Since 1999, Indonesia has had a multi-party system. In the six legislative elections since the fall of the New Order regime, no political party has won an overall majority of seats, resulting in coalition governments.
Pursuant to the Indonesian political parties act, political parties' ideologies "must not be against Pancasila" and "is an explanation of Pancasila".
Overview
250px|thumb|An election rally for the [[Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle, 1999]]
The Indonesian political party system is regulated by Act No. 2 of 2008 on Political Parties. The law defines political party as "a national organisation founded by like-minded Indonesian citizens with common goals to fulfill common interests and to defend the unity of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia as based on Pancasila and the 1945 State Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia".
Political parties must register themselves with the Ministry of Law and Human Rights to be recognised by the authority. The law dictates that political parties' registration criteria shall include a notarial act recognising the party establishment and party constitution; a document describing party symbols; address of party headquarters and proof of distribution of party local offices in provinces, and cities and regencies; and a proof of party bank account. Several criteria are required by the KPU, namely related to the party's presence in Indonesia's regions:
Political parties who have had their registration declined by the electoral commission due to failure to satisfy administrative criteria or other reasons are able to appeal their rejection to the General Election Supervisory Agency (BAWASLU). Specifically for regional political parties in Aceh, the first requirement is waived, while the second and third requirements are set at two-thirds of the regencies/cities and districts.
Party principles
175px|thumb|Indonesian political party should recognise the superiority of [[Pancasila (politics)|Pancasila, the national philosophy]]
Indonesian political parties should recognise the superiority of Pancasila and the national constitution, but Indonesian law tolerates the practice of other ideologies not in violation of the Pancasila and the constitution. A 1966 Provisional People's Consultative Assembly resolution still in force today, however, explicitly prohibits establishment of a communist party, and political parties are banned from adopting "Communism/Marxism-Leninism" (sic; explicitly defined in the resolution's corresponding explanatory memorandum to include "the struggle fundaments and tactics taught by ... Stalin, Mao Tse Tung et cetera") as the party ideology. This tendency resulting in several Indonesian political parties to brand itself as the part of nationalist-religious broad coalition in order to attract potential voters from both Muslim or Islamist and secular nationalist groups. Thus, for instance, (1) the Democratic Party (Demokrat), Party of Functional Groups (Golkar) and Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (PDI-P) are identified as the secular, (2) the National Awakening Party (PKB) and National Mandate Party (PAN) as the Muslim, but not Islamist, and (3) the Prosperous Justice Party (PKS) and United Development Party (PPP) as the Islamist.
The language of the left–right political spectrum is seldom used in Indonesia, in contrast with other countries. This tendency arose as the result of the New Order regime under Suharto which was anathema to left-wing policies after the 1965–66 Indonesian mass killings of members and supporters of the Communist Party of Indonesia.
Funding
Political parties which won seats in the national or regional parliaments are eligible for funding from the central or local governments, based on number of votes received in the relevant legislative elections. The funding amount is set for Rp 1,000 per vote received at the national level, Rp 1,200 at the provincial level, and Rp 1,500 at the city/regency level. Local government can opt to allocate more funding to political parties - Jakarta, for example, paid in 2021 Rp 5,000 per vote received. After the 2019 election, this amounted to Rp 126 billion (USD 8 million) from the central government on an annual basis. This payout only made up a small proportion of party revenues – the Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle, for example, raised just 1.5 percent of its reported revenue from government funding. Donations and fees from elected officials made up a larger proportion of income.
Parties represented in legislatures
Parties represented in national and regional legislatures
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |Logo
! colspan="4" rowspan="2" |Name
!rowspan="2"|Leader
!colspan="2"|Year
!colspan="2"|Status in the
!rowspan="2"|Provincial<br> seats
!rowspan="2"|City/regency<br>DPRD seats
|-
!Est.
!First<br/>election
!Seats
!Status
|-
|
|
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |PDI-P
|Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle<br />
| Megawati Sukarnoputri
|1999
|1999
|
|bgcolor="#fe8"| Confidence and supply
|
|
|-
|center|60x60px
|
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Golkar
|Party of Functional Groups<br />
| Bahlil Lahadalia
|1964 Notable failures were of the United Development Party, which lost all its seats in the 2024 election after having been represented in DPR since 1977, and Hanura, which won DPR seats in 2009 and 2014 but lost them in 2019 and failed to recover their seats in 2024.
Despite electoral failure in the DPR, these parties successfully gained seat in regional parliaments (DPRD). Although, these political parties, along with other extra-parliamentary parties, are sometimes referred as .
Aceh's special autonomy statutes allowed formation of local political parties to compete only in the Aceh House of Representatives. Although the party number is serialised from the national list, Aceh local parties only appeared in ballot paper circulating in Aceh province.
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |Logo
! colspan="4" rowspan="2" |Name
!rowspan="2"|Leader
!colspan="2"|Year
!rowspan="2"|Provincial<br> seats
!rowspan="2"|City/regency<br>DPRD seats
|-
!Est.
!First<br/>election
|-
|
|
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |PPP
|United Development Party<br />
|Muhamad Mardiono
|1973 These political parties are often perceived to be lacking in organisational structure, their leaders seemingly interested solely in attracting media attention. Parties that had their registration rejected often resort to appealing their rejection to the Bawaslu, with varied success.
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" | Logo
! colspan="3" rowspan="2" | Name
! rowspan="2" | Leader
! colspan="2" | Year
|-
! Est.
! Contested<br />elections
|-
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" |PKP
| Justice and Unity Party<br />
| Yussuf Solichien
| 1999
| 2009
|-
| center|60x60px
| style="background:#FE0000;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |Republik
| Republican Party<br />
| Suharno Prawiro
| 1998
| 11px
|-
|
| style="background:#484444;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |Pandai
| <br />
| Farhat Abbas
| 2020
| 11px
|-
| center|60x60px
| style="background:black;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |Masyumi
| Masyumi Party<br />
| Ahmad Yani
| 2020
| 11px
|-
| center|60x60px
| style="background:#104C9C;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |PRIMA
| Just and Prosperous People's Party<br />
| Agus Jabo Priyono
| 2021
| 11px
|-
|
| style="background:#482414;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |PPB
| <br />
| Widyanto Kurniawan
| 2021
| 11px
|-
|
| style="background:#F40404;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |Perkasa
| <br />
| Eko Santjojo
| 2021
| 11px
|-
| center|60x60px
| style="background:#000000;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |PKR
| People's Sovereignty Party<br />
| Tuntas Subagyo
| 2021
| 11px
|-
| center|60x60px
| style="background:#ED0B0E;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |PMI
| Indonesian Students Party<br />
| Eko Pratama
| 2021
| 11px
|-
|
| style="background:white;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |IBU
| <br />
| Zulki Zulkifli Noor
| 2021
| 11px
|-
|
| style="background:#7A027D;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |PDSP
| Prosperous Peace Party of Renewal<br />
| Hendrik RE Assa
| 2021
| 11px
|-
|
| style="background:#00387D;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |PDKB
| <br />
| Apri Hananto Sukandar
| 2021
| 11px
|-
|
| style="background:#00008B;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |Pelita
| <br />
| Ari Chandra Kurniawan
| 2022
| 11px
|-
|
| style="background:#F15421;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |Republiku
| <br />
| Ramses David Simandjuntak
|
| 11px
|-
|
| style="background:#FFE361;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |PRS
| <br />
| D Yusad Siregar
|
| 11px
|-
|
| style="background:#4571AE;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |Kongres
| <br />
| Zakariani Santoso
|
| 11px
|-
|
| style="background:#141071;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |PP
| Party of Change<br />
| Robi Nurhadi
| 2024
| 11px
|-
! colspan="7" | Parties that are not registered in the KPU RI Political Party Registration System
|-
|
| style="background:#F58E1F;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |SRI
| Union of Independent People<br />
| Damianus Taufan
| 2011
| 11px
|-
|
| style="background:#90E900;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |PHI
| Green Party of Indonesia<br />
| Collective leadership
| 2012
| 11px
|-
! colspan="7" | Parties founded after the latest election
|-
|
| style="background:#C51e20;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |PRI
| Indonesian People's Party<br/>
| Muhammad Nazaruddin
| 2025
|
|-
|
| style="background:#00008B;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |PGB
| Echo of the Nation Party<br/>
| Ahmad Rofiq
| 2026 Coalitions may also be required to nominate candidates to executive office elections (i.e. President, Governors, Regents, Mayors and their deputies), and political parties often form coalitions for regional elections with parties which are on opposing coalitions at the national level.
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |Logo
! colspan="3" rowspan="2" |Name
!rowspan="2"|Active period
!rowspan="2"|Status
!rowspan="2"|Presidential candidate
!rowspan="2"|Election
!rowspan="2"|DPR seats
|-
!Formed
!Disbanded
|-
|
| style= |
| style="text-align:center;" |PPPKI
|Association of Political Organisations<br>of the Indonesian People<br>
|1927–1942
|Disbanded
|—
|
|
|17–18 December 1927
|20 March 1942
|-
|
| style= |
| style="text-align:center;" |GAPI
|Indonesian Political Federation<br>
|1939–1942
|Disbanded
|—
|
|
|21 May 1939
|20 March 1942
|-
|-
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" |PT
|Central Axis<br>
|1999–2004
|Disbanded
|Abdurrahman Wahid
|1999
|
|7 October 1999
|20 October 2004
|-
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" |Bangsa
|National Coalition<br>
|2004–2009
|Disbanded
|Megawati Sukarnoputri
|2004
|
|19 August 2004
|16 May 2009
|-
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" |Rakyat
|People's Coalition<br>
|2004–2009
|Continued<br><small>(Joint Secretariat of the Government-Supporting Coalition Parties)</small>
|Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono
|2004
|
|28 August 2004
|16 May 2009
|-
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" |SetGab
|Joint Secretariat of the Government-Supporting Coalition Parties <br>
|2009–2014
|Disbanded
|Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono
|2009
|
|16 May 2009
|20 October 2014
|-
|center|60x60px
|
| style="text-align:center;" |KIH
|Great Indonesia Coalition<br>
| 2024
|
|13 May 2022
|13 August 2023
|-
|center|60x60px
| style="background:#C3E4F3;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |KIM
|Advanced Indonesia Coalition<br>
|since 2022
|Active
|Prabowo Subianto
|2024
|
|13 August 2022
|
|-
|center|60x60px
|
| style="text-align:center;" |KP
|Coalition of Change<br>
|2023–2024
|Disbanded
|Anies Baswedan
|2024
|
|24 March 2023
|30 April 2024
|-
|center|75x75px
| style="background:#000;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |KSPP
|Alliance of Political Parties Supporting Ganjar Pranowo<br>
|2023–2024
|Disbanded
|Ganjar Pranowo
|2024
|
|30 April 2023
|6 May 2024
|}
Historical political parties
Pre-independence parties
In the first decade of the 20th century as a natural outcome of the Dutch Ethical Policy, which emphasised the importance of looking after the welfare of the people of the Dutch East Indies, the Dutch were tolerant of the rise and development of Indonesian society. Through this, the Dutch allowed the creation of education societies and funded its creation. Dutch educated Intelligentsias' would establish schools and education across the Dutch East Indies. Whilst the policy attempted to raise awareness among the natives of the need to break free from the shackles of the feudal system and develop along Western lines and were concerned about the native population's social and cultural conditions, it spearheaded the spread of Indonesian National Revivalism, allowing people to silently organize and articulate their objections to colonial rule. The Budi Utomo was considered the first nationalist society (not party yet) in the Dutch East Indies, initiated the Indonesian National Awakening. Among other political organizations were the Indo Europeesch Verbond (Indo-European Alliance) and Indonesia Arab Association. Over time organizations turned into political parties, such how Budi Utomo turned into Parindra and Sarekat Islam into Indonesian Islamic Union Party. The Indische Partij is considered the first Indonesian political party. Years of campaigning by various political organizations across the Dutch East Indies eventually compelled the Dutch Government to recognize the need for concessions. As a result, on 16 December 1916, Governor-General J.P. van Limburg Stirum, in collaboration with the Dutch Minister of Colonial Affairs, Thomas Bastiaan Pleyte, sanctioned the establishment of a legislative assembly designed to represent the people of the Dutch East Indies. This assembly was named the Volksraad.
The Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies began when the Japanese invaded the Dutch East Indies through Tarakan, Kalimantan, on 8 March 1942. By the Japanese Government, parties that were based on Indonesian nationalism and wanted to fight for Indonesian Independence were dissolved and banned from political activities on 20 March 1942.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! colspan="2" class="unsortable"|Name
!Established
!Dissolved
! class="unsortable"|Notes
!Independence method
|-
|Indies Party<br/>
|IP
|1912
|1913
|Advocated Indonesian independence.
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Sundanese Association<br/>
|1913 <br>1919
|1942
|Advocated to preserve Sundanese culture by involving not only Sundanese people but all those who care about Sundanese culture and to pursue Indonesian Independence
|
|-
|Communist Party of Indonesia<br/>
|PKI
|1914
|1966
|Before 1920 as the Indies Social Democratic Association (Indische Sociaal-Democratische Vereeniging).
|
|-
| <br/>
|IKP
|1917
|1949
|Made as a response to the emergence of nationalist inlander movements, it represented Dutch totok Roman Catholic interests. It had close ties with its mainland counterpart, the Roman Catholic State Party.
|
|-
|Christian Constitutional Party <br/>
|CSP
|1917
|1942
|Before 1929 as the Christian Ethic Party (Christelijk Ethische Partij). Advocated to make the statutes of God, as revealed in the Holy Scriptures, nature, and history, the foundation of political life in the Dutch East Indies. Also invited native Indonesians, which was rare for a Dutch-majority party at the time. Precursor to Parkindo.
|
|-
|Indonesian Islamic Union Party<br/>
|PSII
|1923
|1973
|Advocated Islamic socialism.
|
|-
|Catholic Party <br/>
|PK
|1923
|1973
|Split from IKP. Advocated for Christian democracy for natives.
|
|-
|Indonesian National Party<br/>
|PNI
|1927
|1931
|The first incarnation (second in 1945) of the significant party, which advocated Indonesian independence.
|
|-
|Chinese Association<br/>
|CHH
|1928
|1942
|Advocated Chinese rights in the Dutch East Indies.
|
|-
|Indonesian Party<br/>
|Partindo
|1931
|1936
|Advocated Indonesian independence.
|
|-
| colspan="2" |National Socialist Movement in the Dutch East Indies<br/>
|1931
|1940
|East Indies branch of the NSB. Most of its members were Indos.
|
|-
|Indonesian Chinese Party<br/>
|PTI
|1932
|1942
|Advocated closer ties between Chinese and native Indonesians.
|
|-
|Indonesian Fascist Party<br/>
|PFI
|1933
|1933
|Advocated an independent Java, led by an ethnic Javanese descendant of Sutawijaya as its constitutional monarch, ruling over a federation of kingdoms across Nusantara.
|
|-
|Great Indonesian Party<br/>
|Parindra
|1935
|1939
|National conservative party, that advocated for full political rights for Indonesians in a system of government in the Dutch East Indies.
|
|-
|Indonesian People's Movement<br/>
|Gerindo
|1937
|1942
|Successor to Partindo, left-wing nationalist party.
|
|-
|Indonesian Islamic Party<br/>
|PII
|1938
|1942
|Cooperative split from PSII.
|
|}
Political parties participating in 1955 and 1971 elections
thumb|Parties that had been officially registered in Indonesia in 1954.
The election in 1955 was the first national election held since the end of the Indonesian National Revolution, and saw over 37 million valid votes cast in over 93 thousand polling locations, with more than 30 parties participating. Due to the numerous political parties participating in the election, the result was inconclusive, with no party receiving a clear mandate. The legislature which was elected through the election would eventually be dissolved by President Sukarno in 1959, through Presidential Decree number 150. Later on, after the take over by the New Order regime, only 10 parties was allowed to participate in the 1971 legislative election.
! rowspan="3" |Established
! rowspan="3" |Dissolved
! colspan="3" |Contested elections
|-
! colspan="2" |1955
! rowspan="2" |1971
|-
!DPR
!Constitutional Assembly
|-
|52x52px
|Indonesian Islamic Union Party<br/>
|PSII
|1923<br>1947
|1973
|20px
|20px
|20px
|-
|50x50px
|Indonesian National Party<br/>
|PNI
|1946
|1973
|20px
|20px
|20px
|-
|50px
|Communist Party of Indonesia<br/>
|PKI
|1914
|1966<br><small>Banned</small>
|20px
|20px
|11px
|-
|50px
|Masyumi Party<br/>
|Masyumi
|1943 <br>1945
|1960<br><small>Banned</small><br><small>Revived in 2020</small>
|20px
|20px
|11px
|-
|50px
|Islamic Education Movement <br/>
|Perti
|1928 <br>1945
|1973
|20px
|20px
|20px
|-
|50x50px
|Nahdhatul Ulama
|NU
|1952
|1973<br><small>Still active as religious organisation</small>
|20px
|20px
|20px
|-
|50px
| Parkindo |Indonesian Christian Party<br/>
|Parkindo
|1945
|1973
|20px
|20px
|20px
|-
|50px
| colspan="2" |Catholic Party<br/>
|1923
|1973
|20px
|20px
|20px
|-
|50px
|Socialist Party of Indonesia<br/>
|PSI
|1945
|20px
|20px
|20px
|-
|50px
| colspan="2" |Labour Party <br/>
|1949
|
|20px
|20px
|11px
|-
|50px
|National People's Party <br/>
|PRN
|1950
|
|20px
|20px
|11px
|-
|50x50px
|<br/>
|PRI
|1950
|
|20px
|20px
|11px
|-
|50x50px
|League of Supporters of Indonesian Independence <br/>
|IPKI
|1954
|1973<br><small>Revived in 1998</small>
|20px
|20px
|20px
|-
| 50x50px
|Pancasila Defender Movement<br/>
|GPPS
|1955
|
|20px
|20px
|11px
|-
|50x50px
|Police Employee Association of the Republic of Indonesia<br/>
|P3RI
|1955
|
|20px
|20px
|11px
|-
|50px
|Indonesian Citizenship Consultative Assembly<br/>
|Baperki
|1954
|
|20px
|20px
|11px
|-
| 50x50px
|Great Indonesia Unity Party Wongsonegoro <br/>
|PIR/W
| rowspan="3" |1948
<small>Split in 1954</small>
|
|20px
|20px
|11px
|-
|50x50px
|Great Indonesia Unity Party Hazairin<br/>
|PIR/RIN
|
|20px
|20px
|11px
|-
|
|Great Indonesia Unity Party West Nusa Tenggara<br/>
|PIR/NTB
|
|11px
|20px
|11px
|-
|50x50px
|Indonesian Movement<br/>
|Grinda
|1955
|
|20px
|20px
|11px
|-
|50px
|Dayak Unity Party<br/>
|PPD
|1946
|1959<br><small>Banned</small>
|20px
|20px
|11px
|-
|50px
|Islamic Tharikah Unity Party <br/>
|PPTI
|
|
|20px
|20px
|11px
|-
|50px
|Islamic Victory Force<br/>
|AKUI
|
|
|20px
|20px
|11px
|-
|58x58px
|Village People's Union<br/>
|PRD
|
|
|20px
|20px
|11px
|-
|50x50px
|Party of the People of Free Indonesia<br/>
|PRIM
|
|
|20px
|20px
|11px
|-
|50px
|Young Communist Force<br/>
|Acoma
|1952
|1965<br><small>Banned</small>
|20px
|20px
|11px
|-
|50px
|Muslim Party of Indonesia <br/>
|Parmusi
|1967
|1973
|11px
|11px
|20px
|-
|50x50px
| colspan="2" |R. Soedjono Prawirosoedarso <br/>
|1955
|1957
|20px
|20px
|11px
|-
|50x50px
|<br/>
|Gerpis
|
|
|11px
|20px
|11px
|-
|50x50px
|Indonesian Peasants Party<br/>
|PTI
|1945
|
|11px
|20px
|11px
|-
|51x51px
| colspan="2" |King of Keprabohan<br/>
|1955
|
|11px
|20px
|11px
|-
|50x50px
|Indonesian Republican Bull Movement<br/>
|GBRI
|
|
|11px
|20px
|11px
|-
|50x50px
|Centre for the Candidacy Movement of La Ode M. Effendi<br/>
|L.M. Idrus Effendi
|1955 He proposed that existing political parties unite based on their ideological essence — either spiritual (religious) or materialist (secular nationalist) — in order to cripple the resulting umbrella parties with infighting. Political parties' reaction to Suharto's propositions was generally positive, with Islamic parties claiming that party fusion was in line with their last National Islamic Congress resolution agreed in 1969. A political alliance dubbed the "Democratic Development Group" was formed by the PNI, the IPKI, Parkindo, the Murba Party, and the Catholic Party to compete in 1971 election.
After 1971 election, New Order regime reiterated its call for political parties to fuse, and a MPR ordinance regulating political parties grouping issued in 1973 further pressured political parties to merge. Golkar, officially a "federation of public organisations" but effectively a political party, remained dominant for the entirety of the New Order. From 1985, all political parties were required to declare national ideology Pancasila as their "one and only ideological basis".
The parties participated for the last time in the 1997 election, and the three-party system survived until the collapse of the New Order in 1998 Reformasi. Ensuing political liberalisation allowed establishment of multitudes of new political parties, with the number of political parties participating in 1999 election jumping substantially to 48 parties.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! colspan="2" class="unsortable" |Logo
! colspan="2" width="250" |Name
!Established
!Fate
|-
|
|50px
|Party of Functional Groups<br>Partai Golongan Karya
|Golkar
|1964
|Active
|-
|
|
|Indonesian Democratic Party<br>Partai Demokrasi Indonesia
|PDI
|1973
|Disbanded in 2003<br>succeeded by PPDI
|Active
|-
|}
Activist parties
Prior to the end of the New Order era, there was a time when several political activists and student movements established small political parties in the early 1990s. Sensing the near fall of the New Order, the formation of these newly unregistered and unrecognized political parties was based on opposition to the New Order government and positioned themselves as the opposition and played a crucial part in the fall of the new order. The new parties then and only participated in the 1999 elections.
Whilst the predates the wave of the new opposition parties, the Indonesian Democratic Union Party (PUDI) was considered as the first genuine opposition party. As PUDI was upfront and outspoken in their political opposition as a party against the New Order regime, the first out of many. At one point, fielding both presidential and vice-presidential candidates, PUDI was considered a challenger to Suharto's rule. Emboldened by the success of PUDI, the Democratic People's Association (PRD) organisation declared itself the People's Democratic Party (also abbreviated as PRD). On 22 July 1996, the PRD was officially declared to the public and announced its political manifesto.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="2" scope="col" class="unsortable"|Logo
! colspan="2" width="250" |Name
! scope="col" |Established
!Fate
|-
!
|
| scope="row" |League of Supporters of Indonesian Independence <br />
|IPKI
|1994/1998 compared to the previous 1997 election that saw only 2 political parties plus Golkar.
After the Reform, the PPP survived and continues to participate in all following elections after 1999, albeit with much of its membership having broken off from it and founded their own parties. Golkar too was made a proper party and exists to this day. The PDI failed to imitate the post-Suharto successes of the PPP and Golkar after the government intervened and unseated Chairman Megawati Soekarnoputri, causing PDI support to collapse in the 1997 election. PDI votes further eroded as support instead went to its breakaway Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (PDI-P), led by Megawati in the post-Suharto 1999 election, resulting in the party winning only two seats in contrast to the PDI-P's 153 seats. After poor electoral performance and failure to register for the 2004 election, PDI rebranded itself as the Indonesian Democratic Vanguard Party (PPDI) in 2003.
Several parties claimed inheritance from former political parties existing prior to the New Order era, resulting in parties sharing similar political party names, with faction names as the only characteristics that made those parties distinct from each other. Example on this case was on claimants to the heritage of the former Indonesian National Party (PNI), Indonesian Islamic Union Party (PSII), League of Supporters of Indonesian Independence (IPKI), Masyumi Party, and Murba Party.
Most of the parties failed to gain even a single seat due to lack of votes.
Below is the list of political parties participating only in the 1999 election which failed to participate in the next 2004 election.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Logo
! colspan="2" |Name
!Established
|-
|
| <br>Partai Abul Yatama
|PAY
|1999
In 2009, introduction of a parliamentary threshold also meant that only parties receiving more than 2.5% of the popular vote would be seated in the DPR. This threshold was raised to 3.5% in 2014, then finally to 4% in 2017 as a way to cut election costs and ensure stability. As a result small parties have no chance of surpassing the parliamentary threshold.
Below is the list of political parties participating in the 2004 and 2009 elections which failed to participate in the next 2014 election.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" width="250" |Name
! rowspan="2" |Established
! rowspan="2" |Dissolved
! colspan="2" |Contested elections
|-
!2004
!2009
|-
|Labour Party <br>Partai Buruh
|PB
|1998<br><small>As "National Labour Party"</small></small>
|11px
|20px
|-
|Archipelago Republic Party<br>Partai Republika Nusantara
|RepublikaN
|2001
|2013<br><small>Merged into the People's Conscience Party</small>
|20px
|20px
|-
|Prosperous Peace Party<br>Partai Damai Sejahtera
|PDS
|2001
|2013<br><small>Merged into the People's Conscience Party</small>
|20px
|20px
|-
|Regional Unity Party <br>Partai Persatuan Daerah
|PPD
|2002
|2011<br><small>Merged to form the National Unity Party</small>
|20px
|20px
|-
|Concern for the Nation Functional Party<br>Partai Karya Peduli Bangsa
|PKPB
|2002
|
|20px
|20px
|-
|Democratic Nationhood Party <br>Partai Demokrasi Kebangsaan
|PDK
|2002
|2011<br><small>Merged to form the National Unity Party</small>
|20px
|20px
|-
|Freedom Party <br>Partai Merdeka
|PM
|2002
|2011<br><small>Merged to form the National Unity Party</small>
|20px
|20px
|-
|Indonesian Nahdlatul Community Party<br>Partai Persatuan Nahdlatul Ummah Indonesia
|PPNUI
|2003
|
|20px
|20px
|-
|Indonesian Democratic Vanguard Party <br>Partai Penegak Demokrasi Indonesia
|PPDI
|2003
|2011<br><small>Merged to form the National Unity Party</small>
|
|-
|Functional Party of Struggle<br>Partai Karya Perjuangan
|Pakar Pangan
|2007
|2012<br><small>Merged into Democratic Party</small>
|
|-
|Indonesian Youth Party <br>Partai Pemuda Indonesia
|PPI
|2007
|2011<br><small>Merged to form the National Unity Party</small>
|2011<br><small>Merged to form the National Unity Party</small>
|
|-
|Indonesian People's Da'wah Party<br>Partai Dakwah Rakyat Indonesia
|PDRI
|2021
|2025<br><small>Merged into the Ummah Party</small>
|
|}
Others
Indonesian integrationist parties
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Logo
! colspan="2" |Name
!Established
!Dissolved
!Notes
|-
|center|92x50px
|Indonesian Irian Independence Party<br>
|PKII
|1946
|1962
|Founded in Netherlands New Guinea, advocated integration of Western New Guinea into Indonesia.
|-
|50x50px
|Timorese Popular Democratic Association<br>
|APODETI
|1974
|2007
|Founded in Portuguese Timor, advocated integration of East Timor into Indonesia.
|}
See also
- Politics of Indonesia
- List of political parties by country
- List of youth wings of political parties in Indonesia
References
Notes
Citations
Selected bibliography
<!-- Monographs only -->
- Dirkse, Jan-Paul; Hüsken, Frans & Rutten, Mario, eds. (1993). Development and Social Welfare: Indonesia’s Experiences under the New Order. Leiden: Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde.