The president of Italy () is the head of state of the Italian Republic. Since 1948, there have been 12 presidents of Italy. The official residence of the president is the Quirinal Palace in Rome. Among the Italian presidents, three came from Campania (all from Naples), three from Piedmont, two each from Sardinia (both from Sassari) and from Tuscany, one from Liguria, and one from Sicily. No woman has ever held the office.
Election
The president of the Republic is elected by Parliament in a joint session of the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate of the Republic. In addition, the 20 regions of Italy appoint 58 representatives as special electors. Three representatives come from each region, except for the small Aosta Valley, which appoints one, so as to guarantee representation for all localities and minorities.
According to the Constitution of Italy, the election must be held in the form of secret ballot, with all senators, all deputies, and the 58 regional representatives all voting. A two-thirds vote is required to elect on any of the first three rounds of balloting and after that a majority suffices. The election is presided over by the president of the Chamber of Deputies, who calls for the public counting of the votes. The vote is held in the Montecitorio Palace, home of the Chamber of Deputies, which is expanded and re-configured for the event.
The president assumes office after having taken an oath before the Italian Parliament and delivering a presidential address. Presidents are elected to serve a seven-year term. Giorgio Napolitano was the first president to be elected to a second term in 2013, followed by Sergio Mattarella in 2022.
Presidents of the Italian Republic (1948–present)
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; style="width=85%"
|-
!colspan="9"|
|-
! width=1% rowspan="2"| Portrait
! width=15% rowspan="2"| Name<br />
! width=20% colspan="2"| Term of office
! width=15% rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Party
! width=5% rowspan="2"|Election
! width=1% rowspan="2"|
|-
|- style="text-align:center;"
! width=10%|Took office
! width=10%|Left office
|- style="height:9em;"
!rowspan="2"|110px
!rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal" |Enrico De Nicola<br />
|class="nowrap"|1 January 1948
|class="nowrap"|12 May 1948
|width="1" rowspan="2" style="color:inherit;background:;"|
|rowspan="2"|Italian Liberal Party
!rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal" |1947
|rowspan="2"|
|- style="height:4em;"
|colspan="2"|
|- style="height:9em;"
!rowspan="2"|110px
!rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal" |Luigi Einaudi<br />
|class="nowrap"|12 May 1948
|class="nowrap"|11 May 1955
|width="1" rowspan="2" style="color:inherit;background:;"|
|rowspan="2"|Italian Liberal Party
!rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal" |1948
|rowspan="2"|
|- style="height:4em;"
|colspan="2"|
|- style="height:9em;"
!rowspan="2"|110px
!rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal" |Giovanni Gronchi<br />
|class="nowrap"|11 May 1955
|class="nowrap"|11 May 1962
|width="1" rowspan="2" style="color:inherit;background:;"|
|rowspan="2"|Christian Democracy
!rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal" |1955
|rowspan="2"|
|- style="height:4em;"
|colspan="2"|
|- style="height:9em;"
!rowspan="2"|110px
!rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal" |Antonio Segni<br />
|class="nowrap"|11 May 1962
|class="nowrap"|6 December 1964
|width="1" rowspan="2" style="color:inherit;background:;"|
|rowspan="2| Christian Democracy
!rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal" |1962
|rowspan="2"|
|- style="height:4em;"
|colspan="2"|
|- style="height:9em;"
!rowspan="2"|110px
!rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal" |Giuseppe Saragat<br />
|class="nowrap"|29 December 1964
|class="nowrap"|29 December 1971
|width="1" rowspan="2" style="color:inherit;background:;"|
|rowspan="2"|Italian Democratic Socialist Party
!rowspan="2"style="font-weight:normal" |1964
|rowspan="2"|
|- style="height:4em;"
|colspan="2"|
|- style="height:9em;"
!rowspan="2"|110px
!rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal" |Giovanni Leone<br />
|class="nowrap"|29 December 1971
|class="nowrap"|15 June 1978
|width="2" rowspan="2" style="color:inherit;background:;"|
|rowspan="2"|Christian Democracy
!rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal" |1971
|rowspan="2"|
|- style="height:4em;"
|colspan="2"|
|- style="height:9em;"
!rowspan="2"|110px
!rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal" |Sandro Pertini<br />
|class="nowrap"|9 July 1978
|class="nowrap"|29 June 1985
|width="2" rowspan="2" style="color:inherit;background:;"|
|rowspan="2"|Italian Socialist Party
!rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal" |1978
|rowspan="2"|
|- style="height:4em;"
|colspan="2"|
|- style="height:9em;"
!rowspan="2"|110px
!rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal" |Francesco Cossiga<br />
|class="nowrap"|3 July 1985
|class="nowrap"|28 April 1992
|width="1" rowspan="2" style="color:inherit;background:;"|
|rowspan="2"|Christian Democracy
!rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal" |1985
|rowspan="2"|
|- style="height:4em;"
|colspan="2"|
|- style="height:9em;"
!rowspan="2"|110px
!rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal" |Oscar Luigi Scalfaro<br />
|class="nowrap"|28 May 1992
|class="nowrap"|15 May 1999
|width="1" rowspan="2" style="color:inherit;background:;"|
|rowspan="2"|Christian Democracy
!rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal" |1992
|rowspan="2"|
|- style="height:4em;"
|colspan="2"|
|- style="height:9em;"
!rowspan="2"|110px
!rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal" |Carlo Azeglio Ciampi<br />
|class="nowrap"|18 May 1999
|class="nowrap"|15 May 2006
|width="1" rowspan="2" style="color:inherit;background:;"|
|rowspan="2"|Independent
!rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal" |1999
|rowspan="2"|
|- style="height:4em;"
|colspan="2"|
|- style="height:9em;"
!rowspan="2"|110px
!rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal" |Giorgio Napolitano<br />
|class="nowrap"|15 May 2006
|class="nowrap"|14 January 2015
|rowspan="2" width="1" style="color:inherit;background:;"|
|rowspan="2"|Democrats of the Left /<br />Independent
!rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal" |2006<hr>2013
|rowspan="2"|
|- style="height:4em;"
|colspan="2"|
|- style="height:9em;"
!rowspan="2"|110px
!rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal" |Sergio Mattarella<br />
|class="nowrap"|3 February 2015
|class="nowrap"|Incumbent
|width="1" rowspan="2" style="color:inherit;background:;"|
|rowspan="2"|Independent
!rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal" |2015<hr>2022
|rowspan="2"|
|- style="height:4em;"
|colspan="2"|
|}
Timeline
Substitute of the head of state
The Acting President of the Republic () is an office not explicitly provided for in the Constitution but deriving from the provision contained in the article 86. On various occasions, officials had to intercede in the absence of a head of state (notably in the case of a president's resignation or ill health). Only Enrico De Nicola, who was elected to be provisional head of state by the Constitutional Assembly on 28 June 1946, had an official title and took residence in the Quirinal Palace. The others took the powers but not the title of head of state. After the adoption of the Constitution in 1948, the president of the Senate of the Republic is eligible to take the powers of head of state in case of absence of the president of the Republic.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; style="width=85%"
|-
!colspan="8"|
|-
! width=1% rowspan="2"| Portrait
! width=15% rowspan="2"| Name<br />
! width=20% colspan="2"| Term of office
! width=15% rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Party
! width=5% rowspan="2"|Election
! width=1% rowspan="2"|
|-
|- style="text-align:center;"
! width=10%|Took office
! width=10%|Left office
|- style="height:9em;"
!rowspan="2"|110px
!rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal" |Alcide De Gasperi<br />
|class="nowrap"|13 June 1946
|class="nowrap"|1 July 1946
|width="1" rowspan="2" style="color:inherit;background:;"|
|rowspan="2"|Christian Democracy
!rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal" | —
|rowspan="2"|
|- style="height:4em;"
|colspan="2"|
|- style="height:9em;"
!rowspan="2"|110px
!rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal" |Enrico De Nicola<br />
|class="nowrap"|1 July 1946
|class="nowrap"|31 December 1947
|width="1" rowspan="2" style="color:inherit;background:;"|
|rowspan="2"|Italian Liberal Party
!rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal" |1946<hr>1947
|rowspan="2"|
|- style="height:4em;"
|colspan="2"|
|- style="height:9em;"
!rowspan="2"|110px
!rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal" |Cesare Merzagora<br />
|class="nowrap"|6 December 1964
|class="nowrap"|29 December 1964
|width="1" rowspan="2" style="color:inherit;background:;"|
|rowspan="2"|Independent
!rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal" | —
|rowspan="2"|
|- style="height:4em;"
|colspan="2"|
|- style="height:9em;"
!rowspan="2"|110px
!rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal" |Amintore Fanfani<br />
|class="nowrap"|15 June 1978
|class="nowrap"|9 July 1978
|width="1" rowspan="2" style="color:inherit;background:;"|
|rowspan="2"|Christian Democracy
!rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal" | —
|rowspan=2"|
|- style="height:4em;"
|colspan="2"|
|- style="height:9em;"
!rowspan="2"|110px
!rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal" |Francesco Cossiga<br />
|class="nowrap"|29 June 1985
|class="nowrap"|3 July 1985
|width="1" rowspan="2" style="color:inherit;background:;"|
|rowspan="2"|Christian Democracy
!rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal" | —
|rowspan="2"|
|- style="height:4em;"
|colspan="2"|
|- style="height:9em;"
!rowspan="2"|110px
!rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal" |Giovanni Spadolini<br />
|class="nowrap"|28 April 1992
|class="nowrap"|28 May 1992
|width="1" rowspan="2" style="color:inherit;background:;"|
|rowspan="2"|Italian Republican Party
!rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal" | —
|rowspan="2"|
|- style="height:4em;"
|colspan="2"|
|- style="height:9em;"
!rowspan="2"|110px
!rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal" |Nicola Mancino<br />
|class="nowrap"|15 May 1999
|class="nowrap"|18 May 1999
|width="1" rowspan="2" style="color:inherit;background:;"|
|rowspan="2"|Italian People's Party
!rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal" | —
|rowspan="2"|
|- style="height:4em;"
|colspan="2"|
|- style="height:9em;"
!rowspan="2"|110px
!rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal" |Pietro Grasso<br />
|class="nowrap"|14 January 2015
|class="nowrap"|3 February 2015
|width="1" rowspan="2" style="color:inherit;background:;"|
|rowspan="2"|Democratic Party
!rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal" | —
|rowspan="2"|
|- style="height:4em;"
|colspan="2"|
|}
See also
- Italian presidential elections
- Lists of office-holders
- List of prime ministers of Italy
- King of Italy, for previous Italian heads of state between 1861 and 1946
- Politics of Italy
- Prime Minister of Italy
Notes
References
External links
- [http://www.quirinale.it/ ] – official website of the president of Italian Republic
it:Presidenti della Repubblica Italiana#Elenco dei presidenti della Repubblica Italiana