imperial City of Weißenburg (1296–1802)
  • 20px Free Imperial City of Zell am Harmersbach (c. 14th century–1803)
  • 20px Free Imperial City of Wimpfen (c. 1300–1803)
  • 20px Free Imperial City of Donauwörth (1308–1607)
  • 20px Free Imperial City of Mühlhausen (1347–1798)
  • 20px Free Imperial City of Dinkelsbühl (1351–1802)
  • 20px Free Imperial City of Aalen (1360–1803)
  • 20px Free Imperial City of Gengenbach (1360–1803)
  • 20px Free Imperial City of Isny (1365–1803)
  • 20px Free Imperial City of Bremen (de jure: 1654–1811; de facto: 1366–1811)
  • 20px Free Imperial City of Heilbronn (1371–1802)
  • 20px Free Imperial City of Frankfurt (1372–1806)
  • 20px Free Imperial City of Giengen (1391–1803)
  • 20px Free Imperial City of Diessenhofen (1415–1460)
  • 20px Republic of Gersau (1433–1798)
  • 20px Free Imperial City of Soest (1449–1616)

Early modernity

  • Zaporizhian Sich (1552–1775)
  • Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1795)
  • (1581–1795)
  • Saint-Malo (1590–1594)
  • Republic of Salé (1619–1668)
  • 20px Catalan Republic (September 1640–December 1641)
  • Cossack Hetmanate (1649–1764)
  • Commonwealth of England (1649–1660)
  • Regency of Algiers (1659–1830)
  • Republic of Pirates (1706–1718)
  • Corsican Republic (1755–1769)
  • Republic of Paulava (1769–1795)
  • (since 1776, constitutional since 1789)
  • Lanfang Republic (1777–1884)
  • Vermont Republic (1777–1791)
  • French First Republic (1792–1804)
  • Republic of Swellendam (1795)
  • Republic of Graaff-Reinet (1795–1796)
  • State of Muskogee (1799–1803)

Sister republics

A sister republic was a client state of France established by French armies or by local revolutionaries and assisted by the French First Republic during the French Revolutionary Wars.

  • Republic of Liège (1789–1791)
  • 24px United Belgian States (1790)
  • Rauracian Republic (1792–1793)
  • Republic of Mainz (1793)
  • Republic of Bouillon (1794–1795)
  • Batavian Republic (1795–1806)
  • Republic of Alba (1796)
  • Bolognese Republic (1796)
  • Republic of Reggio (1796)
  • Cispadane Republic (1796–1797)
  • Transpadane Republic (1796–1797)
  • Republic of Asti (1797)
  • Republic of Bergamo (1797)
  • Republic of Brescia (1797)
  • Republic of Crema (1797)
  • Anconine Republic (1797–1798)
  • Cisalpine Republic (1797–1802)
  • Cisrhenian Republic (1797–1802)
  • Ligurian Republic (1797–1805)
  • Lemanic Republic (1798)
  • Tiberina Republic (1798)
  • Republic of Connacht (1798)
  • Piedmontese Republic (1798–1799)
  • (1798–1802)
  • Roman Republic (1798–1799)
  • Republic of Pescara (1799)
  • Parthenopean Republic (1799)
  • Republic of Lucca (1799–1805)
  • Subalpine Republic (1800–1802)
  • Italian Republic (1802–1805)
  • Rhodanic Republic (1802–1810)
  • Swiss Confederation (1803–1815)
  • Republic of Ragusa (1806–1808)
  • Free City of Danzig (1807–1814)

Modernity

19th century

Africa
  • 24px Republic of Liberia (since 1847)
  • 24px Republic of Maryland (1853–1857)
  • South African Republic (1856–1877; 1881–1902)
  • (1854–1902)
  • 24px Natalia Republic (1839–1843)
  • 24px Goshen Republic (1882–1883)
  • 24px Stellaland Republic (1882–1885)
  • 24px Nieuwe Republiek (1884–1888)
  • 24px Griqualand East (1862–1879)
  • 24px Griqualand West (1800–1880)
  • 24px Philippopolis, South Africa
  • 24px Griekwastad (Griquatown)
  • 24px Ibadan Republic (1838–1893)
North America
  • 24px First Republic of Haiti (1806–1811)
  • 24px State of Haiti (1810–1811)
  • Republic of West Florida (1810)
  • 24px Republic of East Florida (1812)
  • 24px Republic of the Floridas (1817)
  • 24px Republic of Spanish Haiti (1821–1822)
  • Federal Republic of Central America (1823–1841)
  • 24px First Mexican United States (1824–1835)
  • Republic of Madawaska (1827)
  • Republic of Indian Stream (1832–1835)
  • 24px Centralist Republic of Mexico (1835–1846)
  • (1836–1845)
  • 24px Republic of Canada (1837–1838)
  • 24px State of Los Altos (1838–1840; 1848–1849)
  • 24px Republic of Lower Canada (1838)
  • 24px Free State of Costa Rica (1838–1847)
  • 24px Republic of Honduras (1838–1896)
  • 24px Republic of Nicaragua (1838–1896)
  • Republic of the Rio Grande (1840)
  • (1840–1843; 1846–1848)
  • 24px Republic of Guatemala (since 1840)
  • 24px Republic of El Salvador (1841–1896)
  • 24px First Dominican Republic (1844–1861)
  • California Republic (June–July 1846)
  • 24px Second Mexican United States (1846–1863)
  • 24px First Costa Rican Republic (1848–1948)
  • 24px State of Deseret (1849–1850)
  • 24px Republic of Baja California (15 October 1853–January 1854)
  • 24px Republic of Sonora (15 October 1853 – 8 May 1854)
  • 24px Second Republic of Haiti (since 1859)
  • Confederate States of America (1860–1865)
  • 24px Second Dominican Republic (1865–1916)
  • 24px United States of Mexico (since 1867)
  • Republic of Manitobah (1867–1869)
  • United States of Central America (1896–1898)
  • 24px Republic of El Salvador (since 1898)
  • 24px Republic of Honduras (since 1898)
  • 24px Republic of Nicaragua (since 1898)
South America
  • 24px Republic of Paraguay (since 1811)
  • 24px American Confederation of Venezuela (1811–1819)
  • 24px United Provinces of the Río de la Plata (1816–1831)
  • 24px Republic of Chile (since 1818)
  • 24px Republic of Gran Colombia (1819–1831)
  • 24px Free Province of Guayaquil (1820–1822)
  • Republic of Entre Ríos (1820–1821)
  • Republic of Tucumán (1820–1821)
  • 24px Republic of Peru (1824–1836)
  • 24px Republic of Bolivia (1825–1836)
  • 24px Oriental Republic of Uruguay (since 1828)
  • 24px Republic of Ecuador (since 1830)
  • 24px State of Venezuela (1830–1864)
  • 24px Argentine Confederation (1831–1861)
  • 24px Republic of New Granada (1831–1858)
  • 24px Republic of South Peru (1836)
  • 24px Republic of North Peru (1836)
  • 24px Peru–Bolivian Confederation (1836–1839)
  • Riograndense Republic (1836–1845)
  • Juliana Republic (1839)
  • 24px Republic of Peru (since 1839)
  • 24px Republic of Bolivia (1839–2009)
  • 24px State of Buenos Aires (1852–1861)
  • 24px Granadine Confederation (1858–1863)
  • 24px Argentine Republic (since 1861)
  • 24px United States of Colombia (1863–1886)
  • 24px United States of Venezuela (1864–1953)
  • 24px Republic of Colombia (since 1886)
  • 24px Republic of Independent Guiana (20 July 1886 – 1891)
  • 24px Republic of the United States of Brazil (1889–1930)
Asia
  • Lanfang Republic (1777–1884)
  • Republic of Ezo (1868–1869)
  • Zheltuga Republic (1883–1886)
  • Republic of Formosa (1895)
  • Republic of Biak-na-Bato (1897)
  • First Philippine Republic (1898–1901)
Europe
  • Septinsular Republic (1800–1815)
  • 20px Republic of Gersau (1814–1818)
  • (1814–1815)
  • Swiss Confederation (1814–1848)
  • United States of the Ionian Islands (1815–1864)
  • Free City of Cracow (1815–1846)
  • 20px Free City of Bremen (1815–1871)
  • 20px Free City of Hamburg (1815–1871)
  • 20px Free City of Lübeck (1815–1871)
  • 20px Free City of Frankfurt (1816–1866)
  • Neutral Moresnet (1816–1920)
  • First Hellenic Republic (1828–1832)
  • Second French Republic (1848–1852)
  • 24px Swiss Confederation (since 1848)
  • Free Cities of Menton and Roquebrune (1848–1849)
  • Roman Republic (February–April 1849)
  • Republic of San Marco (March 1848–August 1849)
  • Third French Republic (1871–1940)
  • First Spanish Republic (1873–1874)
  • 24px Cantons of Alcoy, Algeciras, Alicante, Almansa, Andújar, Bailén, Béjar, Cádiz, Camuñas, Castellón de la Plana, Córdoba, Granada, Gualchos, Huelva, Jaén, Jumilla, Loja, Málaga, Motril, Murcia, Orihuela, Plasencia, Salamanca, San Fernando, Sevilla, Tarifa, Torrevieja, Valencia (1873) and Cartagena (1873–1874)
  • Republic of Tamrash (1878–1886)
Oceania
  • Independent Commune of Franceville (1889)
  • Republic of Hawai'i (1894–1898)

20th century

Africa

  • Tripolitanian Republic (16 November 1918 – 1922)
  • Confederal Republic of the Tribes of the Rif (18 September 1921 – 27 May 1926)
  • Egypt (since 1953)
  • Sudan (since 1956)
  • Tunisia (since 1957)
  • Ghana (since 1960)
  • Benin (since 1960)
  • Madagascar (since 1960)
  • Mauritania (since 1960)
  • Somalia (since 1960)
  • Cameroon (since 1961)
  • South Africa (since 1961)
  • Nigeria (since 1963)
  • Rwanda (since 1962)
  • Algeria (since 1962)
  • (9 December 1962 – 26 April 1964)
  • Uganda (since 1963)
  • Kenya (since 1963)
  • Malawi (since 1964)
  • Zambia (since 1964)
  • 24px People's Republic of Zanzibar (12 January 1964 – 26 April 1964)
  • Tanzania (since 26 April 1964)
  • Gambia (since 1965)
  • Botswana (since 1966)
  • Burundi (since 1966)
  • (30 May 1967 – 15 January 1970)
  • Equatorial Guinea (since 1968)
  • Libya (since 1969)
  • Central African Republic (since 1970)
  • (2 March 1970 – 11 December 1979)
  • Sierra Leone (since 1971)
  • Ethiopia (since 1974)
  • Cape Verde (since 1975)
  • Mozambique (since 1975)
  • São Tomé and Príncipe (since 1975)
  • Western Sahara (since 1976)
  • Seychelles (since 1976)
  • (26 October 1976 – 27 April 1994)
  • (6 December 1977 – 28 April 1994)
  • (13 September 1979 – 28 April 1994)
  • Zimbabwe (since 1980)
  • (4 December 1981 – 28 April 1994)
  • Namibia (since 1990)
  • Somaliland (since 1991)
  • Mauritius (since 1992)

America

  • Republic of Acre (1st: 15 July 1899 – 15 March 1900; 2nd: November 1900–24 December 1900 3rd: 27 January 1903 – 11 November 1903)
  • 24px Republic of Cuba (since 20 May 1902)
  • 24px Republic of Panama (since 3 November 1903)
  • 24px First United States of Brazil (16 July 1934 – 29 October 1945)
  • 24px Second United States of Brazil (31 January 1946 – 31 March 1964)
  • 24px Second Republic of Costa Rica (since 7 November 1949)
  • 24px Third Dominican Republic (1924–12 July 1965)
  • 24px Republic of Venezuela (11 April 1953 – 15 December 1999)
  • 24px Fourth Dominican Republic (since 1 July 1966)
  • 24px Republic of Anguilla (12 July 1967 – 19 March 1969)
  • 24px Co-operative Republic of Guyana (since 23 February 1970)
  • 24px Republic of Suriname (since 25 November 1975)
  • 24px Republic of Trinidad and Tobago (since 1 August 1976)
  • 24px Commonwealth of Dominica (since 3 November 1978)
  • 24px Federative Republic of Brazil (since 15 March 1985)
  • 24px Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (since 15 December 1999)

Asia

  • Urjanchai Republic (1 December 1911 – 17 April 1914)
  • Republic of China (since 1 January 1912, since 7 December 1949 only in Taiwan; widely recognized until 25 October 1971)
  • 24px Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic (22 April 1918 – 28 May 1918)
  • (28 May 1918 – 2 December 1920)
  • Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan (28 May 1918 – 28 April 1920)
  • 24px Kars Republic (1 December 1918 – 19 April 1919)
  • 24px Republic of Aras (December 1918 – Mid-June 1919)
  • 24px Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic (28 April 1920 – 12 March 1922)
  • 24px Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (2 December 1920 – 12 March 1922)
  • Republic of Mountainous Armenia (26 April 1921 – 13 July 1921)
  • Tuvan People's Republic (14 August 1921 – 11 October 1944)
  • Republic of Turkey (since 29 October 1923)
  • (24 November 1924 – 13 February 1992)
  • (15 November 1935 – 4 July 1946)
  • Second Philippine Republic (14 November 1943 – 11 June 1945)
  • Lebanese Republic (de jure: since 22 November 1943; de facto: since 31 December 1946)
  • Republic of Indonesia (since 17 August 1945)
  • Republic of the Union of Myanmar (since 4 January 1948)
  • Third Philippine Republic (4 July 1946 – 30 December 1965)
  • State of Israel (since 14 May 1948)
  • Republic of Korea (since 15 August 1948)
  • Democratic People's Republic of Korea (since 9 September 1948)
  • (since 2 September 1945)
  • (26 October 1955 – 30 April 1975)
  • (since 1 October 1949; widely recognized since 25 October 1971)
  • Republic of South Maluku (15 April 1950 – 12 April 1963)
  • Republic of India (since 26 January 1950)
  • (since 1956)
  • (since 1958)
  • (since 1960)
  • (since 1965)
  • Fourth Philippine Republic (30 December 1965–22/25 February 1986)
  • (since 1990)
  • (since 1968)
  • (since 1971)
  • (since 1972)
  • (1973–1992)
  • (since 2 December 1975)
  • (since 1979)
  • ' (since 1983; disputed)
  • Republic of the Philippines (since 22/25 February 1986)
  • (since 1988)
  • (since 1991)
  • ' (1991–2023)
  • (since 1991)
  • ' (since 1991; disputed)
  • ' (since 1992; disputed)
  • (since 1992)

Europe

  • 24px Kruševo Republic (3 August 1903 – 13 August 1903)
  • First Portuguese Republic (5 October 1910 – 26 May 1926)
  • 24px Independent Government of Western Thrace (31 August 1913 – 25 October 1913)
  • Republic of Finland (since 6 December 1917)
  • Russian Republic (1917)
  • Ukrainian People's Republic (25 January 1917 – 29 April 1918; 14 December 1918 – 18 March 1921)
  • 24px Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus (11 May 1917–January 1921)
  • 24px Crimean People's Republic (13 December 1917–January 1918)
  • 24px Moldavian Democratic Republic (6 February 1918 – 10 December 1918)
  • 24px Kuban People's Republic (16 February 1918 – 17 March 1920)
  • 24px Belarusian People's Republic (9 March 1918 – 1919)
  • (since 16 February 1918)
  • (since 24 February 1918)
  • 24px Don Republic (18 May 1918 – 1920)
  • (26 May 1918 – 25 April 1921)
  • Commonwealth of Zakopane (13 October 1918 – 16 November 1918)
  • West Ukrainian People's Republic (18 October 1918 – 22 January 1919)
  • Komancza Republic (4 November 1918 – 24 January 1919)
  • 24px Republic of Tarnobrzeg (6 November 1918–Spring 1919)
  • 24px People's State of Bavaria (8 November 1918 – 6 April 1919)
  • Republic of German-Austria (12 November 1918 – 10 September 1919)
  • Second Polish Republic (16 November 1918 – 6 October 1939)
  • (since 18 November 1918)
  • First Czechoslovak Republic (28 October 1918 – 30 September 1938)
  • 24px Lemko-Rusyn People's Republic (5 December 1918–March 1920)
  • First Austrian Republic (10 September 1919 – 1 May 1934)
  • Free State of Fiume (12 November 1920 – 22 February 1924)
  • Republic of Central Lithuania (12 October 1920 – 24 March 1922)
  • (15 November 1920 – 2 September 1939)
  • 24px Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic (25 February 1921 – 12 March 1922)
  • Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)
  • Republic of Turkey (since 29 October 1923)
  • Second Hellenic Republic (1924–1935)
  • Catalan Republic (14 April 1931 – 17 April 1931)
  • Second Spanish Republic (de facto: 1931–1939; de jure: 1931–1975)
  • (since 29 December 1949)
  • Second Czechoslovak Republic (30 September 1938 – 15 March 1939)
  • Carpatho-Ukraine (30 December 1938 – 18 March 1939)
  • Slovak State (14 March 1939 – 4 April 1945)
  • Fourth French Republic (1946–1958)
  • (since 2 June 1946)
  • (est. 1946)
  • (est. 1947, communist government from 1948 to 1989)
  • Fifth French Republic (since 1958)
  • Third Hellenic Republic (since 1974)
  • (since 1974)
  • ' (since 1990; disputed)

Oceania

  • (1961–1963)
  • Independent State of Samoa (since 1 January 1962)
  • Republic of Nauru (since 31 January 1968)
  • 24px Nation of Tanna (1974)
  • 24px Republic of the North Solomons (1975–1976)
  • Republic of Palau (since 2 April 1979)
  • Republic of the Marshall Islands (since 1979)
  • Republic of Kiribati (since 12 July 1979)
  • 24px Tafea Nation (1980)
  • Republic of Vanuatu (since 30 July 1980)
  • 24px Republic of Vemerana (1980)
  • Federated States of Micronesia (since 3 November 1986)
  • Republic of Fiji (since 7 October 1987)
  • 24px Republic of Rotuma (1987–1988)

21st century and later

  • 24px Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste (since 20 May 2002)
  • (26 January 2004 – 15 August 2021)
  • 24px Republic of Kosovo (since 17 February 2008)
  • 24px Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal (since 28 May 2008)
  • 24px Plurinational State of Bolivia (since 7 February 2009)
  • 24px State of Libya (since 17 February 2011)
  • Republic of South Sudan (since 9 July 2011)
  • Barbados (since 30 November 2021)

List by type

In modern usage, a republican system of government is loosely applied to any state which claims this designation. For example, the Dominican Republic under Rafael Trujillo is considered a republic, as is the Republic of Iraq under Saddam Hussein.

Arab republics

  • Tripolitanian Republic (1918–1922)
  • Arab Republic of Egypt (1953–present)
  • Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (1976–present)
  • Syrian Arab Republic (1961–present)
  • United Arab Republic (1958–1971)
  • Yemen Arab Republic (1962–1990)
  • Libyan Arab Republic (1969–1977)

Confederal republics

Confederal republics are associations of sovereign states, usually having power over critical common issues such as defense and foreign policy:

  • Confederate States of America (1861–1865)
  • Senegambia Confederation (1982–1989)
  • United States of America (under the Second Continental Congress and the Articles of Confederation, 1776–1789)

Crowned republics

A crowned republic, is a form of constitutional monarchy where the monarch's role is commonly seen as largely ceremonial and where all the royal prerogatives are prescribed by custom and law in such a way that the monarch has limited discretion over governmental and constitutional issues.

  • United Kingdom (1707–present)
  • Kingdom of Denmark (1849–present)
  • Kingdom of Norway (1905–present)
  • Commonwealth of Australia (1986–present)
  • Realm of New Zealand (1947–present)
  • Czechoslovakia: <small>Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (1969–1990), Czech and Slovak Federative Republic (1990–1992)</small>
  • Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia <small>(unitary republic 1974–1994; federal republic since 1994)</small>
  • Federal Republic of Cameroon (1961–1972)
  • Federal Republic of Somalia (since August 2012)
  • Federative Republic of Brazil (since 15 November 1889)
  • Federal Republic of Germany (since 1949)
  • Gran Colombia <small>(Republic of Colombia) (1819–1886), known as Great Colombia from 1819 to 1831, when it included present-day Ecuador, Venezuela and Panama.</small>
  • Islamic Republic of Pakistan (since 1956)
  • Second Federal Republic of Mexico (1846–1864)
  • United Mexican States (since 1917)
  • Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal (since 2007)
  • Federal Republic of Nigeria <small>(1963–66:1st Republic, 1979–83: 2nd Republic, 1993: 3rd Republic, 1999–present: 4th Republic)</small>
  • Argentine Republic (since 1852)
  • Republic of India (since 26 January 1950)
  • Republic of South Sudan (since 9 July 2011)
  • Republic of Sudan (since 1 January 1956)
  • Republic of Austria<!--which period?-->
  • Russian Federation <small>(since 7 November 1917; up to 1991 it was named Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic)</small>
  • State Union of Serbia and Montenegro (2003–2006)
  • Swiss Confederation (1848–present), a federal republic but called the Swiss Confederation
  • Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)
  • United Provinces of Central America (1823–1840)
  • United States of America (since 1789)
  • United States of Indonesia (1949–1950)
  • Yugoslavia: <small>Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia (1946–1963), Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1963–1992), Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1992–2003)</small>

Islamic republics

Republics governed in accordance with Islamic law:

  • Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (2004–2021)
  • Islamic Republic of Iran (since 1979)
  • Islamic Republic of Mauritania (1960–2017)
  • Islamic Republic of Mauritania (since 2017)
  • Islamic Republic of Pakistan (since 1956)

People's republics

People's republics are said to be governed by the people. The name is most often (but not always) used by communist states.

Current people's republics

  • Democratic People's Republic of Korea<!--which period?--><!--which period?-->
  • People's Democratic Republic of Algeria<!--which period?--><!--which period?-->
  • Lao People's Democratic Republic<!--which period?--><!--which period?-->
  • People's Republic of Bangladesh<!--which period?--><!--which period?-->
  • People's Republic of China<!--which period?--><!--which period?-->

Former people's republics

  • Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia (1946&ndash;1963)
  • Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (1977–2011)
  • Mongolian People's Republic (1924&ndash;1992)
  • People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (1967&ndash;1970)
  • People's Republic of Albania (1946&ndash;1976)
  • People's Republic of Angola (1975&ndash;1992)
  • People's Republic of Benin (1975&ndash;1990)
  • People's Republic of Bulgaria (1946&ndash;1990)
  • People's Republic of the Congo (1970&ndash;1992)
  • People's Republic of Hungary (1949&ndash;1989)
  • People's Republic of Mozambique (1975&ndash;1990)
  • People's Republic of Poland (1952&ndash;1989)
  • People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (1987&ndash;1991)
  • Romanian People's Republic (1947&ndash;1965)

Socialist republics

These are republics that use the word "socialist" in their official name.

  • Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (1920–1990)
  • Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic (1920–1991)
  • Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (1920–1991)
  • Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (1960–1990)
  • Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka<!--which period?-->
  • Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (1977–2011)
  • Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1963–1992)
  • People's Socialist Republic of Albania (1976–1990)
  • Socialist Republic of Romania (1965–1989)
  • Socialist Republic of Vietnam (since 1976)
  • Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (1919–1991)
  • Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)

Unitary republics

Unitary republics are unitary states which are governed constitutionally as one single unit, with a single constitutionally created legislature. Unitary states are not federations or confederations.

  • Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (2004–2021)
  • Republic of Acre (1st: 1899–1900; 2nd: 1900; 3rd: 1903)
  • Republic of Albania (since 1946)
  • People's Democratic Republic of Algeria
  • Republic of Angola (since 1975)
  • Republic of Armenia (1st: 28 May 1918; Current: 25 December 1991)
  • Republic of Azerbaijan (1st: 28 May 1918; re-established: 18 October 1991)
  • People's Republic of Bangladesh
  • Barbados (since 30 November 2021)
  • Republic of Benin
  • Republic of Bophuthatswana (1977–1994)
  • Plurinational State of Bolivia
  • Republic of Botswana (since 1966)
  • Republic of Bulgaria (since 1946)
  • Republic of the Union of Myanmar (Burma)
  • Republic of Burundi (since 1966)
  • Republic of Cameroon
  • Republic of Cape Verde
  • Republic of Chad
  • (1958–1976; restored 1979)
  • Republic of Chile
  • People's Republic of China
  • Republic of China (Taiwan)
  • Republic of Ciskei (1981–1994)
  • Republic of Colombia (unitary republic since 1886)
  • Democratic Republic of the Congo
  • Republic of the Congo
  • Corsican Republic (1755–1769)
  • Cospaia (1440–1826)
  • Republic of Costa Rica
  • Republic of Croatia
  • Republic of Cuba
  • Republic of Cyprus
  • Commonwealth of Dominica
  • (1821–1822, 1844–1861, 1865–present)
  • Republic of Djibouti
  • Republic of Ecuador
  • Arab Republic of Egypt (since 1953)
  • Republic of El Salvador (1821–present)
  • Republic of Equatorial Guinea
  • State of Eritrea
  • Republic of Estonia (since 1918)
  • Republic of Ezo (1868–1869)
  • Independent Commune of Franceville (1889)
  • Republic of Fiji (since 1987)
  • Republic of Finland (since 1919)
  • Finnish Democratic Republic (1 December 1939 to 12 March 1940)
  • Republic of Formosa (1895)
  • French Republic
  • Gabonese Republic
  • Republic of the Gambia (since 1970)
  • Republic of Ghana (since 1960)
  • Hellenic Republic (First Hellenic Republic (1822–1832))
  • Republic of Guatemala
  • Republic of Guinea
  • Republic of Guinea-Bissau
  • Co-operative Republic of Guyana (since 1970)
  • Republic of Haiti (1806–1849; restored 1859)
  • Republic of Hawaii (1894–1898)
  • Republic of Honduras<!--which period?-->
  • Republic of Hungary (since 1946)
  • Republic of Iceland (republic since 1944)
  • Republic of Indonesia (unitary republic since August 1950)
  • (since 14 May 1948)
  • Italian Republic (since 1946)
  • Italian Social Republic (1943–1945)
  • Islamic Republic of Iran (since 1979)
  • Republic of Iraq (since 1958)
  • (since 1949)
  • Republic of Ivory Coast
  • Republic of Kazakhstan
  • Republic of Kenya (since 1964)
  • Republic of Kiribati (since 1979)
  • Republic of Korea (since 1948)
  • Democratic People's Republic of Korea (since 1948)
  • Republic of Kuwait (1990)
  • Kyrgyz Republic
  • Lao People's Democratic Republic (since 1975)
  • Republic of Latvia
  • Republic of Lebanon (22 November 1943)
  • Republic of Liberia
  • Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (1969–2011)
  • Republic of Lithuania
  • Lokot Republic (1941–1943)
  • Republic of Madagascar
  • Republic of Malawi (since 1966)
  • Republic of Maldives (since 1968)
  • Republic of Mali (since 1960)
  • Republic of Malta (since 1974)
  • Republic of the Marshall Islands (since 1979)
  • Islamic Republic of Mauritania
  • Republic of Mauritius (since 1992)
  • Menton and Roquebrune (1848–1861)
  • Republic of Moldova
  • State of Mongolia (since 1924)
  • Republic of Montenegro (since 2006)
  • Republic of Mozambique
  • State of Muskogee (1799–1803)
  • Republic of Namibia
  • Republic of Nauru
  • Republic of Nicaragua
  • Republic of Niger
  • Republic of North Macedonia (since 1991)
  • Republic of Palau (since 1981)
  • Republic of Panama
  • Republic of Paraguay
  • Republic of Peru
  • Republic of the Philippines (since 1946)
  • Republic of Poland
  • Portuguese Republic (since 1910)
  • Republic of Rhodesia (1970–1979)
  • (since 1947)
  • Republic of Rwanda (since 1961)
  • Independent State of Samoa (since 1962)
  • Most Serene Republic of San Marino (since 301)
  • Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe
  • Republic of Senegal
  • Republic of Serbia
  • Republic of Seychelles
  • Republic of Sierra Leone (since 1971)
  • Republic of Singapore (since 1965)
  • Slovak Republic (1939–1945)
  • Republic of Slovenia
  • Republic of South Africa (since 1961)
  • Republic of Spain (1931–1939)
  • Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka (since 1972)
  • Republic of Suriname
  • Syrian Arab Republic
  • Republic of Tajikistan
  • United Republic of Tanzania
  • Republic of Texas (1836–1845)
  • Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste
  • Togolese Republic
  • Republic of Transkei (1976–1994)
  • Republic of Trinidad and Tobago (since 1976)
  • Tunisian Republic (since 1957)
  • Republic of Turkey (since 1923)
  • Turkmenistan
  • Republic of Uganda (since 1963)
  • Republic of Upper Volta (1958–1984)
  • Oriental Republic of Uruguay
  • Republic of Uzbekistan
  • Republic of Vanuatu
  • Republic of Venda (1979–1994)
  • Vermont Republic (1777–1791)
  • Republic of Vietnam (1955–1975)
  • Republic of West Florida (1810)
  • Republic of Yemen (since 1962)
  • Republic of Zambia (since 1964)
  • Republic of Zimbabwe

Republics of Russia

  • Republic of Adygea
  • Republic of Chechnya
  • Republic of Dagestan
  • Republic of Ingushetia
  • Republic of Kabardino-Balkaria
  • Republic of Kalmykia
  • border|22px|link= Republic of North Ossetia-Alania
  • Republic of Altai
  • Republic of Bashkortostan
  • Republic of Buryatia
  • Republic of Chuvashia
  • Republic of Karelia
  • Republic of Khakassia
  • Republic of Komi
  • Republic of Mari El
  • Republic of Mordovia
  • Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)
  • Republic of Tatarstan
  • Republic of Tuva
  • Republic of Udmurtia

Disputed separatist republics

  • ' (since 1971, unrecognized)
  • Republic of Abkhazia
  • Republic of South Ossetia
  • Gagauz Republic (1990–1995)
  • Pridnestrovian Moldovan Republic
  • 24px Republic of Kosovo
  • Republika Srpska (1992–1995)
  • 24px Dubrovnik Republic (1991–1992)
  • 24px Republic of Serbian Krajina (1991–1995)
  • ' (1991–2023)
  • ' Kurdish Republic of Lachin (1992)
  • Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (since 1983)
  • ' (since 1991)
  • '
  • '
  • '
  • ' (1991–2000)
  • Republic of Tatarstan (1992–1994)
  • Catalan Republic (2017)

See also

  • Republicanism

References

Sources