This is a list of electoral systems by country in alphabetical order. An electoral system is used to elect national legislatures and heads of state.
Maps
Electoral systems by country
Countries
{|class="wikitable sortable sticky-header-multi"
|-
! scope=col width=80px|Country
! scope=col|Body or office
! scope=col|Type of body or office
! scope=col|Electoral system
! scope=col width=140px|Notes
|-
! scope=row|Afghanistan
| colspan=4 align=center|Currently no national elections are held
|-
! scope=row rowspan=2|Albania
| President
| Head of State
| Elected by the Parliament
|
|-
| Parliament
| Unicameral legislature
| Party-list proportional representation
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=3|Algeria
| President
| Head of State
| Two-round system
|
|-
| Council of the Nation
| Upper chamber of legislature
|
- Indirectly elected (2/3)
- Appointed by the President (1/3)
|
|-
| People's National Assembly
| Lower chamber of legislature
| Party-list proportional representation
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=2|Andorra
| Co-Princes
| Head of State
|
- Two-round system (French Prince)
- Appointed by the Pope (Episcopal Prince)
|
|-
| General Council
| Unicameral legislature
| Mixed-member majoritarian representation:
- Party-list proportional representation (14 seats)
- Party block voting (14 seats)
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=2|Angola
| President
| Head of State and Government
| First-past-the-post
|
|-
| National Assembly
| Unicameral legislature
| Party-list proportional representation
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=3|Antigua and Barbuda
| King
| Head of State
| Hereditary monarchy
|
|-
| Senate
| Upper chamber of legislature
| Appointed by the Governor-General
|
|-
| House of Representatives
| Lower chamber of legislature
| First-past-the-post
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=3|Argentina
| President
| Head of State and Government
| Two-round system
| 45% of the vote, or 40% of the vote and a 10% lead over the second candidate to win in first round
|-
| Senate
| Upper chamber of legislature
| Limited voting
| 2 seats to most voted party, 1 seat to second most voted party
|-
| Chamber of Deputies
| Lower chamber of legislature
| Party-list proportional representation
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=2|Armenia
| President
| Head of State
| Appointed by the National Assembly
|
|-
| National Assembly
| Unicameral legislature
| Two-round party-list proportional representation with majority/minority jackpot
| If no party gets a majority a runoff will be held between the two most voted parties
|-
! scope=row rowspan=3|Australia
| King
| Head of State
| Hereditary monarchy
|
|-
| Senate
| Upper chamber of legislature
| Single transferable vote
|
|-
| House of Representatives
| Lower chamber of legislature
| Instant-runoff voting
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=3|Austria
| President
| Head of State
| Two-round system
|
|-
| Federal Council
| Upper chamber of legislature
| Appointed by federal states' legislatures
|
|-
| National Council
| Lower chamber of legislature
| Party-list proportional representation
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=2|Azerbaijan
| President
| Head of State
| First-past-the-post
|
|-
| National Assembly
| Unicameral legislature
| First-past-the-post
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=3|Bahamas
| King
| Head of State
| Hereditary monarchy
|
|-
| Senate
| Upper chamber of legislature
| Appointed by the Governor-General
|
|-
| House of Assembly
| Lower chamber of legislature
| First-past-the-post
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=3|Bahrain
| King
| Head of State
| Hereditary monarchy
|
|-
| Consultative Council
| Upper chamber of legislature
| Appointed by the King
|
|-
| Council of Representatives
| Lower chamber of legislature
| Two-round system
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=2|Bangladesh
| President
| Head of State
| Elected by the Jatiya Sangsad
|
|-
| Jatiya Sangsad
| Unicameral legislature
|
- First-past-the-post (300 seats)
- Reserved for women (50 seats)
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=3|Barbados
| President
| Head of State
| Elected by the Parliament
|
|-
| Senate
| Upper chamber of legislature
| Appointed by the President
|
|-
| House of Assembly
| Lower chamber of legislature
| First-past-the-post
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=3|Belarus
| President
| Head of State and Government
| Two-round system
|
|-
| Council of Republic
| Upper chamber of legislature
| Elected by regional councils
|
|-
| House of Representatives
| Lower chamber of legislature
| First-past-the-post
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=3|Belgium
| King
| Head of State
| Hereditary monarchy
|
|-
| Senate
| Upper chamber of legislature
|
- Elected by regional parliaments (50 seats)
- Elected by the Senate (10 seats)
|
|-
| Chamber of Representatives
| Lower chamber of legislature
| Party-list proportional representation
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=3|Belize
| King
| Head of State
| Hereditary monarchy
|
|-
| Senate
| Upper chamber of legislature
| Appointed by the Governor-General
|
|-
| House of Representatives
| Lower chamber of legislature
| First-past-the-post
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=2|Benin
| President
| Head of State and Government
| Two-round system
|
|-
| National Assembly
| Unicameral legislature
| Party-list proportional representation
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=3|Bhutan
| King
| Head of State
| Hereditary monarchy
|
|-
| National Council
| Upper chamber of legislature
|
- First-past-the-post (20 seats)
- Appointed by the King (5 seats)
|
|-
| National Assembly
| Lower chamber of legislature
| Two-round system
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=3|Bolivia
| President
| Head of State and Government
| Two-round system
| 50% of the vote, or 40% of the vote and a 10% lead over the second candidate to win in first round
|-
| Chamber of Senators
| Upper chamber of legislature
| Party-list proportional representation
|
|-
| Chamber of Deputies
| Lower chamber of legislature
| Mixed-member proportional representation
| 7 seats are reserved indigenous seats elected by the usos y costumbres.
|-
! scope=row rowspan=3|Bosnia and Herzegovina
| Presidency
| Heads of State
| First-past-the-post
|
|-
| House of Peoples
| Upper chamber of legislature
| Elected by entities legislatures
|
|-
| House of Representatives
| Lower chamber of legislature
| Party-list proportional representation
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=2|Botswana
| President
| Head of State and Government
| Elected by the National Assembly
|
|-
| National Assembly
| Unicameral legislature
| First-past-the-post
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=3|Brazil
| President
| Head of State and Government
| Two-round system
|
|-
| Senate
| Upper chamber of legislature
|
Staggered terms
- 54 members elected by Plurality block voting (two-seat contests)
- 27 members elected by First-past-the-post
|
|-
| Chamber of Deputies
| Lower chamber of legislature
| Party-list proportional representation
|
|-
! scope=row|Brunei
| colspan=4 align=center|Currently no national elections are held
|-
! scope=row rowspan=2|Bulgaria
| President
| Head of State
| Two-round system
|
|-
| National Assembly
| Unicameral legislature
| Party-list proportional representation
|
|-
! scope=row|Burkina Faso
| colspan=4 align=center|Currently no national elections are held
|-
! scope=row rowspan=3|Burundi
| President
| Head of State and Government
| Two-round system
|
|-
| Senate
| Upper chamber of legislature
|
- Elected by communal councilors (36 seats)
- Appointed by the National Electoral Commission for the Twa (3 seats)
|
|-
| National Assembly
| Lower chamber of legislature
| Party-list proportional representation
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=3|Cambodia
| King
| Head of State
| Elective monarchy
|
|-
| Senate
| Upper chamber of legislature
|
- Elected by commune councillors (58 sets)
- Appointed by the King (2 seats)
- Appointed by the National Assembly (2 seats)
|
|-
| National Assembly
| Lower chamber of legislature
| Party-list proportional representation
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=3|Cameroon
| President
| Head of State and Government
| First-past-the-post
|
|-
| Senate
| Upper chamber of legislature
|
- Elected by municipal councils (70 seats)
- Appointed by the President (30 seats)
|
|-
| National Assembly
| Lower chamber of legislature
|
- First-past-the-post (58 seats)
- Party-list proportional representation with a conditional majority jackpot (122 seats)
| A party receiving over 50% of the vote in a constituency wins all the seats, if no party get over 50% of the vote, the most voted party is wins half the seats.
|-
! scope=row rowspan=3|Canada
| King
| Head of State
| Hereditary monarchy
|
|-
| Senate
| Upper chamber of legislature
| Appointed by the Governor General
|
|-
| House of Commons
| Lower chamber of legislature
| First-past-the-post
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=2|Cape Verde
| President
| Head of State
| Two-round system
|
|-
| National Assembly
| Unicameral legislature
| Party-list proportional representation
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=2|Central African Republic
| President
| Head of State and Government
| Two-round system
|
|-
| National Assembly
| Unicameral legislature
| Two-round system
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=3|Chad
| President
| Head of State
| Two-round system
|
|-
| Senate
| Upper chamber of legislature
|
- Elected by provincial and communal councils (2/3)
- Appointed by the President (1/3)
|
|-
| National Assembly
| Lower chamber of legislature
| Mixed-member majoritarian representation:
- First-past-the-post (83 seats)
- Party-list proportional representation with majority jackpot system (105 seats)
| A party receiving over 50% of the vote in a constituency wins all the seats; if no party wins over 50% of the vote, seats are allocated proportionally.
|-
! scope=row rowspan=3|Chile
| President
| Head of State and Government
| Two-round system
|
|-
| Senate
| Upper chamber of legislature
| Party-list proportional representation
|
|-
| Chamber of Deputies
| Lower chamber of legislature
| Party-list proportional representation
|
|-
! scope=row|China
| colspan=4 align=center|Currently no national elections are held
|-
! scope=row rowspan=3|Colombia
| President
| Head of State and Government
| Two-round system
|
|-
| Senate
| Upper chamber of legislature
| Party-list proportional representation
|
|-
| Chamber of Representatives
| Lower chamber of legislature
| Party-list proportional representation
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=2|Comoros
| President
| Head of State and Government
| Two-round system
|
|-
| Assembly of the Union
| Unicameral legislature
| Two-round system
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=3|Democratic Republic of the Congo
| President
| Head of State
| First-past-the-post
|
|-
| Senate
| Upper chamber of legislature
|
- Elected by provincial parliaments (108 seats)
- Senator for life (variable seats)
|
|-
| National Assembly
| Lower chamber of legislature
|
- Party-list proportional representation (436 seats)
- First-past-the-post (64 seats)
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=3|Republic of the Congo
| President
| Head of State
| Two-round system
|
|-
| Senate
| Upper chamber of legislature
| Elected by regional councils
|
|-
| National Assembly
| Lower chamber of legislature
| Two-round system
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=2|Cook Islands
| King
| Head of State
| Hereditary monarchy
|
|-
| Parliament
| Unicameral legislature
| First-past-the-post
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=2|Costa Rica
| President
| Head of State and Government
| Two-round system
| 40% of the vote to win in the first round
|-
| Legislative Assembly
| Unicameral legislature
| Party-list proportional representation
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=2|Croatia
| President
| Head of State
| Two-round system
|
|-
| Parliament
| Unicameral legislature
| Party-list proportional representation
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=2|Cuba
| President
| Head of State
| Elected by the National Assembly
|
|-
| National Assembly of People's Power
| Unicameral legislature
| Two-round system
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=2|Cyprus
| President
| Head of State and Government
| Two-round system
|
|-
| House of Representatives
| Unicameral legislature
| Party-list proportional representation
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=3|Czech Republic
| President
| Head of State
| Two-round system
|
|-
| Senate
| Upper chamber of legislature
| Two-round system
|
|-
| Chamber of Deputies
| Unicameral legislature
| Party-list proportional representation
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=2|Denmark
| King
| Head of State
| Hereditary monarchy
|
|-
| Folketing
| Unicameral legislature
| Party-list proportional representation
| 40 levelling seats allocated based on overall party vote shares.
|-
! scope=row rowspan=2|Djibouti
| President
| Head of State and Government
| Two-round system
|
|-
| National Assembly
| Unicameral legislature
| Majority jackpot system with limited party-list proportional representation
| 80% of seats to the most voted party
|-
! scope=row rowspan=2|Dominica
| President
| Head of State
| Elected by the House of Assembly
|
|-
| House of Assembly
| Unicameral legislature
|
- First-past-the-post (21 seats)
- Elected by the Assembly or appointed by the President (9 seats)
- Attorney General (1 seat)
- Speaker (1 seat)
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=3|Dominican Republic
| President
| Head of State and Government
| Two-round system
|
|-
| Senate
| Upper chamber of legislature
| First-past-the-post
|
|-
| Chamber of Deputies
| Lower chamber of legislature
| Party-list proportional representation
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=2|East Timor
| President
| Head of State
| Two-round system
|
|-
| Parliament
| Unicameral legislature
| Party-list proportional representation
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=2|Ecuador
| President
| Head of State and Government
| Two-round system
| 50% of the vote, or 40% of the vote and a 10% lead over the second candidate to win in first round
|-
| National Assembly
| Unicameral legislature
| Party-list proportional representation
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=2|Egypt
| President
| Head of State
| Two-round system
|
|-
| House of Representatives
| Unicameral legislature
| Mixed-member majoritarian representation:
- Two-round system (284 seats)
- Party-list proportional representation (284 seats)
- Appointed by the President (28 seats)
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=2|El Salvador
| President
| Head of State and Government
| Two-round system
|
|-
| Legislative Assembly
| Unicameral legislature
| Party-list proportional representation
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=3|Equatorial Guinea
| President
| Head of State and Government
| First-past-the-post
|
|-
| Senate
| Upper chamber of legislature
|
- Party-list proportional representation (55 seats)
- Appointed by the President (15 seats)
|
|-
| Chamber of People's Representatives
| Lower chamber of legislature
| Party-list proportional representation
|
|-
! scope=row|Eritrea
| colspan=4 align=center|Currently no national elections are held
|-
! scope=row rowspan=2|Estonia
| President
| Head of State
| Elected by the Riigikogu
|
|-
| Riigikogu
| Unicameral legislature
| Party-list proportional representation
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=3|Eswatini
| Ngwenyama
| Head of State
| Hereditary monarchy
|
|-
| Senate
| Upper chamber of legislature
|
- Appointed by the Ngwenyama (20 seats)
- Elected by the House of Assembly (10 seats)
|
|-
| House of Assembly
| Lower chamber of legislature
| First-past-the-post
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=3|Ethiopia
| President
| Head of State
| Elected by the Federal Parliamentary Assembly
|
|-
| House of Federation
| Upper chamber of legislature
| Elected by the State Councils
|
|-
| House of Peoples' Representatives
| Lower chamber of legislature
| First-past-the-post
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=2|Fiji
| President
| Head of State
| Elected by the Parliament
|
|-
| Parliament
| Unicameral legislature
| Party-list proportional representation
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=2|Finland
| President
| Head of State
| Two-round system
|
|-
| Parliament
| Unicameral legislature
| Party-list proportional representation
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=3|France
| President
| Head of State
| Two-round system
|
|-
| Senate
| Upper chamber of legislature
| Elected by local councillors
|
|-
| National Assembly
| Lower chamber of legislature
| Two-round system
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=3|Gabon
| President
| Head of State
| Two-round system
|
|-
| Senate
| Upper chamber of legislature
| Elected by regional councils
|
|-
| National Assembly
| Lower chamber of legislature
| Two-round system
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=2|Gambia
| President
| Head of State and Government
| First-past-the-post
|
|-
| National Assembly
| Unicameral legislature
|
- First-past-the-post (53 seats)
- Appointed by the President (5 seats)
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=2|Georgia
| President
| Head of State
| Electoral college
|
|-
| Parliament
| Unicameral legislature
| Party-list proportional representation
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=3|Germany
| President
| Head of State
| Elected by the Federal Convention
|
|-
| Bundesrat
| Upper chamber of legislature
| Elected by State Governments
|
|-
| Bundestag
| Lower chamber of legislature
| Mixed-member proportional representation
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=2|Ghana
| President
| Head of State and Government
| Two-round system
|
|-
| Parliament
| Unicameral legislature
| First-past-the-post
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=2|Greece
| President
| Head of State
| Elected by the Hellenic Parliament
|
|-
| Hellenic Parliament
| Unicameral legislature
| Party-list proportional representation with majority bonus system
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=3|Grenada
| King
| Head of State
| Hereditary monarchy
|
|-
| Senate
| Upper chamber of legislature
| Appointed by the Governor-General
|
|-
| House of Representatives
| Lower chamber of legislature
| First-past-the-post
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=2|Guatemala
| President
| Head of State and Government
| Two-round system
|
|-
| Congress of the Republic
| Unicameral legislature
| Party-list proportional representation
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=1|Guinea
| President
| Head of State
| Two-round system
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=2|Guinea-Bissau
| President
| Head of State
| Two-round system
|
|-
| National People's Assembly
| Unicameral legislature
| Party-list proportional representation
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=2|Guyana
| President
| Head of State and Government
| First-past-the-post
|
|-
| National Assembly
| Unicameral legislature
| Party-list proportional representation
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=3|Haiti
| President
| Head of State
| Two-round system
|
|-
| Senate
| Upper chamber of legislature
| Two-round system
|
|-
| Chamber of Deputies
| Lower chamber of legislature
| Two-round system
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=2|Honduras
| President
| Head of State and Government
| First-past-the-post
|
|-
| National Congress
| Unicameral legislature
| Party-list proportional representation
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=2|Hungary
| President
| Head of State
| Elected by the National Assembly
|
|-
| National Assembly
| Unicameral legislature
| Mixed-member majoritarian representation:
- First-past-the-post (106 seats)
- Party-list proportional representation (93 seats)
| Combination of partially compensatory system
|-
! scope=row rowspan=2|Iceland
| President
| Head of State
| First-past-the-post
|
|-
| Alþing
| Unicameral legislature
| Party-list proportional representation
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=4|India
| President
| Head of State
| Electoral college
| Electoral college consists elected members of the Parliament and state legislative assemblies
|-
| Vice President
| Deputy Head of State
| Electoral college
| Electoral college consists all members of the Parliament
|-
| Rajya Sabha
| Upper chamber of legislature
|
- Elected by state legislative assemblies (233 seats)
- Appointed by the President (12 seats)
|
|-
| Lok Sabha
| Lower chamber of legislature
| First-past-the-post
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=3|Indonesia
| President
| Head of State and Government
| Two-round system
| rowspan=3|Some areas use the noken system.
|-
| Regional Representative Council
| Upper chamber of legislature
| Single non-transferable vote
|-
| People's Representative Council
| Lower chamber of legislature
| Party-list proportional representation
|-
! scope=row rowspan=4|Iran
| Supreme Leader
| Head of State
| Elected by the Assembly of Experts
|
|-
| President
| Head of Government
| Two-round system
|
|-
| Islamic Consultative Assembly
| Unicameral legislature
|
- Two-round system
- Two-round plurality block voting
|
|-
| Assembly of Experts
| Electoral College
|
- First-past-the-post
- Plurality block voting
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=2|Iraq
| President
| Head of State
| Elected by the Council of Representatives
|
|-
| Council of Representatives
| Unicameral legislature
| Party-list proportional representation
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=3|Ireland
| President
| Head of State
| Instant-runoff voting
|
|-
| Seanad Éireann
| Upper chamber of legislature
|
- Elected by vocational panels (43 seats)
- Appointed by the Taoiseach (11 seats)
- Elected by the graduates of 2 universities (6 seats)
|
|-
| Dáil Éireann
| Lower chamber of legislature
| Single transferable vote
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=2|Israel
| President
| Head of State
| Elected by the Knesset
|
|-
| Knesset
| Unicameral legislature
| Party-list proportional representation, with at-large districting
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=3|Italy
| President
| Head of State
| Elected by the Italian Parliament and regional councils
|
|-
| Senate
| Upper chamber of legislature
| Mixed-member majoritarian representation:
- Party-list proportional representation (126 seats)
- First-past-the-post (74 seats)
- Senators for life (variable seats)
|
|-
| Chamber of Deputies
| Lower chamber of legislature
| Mixed-member majoritarian representation:
- Party-list proportional representation (253 seats)
- First-past-the-post (147 seats)
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=3|Ivory Coast
| President
| Head of State and Government
| Two-round system
|
|-
| Senate
| Upper chamber of legislature
|
- Elected by regional councils (66 seats)
- Appointed by the President (33 seats)
|
|-
| National Assembly
| Lower chamber of legislature
| First-past-the-post
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=3|Jamaica
| King
| Head of State
| Hereditary monarchy
|
|-
| Senate
| Upper chamber of legislature
| Appointed by the Governor-General
|
|-
| House of Representatives
| Lower chamber of legislature
| First-past-the-post
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=3|Japan
| Emperor
| Head of State
| Hereditary monarchy
|
|-
| House of Councillors
| Upper chamber of legislature
| Mixed-member majoritarian representation:
- Single non-transferable vote (148 seats)
- Party-list proportional representation (100 seats)
|
|-
| House of Representatives
| Lower chamber of legislature
| Mixed-member majoritarian representation:
- First-past-the-post (289 seats)
- Party-list proportional representation (176 seats)
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=3|Jordan
| King
| Head of State
| Hereditary monarchy
|
|-
| Senate
| Upper chamber of legislature
| Appointed by the King
|
|-
| Chamber of Deputies
| Lower chamber of legislature
| Party-list proportional representation
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=3|Kazakhstan
| President
| Head of State and Government
| Two-round system
|
|-
| Senate
| Upper chamber of legislature
|
- Elected by the local mäslihats (40 seats)
- Appointed by the President (10 seats)
|
|-
| Mäjilis
| Lower chamber of legislature
| Mixed-member majoritarian representation:
- Party-list proportional representation (69 seats)
- First-past-the-post (29 seats)
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=3|Kenya
| President
| Head of State and Government
| Two-round system
| 50% of the vote and 25% of the vote in 24 counties
|-
| Senate
| Upper chamber of legislature
|
- First-past-the-post (47 seats)
- Appointed (20 seats)
|
|-
| National Assembly
| Lower chamber of legislature
|
- First-past-the-post (337 seats)
- Appointed (12 seats)
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=2|Kiribati
| President
| Head of State and Government
| First-past-the-post
|
|-
| House of Assembly
| Unicameral legislature
|
- Two-round plurality block voting (44 seats)
- Appointed by the Rabi Council of Leaders (1 seat)
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=2|Kuwait
| Emir
| Head of State
| Hereditary monarchy
|
|-
| National Assembly
| Unicameral legislature
| Single non-transferable vote
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=2|Kyrgyzstan
| President
| Head of State and Government
| Two-round system
|
|-
| Supreme Council
| Unicameral legislature
| Single non-transferable vote
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=2|Laos
| President
| Head of State
| Elected by the National Assembly
|
|-
| National Assembly
| Unicameral legislature
| Plurality block voting (in multi-member districts)
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=2|Latvia
| President
| Head of State
| Elected by the Saeima
|
|-
| Saeima
| Unicameral legislature
| Party-list proportional representation
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=2|Lebanon
| President
| Head of State
| Elected by the Parliament
|
|-
| Parliament
| Unicameral legislature
| Party-list proportional representation
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=3|Lesotho
| King
| Head of State
| Hereditary monarchy
|
|-
| Senate
| Upper chamber of legislature
|
- Hereditary tribal chiefs (22 seats)
- Appointed by the King (11 seats)
|
|-
| National Assembly
| Lower chamber of legislature
| Mixed-member proportional representation
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=3|Liberia
| President
| Head of State and Government
| Two-round system
|
|-
| Senate
| Upper chamber of legislature
| First-past-the-post
|
|-
| House of Representatives
| Lower chamber of legislature
| First-past-the-post
|
|-
! scope=row|Libya
| colspan=4 align=center|Currently no national elections are held
|-
! scope=row rowspan=2|Liechtenstein
| Prince
| Head of State
| Hereditary monarchy
|
|-
| Landtag
| Unicameral legislature
| Party-list proportional representation
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=2|Lithuania
| President
| Head of State
| Two-round system
|
|-
| Seimas
| Unicameral legislature
| Mixed-member majoritarian representation:
- Two-round system (71 seats)
- Party-list proportional representation (70 seats)
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=2|Luxembourg
| Grand Duke
| Head of State
| Hereditary monarchy
|
|-
| Chamber of Deputies
| Unicameral legislature
| Party-list proportional representation
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=3|Madagascar
| President
| Head of State
| Two-round system
|
|-
| Senate
| Upper chamber of legislature
|
- Elected by the electoral colleges of the provinces (12 seats)
- Appointed by the President (6 seats)
|
|-
| National Assembly
| Lower chamber of legislature
|
- First-past-the-post (77 seats)
- Party-list proportional representation (86 seats)
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=2|Malawi
| President
| Head of State and Government
| Two-round system
|
|-
| National Assembly
| Unicameral legislature
| First-past-the-post
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=3|Malaysia
| Yang di-Pertuan Agong
| Head of State
| Elective monarchy
|
|-
| Dewan Negara
| Upper chamber of legislature
|
- Appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong (44 seats)
- Elected by the state legislative assemblies (26 seats)
|
|-
| Dewan Rakyat
| Lower chamber of legislature
| First-past-the-post
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=2|Maldives
| President
| Head of State and Government
| Two-round system
|
|-
| People's Majlis
| Unicameral legislature
| First-past-the-post
|
|-
! scope=row|Mali
| colspan=4 align=center|Currently no national elections are held
|-
! scope=row rowspan=2|Malta
| President
| Head of State
| Elected by the House of Representatives
|
|-
| House of Representatives
| Unicameral legislature
| Single transferable vote
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=2|Marshall Islands
| President
| Head of State and Government
| Elected by the Legislature
|
|-
| Legislature
| Unicameral legislature
| Plurality block voting
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=2|Mauritania
| President
| Head of State
| Two-round system
|
|-
| National Assembly
| Unicameral legislature
|
- Two-round party block voting (70 seats)
- Two-round system (18 seats)
- Party-list proportional representation (37 seats)
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=2|Mauritius
| President
| Head of State
| Elected by the National Assembly
|
|-
| National Assembly
| Unicameral legislature
|
- Plurality block voting (62 seats)
- Best Loser System (8 seats)
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=3|Mexico
| President
| Head of State and Government
| First-past-the-post
|
|-
| Senate
| Upper chamber of legislature
| Mixed-member majoritarian representation:
- Limited voting (96 seats)
- Party-list proportional representation (32 seats)
| Limited voting: 2 seats to most voted party, 1 seat to second most voted party
|-
| Chamber of Deputies
| Unicameral legislature
| Mixed-member majoritarian representation:
- First-past-the-post (300 seats)
- Party-list proportional representation (200 seats)
| A party cannot get more seats overall than 8% above its result nationally. A party can't win more than 300 seats overall.
|-
! scope=row rowspan=2|Micronesia
| President
| Head of State and Government
| Elected by the Congress
|
|-
| Congress
| Unicameral legislature
| First-past-the-post
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=2|Moldova
| President
| Head of State
| Two-round system
|
|-
| Parliament
| Unicameral legislature
| Party-list proportional representation
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=2|Monaco
| Prince
| Head of State
| Hereditary monarchy
|
|-
| National Council
| Unicameral legislature
|
- Plurality block voting (16 seats)
- Party-list proportional representation (8 seats)
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=2|Mongolia
| President
| Head of State
| Two-round system
|
|-
| State Great Khural
| Unicameral legislature
| Mixed-member majoritarian representation:
- Party-list proportional representation (78 seats)
- Plurality block voting (48 seats)
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=2|Montenegro
| President
| Head of State
| Two-round system
|
|-
| Parliament
| Unicameral legislature
| Party-list proportional representation
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=3|Morocco
| King
| Head of State
| Hereditary monarchy
|
|-
| House of Councillors
| Upper chamber of legislature
| Elected by regions
|
|-
| House of Representatives
| Lower chamber of legislature
| Party-list proportional representation
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=2|Mozambique
| President
| Head of State and Government
| Two-round system
|
|-
| Assembly of the Republic
| Unicameral legislature
| Party-list proportional representation
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=2|Myanmar
| Amyotha Hluttaw
| Upper chamber of legislature
| Mixed-member majoritarian representation:
- First-past-the-post (84 seats)
- Party-list proportional representation (26 seats)
|
|-
| Pyithu Hluttaw
| Lower chamber of legislature
| First-past-the-post
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=3|Namibia
| President
| Head of State and Government
| Two-round system
|
|-
| National Council
| Upper chamber of legislature
| Elected by regional councils
|
|-
| National Assembly
| Lower chamber of legislature
|
- Party-list proportional representation (96 seats)
- Appointed by the President (8 seats)
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=2|Nauru
| President
| Head of State and Government
| Elected by the Parliament
|
|-
| Parliament
| Unicameral legislature
| Dowdall system
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=4|Nepal
| President
| Head of State
| Electoral college
| Electoral college consists of the Parliament and provincial assemblies
|-
| Vice President
| Deputy Head of State
| Electoral college
| Electoral college consists of the Parliament
|-
| National Assembly
| Upper chamber of legislature
| Elected by provincial assemblies
|
|-
| House of Representatives
| Lower chamber of legislature
| semi-proportional parallel system using FPTP and PR:
- First-past-the-post (165 seats)
- Party-list proportional representation (110 seats)
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=3|Netherlands
| King
| Head of State
| Hereditary monarchy
|
|-
| Senate
| Upper chamber of legislature
| Elected by provincial councils
|
|-
| House of Representatives
| Lower chamber of legislature
| Party-list proportional representation with at-large districting
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=2|New Zealand
| King
| Head of State
| Hereditary monarchy
|
|-
| Parliament
| Unicameral legislature
| Mixed-member proportional representation
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=2|Nicaragua
| President
| Head of State and Government
| First-past-the-post
|
|-
| National Assembly
| Unicameral legislature
| Party-list proportional representation
|
|-
! scope=row|Niger
| colspan=4 align=center|Currently no national elections are held
|-
! scope=row rowspan=3|Nigeria
| President
| Head of State and Government
| Two-round system
| Most voted and as well as over 25% of the vote in 3/4 of the states to win in first round
|-
| Senate
| Upper chamber of legislature
| First-past-the-post
|
|-
| House of Representatives
| Unicameral legislature
| First-past-the-post
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=2|Niue
| King
| Head of State
| Hereditary monarchy
|
|-
| Assembly
| Unicameral legislature
|
- First-past-the-post (14 seats)
- Plurality block voting (6 seats)
|
|-
! scope=row|North Korea
| Supreme People's Assembly
| Unicameral legislature
| First-past-the-post
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=2|North Macedonia
| President
| Head of State
| Two-round system
|
|-
| Assembly
| Unicameral legislature
| Party-list proportional representation
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=2|Norway
| King
| Head of State
| Hereditary monarchy
|
|-
| Storting
| Unicameral legislature
| Party-list proportional representation
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=3|Oman
| Sultan
| Head of State and Government
| Hereditary monarchy
|
|-
| Council of State
| Upper chamber of legislature
| Appointed by the Sultan
|
|-
| Consultative Assembly
| Lower chamber of legislature
| Single non-transferable vote
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=3|Pakistan
| President
| Head of State
| Electoral college
| Electoral college consists of the Parliament and provincial assemblies
|-
| Senate
| Upper chamber of legislature
| Elected by the provincial assemblies
|
|-
| National Assembly
| Lower chamber of legislature
|
- First-past-the-post (266 seats)
- Reserved for women and minorities appointed to parties proportionally to seats already won (70 seats)
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=3|Palau
| President
| Head of State and Government
| Two-round system
|
|-
| Senate
| Upper chamber of legislature
| Plurality block voting
|
|-
| House of Delegates
| Lower chamber of legislature
| First-past-the-post
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=2|Panama
| President
| Head of State and Government
| First-past-the-post
|
|-
| National Assembly
| Unicameral legislature
|
- Party-list proportional representation (45 seats)
- First-past-the-post (26 seats)
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=2|Papua New Guinea
| King
| Head of State
| Hereditary monarchy
|
|-
| National Parliament
| Unicameral legislature
| Instant runoff voting
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=3|Paraguay
| President
| Head of State and Government
| First-past-the-post
|
|-
| Senate
| Upper chamber of legislature
| Party-list proportional representation
|
|-
| Chamber of Deputies
| Lower chamber of legislature
| Party-list proportional representation
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=2|Peru
| President
| Head of State and Government
| Two-round system
|
|-
| Congress
| Lower chamber of legislature
| Party-list proportional representation
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=3|Philippines
| President
| Head of State and Government
| First-past-the-post
|
|-
| Senate
| Upper chamber of legislature
| Plurality block voting (plurality at-large voting)
|
|-
| House of Representatives
| Lower chamber of legislature
| Mixed-member majoritarian representation:
- First-past-the-post (253 seats)
- Party-list proportional representation (63 seats)
| Party-list PR: No party can wins more than 3 seats.
|-
! scope=row rowspan=3|Poland
| President
| Head of State
| Two-round system
|
|-
| Senate
| Upper chamber of legislature
| First-past-the-post
|
|-
| Sejm
| Lower chamber of legislature
| Party-list proportional representation
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=2|Portugal
| President
| Head of State
| Two-round system
|
|-
| Assembly of the Republic
| Unicameral legislature
| Party-list proportional representation
|
|-
! scope=row|Qatar
| colspan=4 align=center|Currently no national elections are held
|-
! scope=row rowspan=3|Romania
| President
| Head of State
| Two-round system
|
|-
| Senate
| Upper chamber of legislature
| Party-list proportional representation
|
|-
| Chamber of Deputies
| Lower chamber of legislature
| Party-list proportional representation
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=3|Russia
| President
| Head of State
| Two-round system
|
|-
| Federation Council
| Upper chamber of legislature
| Elected by federal subjects' legislatures
|
|-
| State Duma
| Lower chamber of legislature
| Mixed-member majoritarian representation:
- First-past-the-post (225 seats)
- Party-list proportional representation (225 seats)
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=3|Rwanda
| President
| Head of State and Government
| First-past-the-post
|
|-
| Senate
| Upper chamber of legislature
|
- Elected by provincial councils (12 seats)
- Appointed by the President (8 seats)
|
|-
| Chamber of Deputies
| Lower chamber of legislature
|
- Party-list proportional representation (53 seats)
- Elected by local and national councils (27 seats)
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=2|Saint Kitts and Nevis
| King
| Head of State
| Hereditary monarchy
|
|-
| National Assembly
| Unicameral legislature
| First-past-the-post
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=3|Saint Lucia
| King
| Head of State
| Hereditary monarchy
|
|-
| Senate
| Upper chamber of legislature
| Appointed by the Governor-General
|
|-
| House of Assembly
| Lower chamber of legislature
| First-past-the-post
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=2|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
| King
| Head of State
| Hereditary monarchy
|
|-
| House of Assembly
| Unicameral legislature
|
- First-past-the-post (15 seats)
- Appointed by the Governor-General (6 seats)
- Attorney General (1 seats)
- Speaker (1 seats)
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=2|Samoa
| O le Ao o le Malo
| Head of State
| Elected by the Legislative Assembly
|
|-
| Legislative Assembly
| Unicameral legislature
| First-past-the-post
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=2|San Marino
| Captains Regent
| Head of State
| Elected by the Grand and General Council
|
|-
| Grand and General Council
| Unicameral legislature
| Two-round party-list proportional representation with a majority jackpot in the second round only.
| If no party gets a majority a runoff will be held between the two most voted parties
|-
! scope=row rowspan=2|São Tomé and Príncipe
| President
| Head of State
| Two-round system
|
|-
| National Assembly
| Unicameral legislature
| Party-list proportional representation
|
|-
! scope=row|Saudi Arabia
| colspan=4 align=center|Currently no national elections are held
|-
! scope=row rowspan=2|Senegal
| President
| Head of State and Government
| Two-round system
|
|-
| National Assembly
| Unicameral legislature
| Mixed-member majoritarian representation:
- First-past-the-post/Party block voting (112 seats)
- Party-list proportional representation (53 seats)
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=2|Serbia
| President
| Head of State
| Two-round system
|
|-
| National Assembly
| Unicameral legislature
| Party-list proportional representation
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=2|Seychelles
| President
| Head of State and Government
| Two-round system
|
|-
| National Assembly
| Unicameral legislature
| Mixed-member majoritarian representation:
- First-past-the-post (26 seats)
- Party-list proportional representation (up to 10 seats)
| Party-list PR: For each 10% of the vote, a party gets one seat.
|-
! scope=row rowspan=2|Sierra Leone
| President
| Head of State and Government
| Two-round system
| 55% of the vote to win in first round
|-
| Parliament
| Unicameral legislature
|
- Party-list proportional representation (135 seats)
- Elected for paramount chiefs (14 Seats)
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=2|Singapore
| President
| Head of State
| First-past-the-post
|
|-
| Parliament
| Unicameral legislature
|
- Party block voting (82 seats in 18 districts)
- First-past-the-post (15 seats)
- Best losers (appointed, up to 12 seats)
- Nominated Member of Parliament (appointed by the president, up to 9 seats)
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=2|Slovakia
| President
| Head of State
| Two-round system
|
|-
| National Council
| Unicameral legislature
| Party-list proportional representation
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=3|Slovenia
| President
| Head of State
| Two-round system
|
|-
| National Council
| Upper chamber of legislature
| Elected by groups of experts
|
|-
| National Assembly
| Lower chamber of legislature
| Party-list proportional representation
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=2|Solomon Islands
| King
| Head of State
| Hereditary monarchy
|
|-
| National Parliament
| Unicameral legislature
| First-past-the-post
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=3|South Africa
| President
| Head of State and Government
| Elected by the National Assembly
|
|-
| National Council of Provinces
| Upper chamber of legislature
| Elected by the Provinces' Legislatures
|
|-
| National Assembly
| Lower chamber of legislature
| Party-list proportional representation
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=2|South Korea
| President
| Head of State and Government
| First-past-the-post
|
|-
| National Assembly
| Unicameral legislature
| Mixed-member majoritarian representation (de facto):
- First-past-the-post (254 seats)
- Party-list proportional representation (46 seats)
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=3|South Sudan
| President
| Head of State and Government
| Two-round system
|
|-
| Council of States
| Upper chamber of legislature
| Elected by the state's legislative assembly
|
|-
| National Legislative Assembly
| Lower chamber of legislature
| Mixed-member majoritarian representation:
- First-past-the-post (158 seats)
- Party-list proportional representation (157 seats)
- Appointed by the President (17 seats)
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=3|Spain
| King
| Head of State
| Hereditary monarchy
|
|-
| Senate
| Upper chamber of legislature
|
- plurality block voting (limit on size of party slates, to produce mixed representation) (208 seats)
- Elected by regional legislatures (57 seats)
|
|-
| Congress of Deputies
| Lower chamber of legislature
| Party-list proportional representation
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=2|Sri Lanka
| President
| Head of State and Government
| Instant-runoff voting
|
|-
| Parliament
| Unicameral legislature
| Party-list proportional representation
|
|-
! scope=row|Sudan
| colspan=4 align=center|Currently no national elections are held
|-
! scope=row rowspan=2|Suriname
| President
| Head of State and Government
| Elected by the National Assembly
|
|-
| National Assembly
| Unicameral legislature
| Party-list proportional representation
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=2|Sweden
| King
| Head of State
| Hereditary monarchy
|
|-
| Riksdag
| Unicameral legislature
| Party-list proportional representation
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=3|Switzerland
| Federal Council
| Head of State and Government
| Elected by the Federal Assembly
|
|-
| Council of States
| Upper chamber of legislature
|
- Two-round system (41 seats)
- Party-list proportional representation (4 seats)
- Landsgemeinde (1 seat)
|
|-
| National Council
| Lower chamber of legislature
| Party-list proportional representation
|
|-
! scope=row|Syria
| colspan=4 align=center|Currently no national elections are held
|-
! scope=row rowspan=2|Taiwan
| President
| Head of State
| First-past-the-post
|
|-
| Legislative Yuan
| Unicameral legislature
| Mixed-member majoritarian representation:
- First-past-the-post (73 seats)
- Party-list proportional representation (34 seats)
- Single non-transferable vote (6 seats)
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=3|Tajikistan
| President
| Head of State and Government
| Two-round system
|
|-
| National Assembly
| Upper chamber of legislature
|
- Elected by deputies of local majlisi (25 seats)
- Appointed by the President (8 seats)
|
|-
| Assembly of Representatives
| Lower chamber of legislature
| Mixed-member majoritarian representation:
- Two-round system (41 seats)
- Party-list proportional representation (22 seats)
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=2|Tanzania
| President
| Head of State and Government
| First-past-the-post
|
|-
| National Assembly
| Unicameral legislature
| Mixed-member majoritarian representation:
- First-past-the-post (264 seats)
- Party-list proportional representation (113 seats)
- Appointed by the President (10 seats)
- Elected by the Zanzibar House of Representatives (5 seats)
- Attorney General (1 seat)
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=3|Thailand
| King
| Head of State
| Hereditary monarchy
|
|-
| Senate
| Upper chamber of legislature
| Elected by groups of experts
|
|-
| House of Representatives
| Lower chamber of legislature
| Mixed-member majoritarian representation:
- First-past-the-post (400 seats)
- Party-list proportional representation (100 seats)
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=3|Togo
| President
| Head of State and Government
| Elected by the National Assembly
|
|-
| Senate
| Upper chamber of legislature
|
- Elected by regional and municipal councils (2/3)
- Appointed by the President (1/3)
|
|-
| National Assembly
| Lower chamber of legislature
| Party-list proportional representation
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=2|Tonga
| King
| Head of State
| Hereditary monarchy
|
|-
| Legislative Assembly
| Unicameral legislature
| First-past-the-post
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=3|Trinidad and Tobago
| President
| Head of State
| Elected by all members of the Senate and House of Representatives
|
|-
| Senate
| Upper chamber of legislature
| Appointed by the President
|
|-
| House of Representatives
| Lower chamber of legislature
| First-past-the-post
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=3|Tunisia
| President
| Head of State and Government
| Two-round system
|
|-
| National Council of Regions and Districts
| Upper chamber legislature
| Elected by the regional and district councils
|
|-
| Assembly of the Representatives of the People
| Lower chamber of legislature
| Two-round system
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=2|Turkey
| President
| Head of State and Government
| Two-round system
|
|-
| Grand National Assembly
| Unicameral legislature
| Party-list proportional representation
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=2|Turkmenistan
| President
| Head of State and Government
| Two-round system
|
|-
| Assembly
| Unicameral of legislature
| First-past-the-post
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=2|Tuvalu
| King
| Head of State
| Hereditary monarchy
|
|-
| Parliament
| Unicameral legislature
| Plurality block voting
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=2|Uganda
| President
| Head of State and Government
| Two-round system
|
|-
| National Assembly
| Unicameral legislature
| First-past-the-post
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=2|Ukraine
| President
| Head of State
| Two-round system
|
|-
| Verkhovna Rada
| Unicameral legislature
| Party-list proportional representation
|
|-
! scope=row|United Arab Emirates
| colspan=4 align=center|Currently no national elections are held
|-
! scope=row rowspan=3|United Kingdom
| King
| Head of State
| Hereditary monarchy
|
|-
| House of Lords
| Upper chamber of legislature
|
- Life peer appointed by the King (729 seats)
- Lords Spiritual appointed by the Church of England (26 seats)
|
|-
| House of Commons
| Lower chamber of legislature
| First-past-the-post
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=3|United States
| President
| Head of State and Government
| Electoral college
|
|-
| Senate
| Upper chamber of legislature
|
- First-past-the-post (44 States)
- Nonpartisan blanket primary (2 States)
- Two-round system (2 States)
- Instant-runoff voting (2 States)
|
|-
| House of Representatives
| Lower chamber of legislature
|
- First-past-the-post (44 States)
- Nonpartisan blanket primary (2 States)
- Two-round system (2 States)
- Instant-runoff voting (2 States)
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=3|Uruguay
| President
| Head of State and Government
| Two-round system
|
|-
| Chamber of Senators
| Upper chamber of legislature
| Party-list proportional representation
|
|-
| Chamber of Representatives
| Lower chamber of legislature
| Party-list proportional representation
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=3|Uzbekistan
| President
| Head of State and Government
| Two-round system
|
|-
| Senate
| Upper chamber of legislature
|
- Elected by members of local councils (84 seats)
- Appointed by the President (16 seats)
|
|-
| Legislative Chamber
| Lower chamber of legislature
| Mixed-member majoritarian representation:
- First-past-the-post (75 seats)
- Party-list proportional representation (75 seats)
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=2|Vanuatu
| President
| Head of State
| Elected by the Parliament and the presidents of Regional Councils
|
|-
| Parliament
| Unicameral legislature
| Single non-transferable vote
|
|-
! Vatican City
| colspan=4 align=center|Currently no national elections are held
|-
! scope=row rowspan=2|Venezuela
| President
| Head of State and Government
| First-past-the-post
|
|-
| National Assembly
| Unicameral legislature
| Mixed-member proportional:
- Party-list proportional representation (65 seats)
- First-past-the-post (97 seats), three Indigenous seats
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=2|Vietnam
| President
| Head of State
| Elected by the National Assembly
|
|-
| National Assembly
| Unicameral legislature
| Plurality block voting
|
|-
! scope=row|Yemen
| colspan=4 align=center|Currently no national elections are held
|-
! scope=row rowspan=2|Zambia
| President
| Head of State and Government
| Two-round system
|
|-
| National Assembly
| Unicameral legislature
|
- First-past-the-post (156 seats)
- Appointed by the President (8 seats)
- Ex officio members (3 seats)
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=3|Zimbabwe
| President
| Head of State and Government
| Two-round system
|
|-
| Senate
| Upper chamber of legislature
|
- Party-list proportional representation (60 seats)
- Elected by the Council of Chiefs (18 seats)
- Elected by the National Disability Board (2 seats)
|
|-
| National Assembly
| Lower chamber of legislature
| Mixed-member majoritarian representation:
- First-past-the-post (210 seats)
- Party-list proportional representation (70 seats)
|
|}
Countries with limited recognition
{|class="wikitable sortable sticky-header-multi"
|-
! scope=col width=80px|Country
! scope=col|Body or office
! scope=col|Type of body or office
! scope=col|Electoral system
! scope=col|Notes
|-
! scope=row rowspan=2|Abkhazia
| President
| Head of State
| Two-round system
|
|-
| People's Assembly
| Unicameral legislature
| Two-round system
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=2|Kosovo
| President
| Head of State
| Elected by the Assembly
|
|-
| Assembly
| Unicameral legislature
| Party-list proportional representation
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=2|Northern Cyprus
| President
| Head of State
| Two-round system
|
|-
| Assembly of the Republic
| Unicameral legislature
| Party-list proportional representation
|
|-
! scope=row|Palestine
| colspan=4 align=center|Currently no national elections are held
|-
! scope=row rowspan=2|Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
| President
| Head of State
| Elected by the Congress of the Polisario Front
|
|-
| Sahrawi National Council
| Unicameral legislature
| Single non-transferable vote
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=2|South Ossetia
| President
| Head of State
| Two-round system
|
|-
| Parliament
| Unicameral legislature
| Mixed-member majoritarian representation:
- First-past-the-post (17 seats)
- Party-list proportional representation (17 seats)
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=3|Somaliland
| President
| Head of State and Government
| First-past-the-post
|
|-
| House of Elders
| Upper chamber of legislature
| align=center|—
| Currently no system defined
|-
| House of Representatives
| Lower chamber of legislature
| Party-list proportional representation
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=2|Transnistria
| President
| Head of State
| Two-round system
|
|-
| Supreme Council
| Unicameral legislature
| First-past-the-post
|
|}
Colonies and dependencies
{|class="wikitable sortable sticky-header-multi"
|-
! scope=col width=80px|Country
! scope=col|Body or office
! scope=col|Type of body or office
! scope=col|Electoral system
! scope=col width=140px|Notes
|-
! scope=row|Alderney
| States
| Unicameral legislature
| Plurality block voting
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=2|American Samoa
| Senate
| Upper chamber of legislature
| Elected by county councils
|
|-
| House of Representatives
| Lower chamber of legislature
|
- First-past-the-post (14 seats)
- Plurality block voting (6 seats)
|
|-
! scope=row|Anguilla
| House of Assembly
| Unicameral legislature
|
- First-past-the-post (7 seats)
- Plurality block voting (4 seats)
- Attorney General (1 seats)
- Deputy Governor (1 seats)
|
|-
! scope=row|Ascension
| Island Council
| Unicameral legislature
| Plurality block voting
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=2|Bermuda
| Senate
| Upper chamber of legislature
| Appointed by the Governor
|
|-
| House of Assembly
| Lower chamber of legislature
| First-past-the-post
|
|-
! scope=row|British Virgin Islands
| House of Assembly
| Unicameral legislature
|
- First-past-the-post (9 seats)
- Plurality block voting (4 seats)
- Attorney General (1 seats)
- Speaker (1 seats)
|
|-
! scope=row|Cayman Islands
| Parliament
| Unicameral legislature
| First-past-the-post
|
|-
! scope=row|Falkland Islands
| Legislative Assembly
| Unicameral legislature
| Plurality block voting
|
|-
! scope=row|French Polynesia
| Assembly
| Unicameral legislature
| Party-list proportional representation
|
|-
! scope=row|Gibraltar
| Parliament
| Unicameral legislature
| Limited plurality block voting
|
|-
! scope=row|Guam
| Legislature
| Unicameral legislature
| Plurality block voting
|
|-
! scope=row|Guernsey
| States of Deliberation
| Unicameral legislature
| Plurality block voting
|
|-
! scope=row|Hong Kong
| Legislative Council
| Unicameral legislature
|
- Appointed by the Election Committee (40 seats)
- Elected by functional constituencies (30 seats)
- Single non-transferable vote (20 seats)
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=2|Isle of Man
| Legislative Council
| Upper chamber of legislature
|
- Elected by the House of Keys (8 seats)
- President of Tynwald (1 seat)
- Bishop of Sodor and Man (1 seat)
- Attorney General (1 seat)
|
|-
| House of Keys
| Lower chamber of legislature
| Plurality block voting
|
|-
! scope=row|Jersey
| States Assembly
| Unicameral legislature
|
- Plurality block voting (37 seats)
- First-past-the-post (12 seats)
|
|-
! scope=row|Macau
| Legislative Assembly
| Unicameral legislature
|
- Party-list proportional representation (14 seats)
- Indirectly elected member (12 seats)
- appointed by the Chief Executive (7 seats)
|
|-
! scope=row|Montserrat
| Legislative Assembly
| Unicameral legislature
| Plurality block voting
|
|-
! scope=row|New Caledonia
| Congress
| Unicameral legislature
| Party-list proportional representation
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=2|Northern Mariana Islands
| Senate
| Upper chamber legislature
|
- Plurality block voting (6 seats)
- First-past-the-post (3 seats)
|
|-
| House of Representatives
| Lower chamber legislature
|
- Plurality block voting (18 seats)
- First-past-the-post (2 seats)
|
|-
! scope=row|Pitcairn Islands
| Island Council
| Unicameral legislature
|
- Single transferable vote (7 seats)
- Administrator (1 seat)
- Governor (1 seat)
- Deputy Governor (1 seat)
|
|-
! scope=row rowspan=2|Puerto Rico
| Senate
| Upper chamber legislature
| Mixed-member majoritarian representation:
- Plurality block voting (16 seats)
- Single non-transferable vote (11 seats)
- Minority jackpot
|
|-
| House of Representatives
| Lower chamber legislature
| Mixed-member majoritarian representation:
- First-past-the-post (40 seats)
- Single non-transferable vote (11 seats)
- Minority jackpot
|
|-
! scope=row|Saint Barthélemy
| Territorial Council
| Unicameral legislature
| Two-round party-list proportional representation with majority bonus system
|
|-
! scope=row|Saint Helena
| Legislative Council
| Unicameral legislature
|
- Plurality block voting (12 seats)
- Attorney General (1 seat)
|
|-
! scope=row|Saint Martin
| Territorial Council
| Unicameral legislature
| Two-round party-list proportional representation with majority bonus system
|
|-
! scope=row|Saint Pierre and Miquelon
| Territorial Council
| Unicameral legislature
| Two-round party-list proportional representation with majority bonus system
|
|-
! scope=row|Sark
| Chief Pleas
| Unicameral legislature
| Plurality block voting
|
|-
! scope=row|Tokelau
| General Fono
| Unicameral legislature
|
|
|-
! scope=row|Tristan da Cunha
| Island Council
| Unicameral legislature
| Plurality block voting
|
|-
! scope=row|Turks and Caicos Islands
| House of Assembly
| Unicameral legislature
|
- First-past-the-post (10 seats)
- Plurality block voting (9 seats)
- Attorney General (1 seats)
- Speaker (1 seats)
|
|-
! scope=row|U.S. Virgin Islands
| Legislature
| Unicameral legislature
|
- Plurality block voting (14 seats)
- First-past-the-post (1 seat)
|
|-
! scope=row|Wallis and Futuna
| Territorial Assembly
| Unicameral legislature
| Party-list proportional representation
|
|}