The following is a list of ancient physicians who were known to have practised, contributed, or theorised about medicine in some form between the 30th century BCE and 4th century CE.
30th century to 1st century BCE
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! Name !! Century !! Ethnicity !! Known for
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|Imhotep
|27th century BCE
|Egyptian
|One of the first recorded physicians
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|Bogar
|3rd century BCE
|Indian
|The Pharmacognosy is the best known of his treatises
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|Tirumular
|2nd century BCE
|Indian
|
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| Aegimus || 5th century BCE || Greek || first person who wrote a treatise on the pulse
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|Korakkar
|2nd century BCE
|Indian
|His works include Korakkar Malai Vagatam (Korakkar's Mountain Medicines)
|-
|Patanjali
|2nd century BCE
|Indian
|Founder of Yoga School
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| Amenhotep || 13th century BCE || Egyptian || chief physician of the early 19th Dynasty
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| Androcydes || 4th century BCE || Greek ||
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| Antipater || 1st century BCE || Greek || author of a work titled On the Soul
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|Kashyapa
|8th century BCE
|Indian
|wrote Kashyap Samhita
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| Apollonius Glaucus || 3rd century BCE || Greek || On Internal Diseases
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| Apollonios of Kition || 1st century BCE || Greek Cypriot || most important work is On Joints
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|Agnivesha
|8th century BCE
|Indian
|wrote Agnivesha Samhita considered foundational text of the Agnivesha school of early Ayurveda
|-
|Bharadwaja
|12th century BCE
|Indian
|He stated that embryo is caused from union of man's sperm and menstrual blood of woman
|-
|Atreya
|6th century BCE
|Indian
|Instructor of the compiler of the Bhela Samhita
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| Aristotle || 4th century BCE || Greek ||
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| Asclepiades of Bithynia || 2nd–1st century BCE || Greek || built a new theory of disease
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| Bian Que || 4th century BCE || Chinese || earliest known Chinese physician
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| Bolus of Mendes || 3rd century BCE || Greek ||
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| Cato the Elder || 2nd century BCE ||Roman ||
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| Charaka || 6th–2nd century BCE || Indian || one of the principal contributors to Ayurveda
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| Ctesias || 5th century BCE || Greek ||
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| Demetrius of Apamea || 2nd century BCE || Greek || studied sexual organs
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| Dexippus of Cos || 4th century BCE || Greek || pupil of Hippocrates
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| Dieuches || 4th century BCE || Greek || Dogmatic school of medicine
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| Diocles of Carystus || 4th century BCE || Greek || practical medicine, especially diet and nutrition
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| Erasistratus || 3rd century BCE || Greek || founded a school of anatomy in Alexandria
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| Heraclides of Tarentum || 2nd century BCE || Greek || physician of the Empiric school
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| Herophilus || 3rd century BCE || Greek || deemed to be the first anatomist
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| Hicesius || 1st century BCE || Greek || head of a medical school established at Smyrna
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| Hippocrates || 5th century BCE || Greek || "Father of Medicine", wrote the Hippocratic Corpus
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| Irynachet || 22nd century BCE || Egyptian || senior physician of the great house
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| Jivaka Komarabhacca || 5th century BCE || Indian || personal physician of King Bimbisara and Gautama Buddha
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| Madhava-kara || 8th century BCE || Indian || listed diseases along with their causes, symptoms, and complications
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| Meges of Sidon || 1st century BCE || Greek/Roman || surgeon
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| Mnesitheus || 4th century BCE || Greek || classification of diseases
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| Sextius Niger || 1st century BCE || Roman || pharmacology
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| Penthu || 16th century BCE || Egyptian || Chief Physician to Akhenaten
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| Peseshet || 25th century BCE || Egyptian || one of the earliest known female physicians
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|Harita
|8th century BCE
|Indian
|pupil of Atreya and composed samhita
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|Jatukarna
|8th century BCE
|Indian
|pupil of Atreya and composed "Jatukarna Samhita"
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| Philinus of Cos || 3rd century BCE || Greek || reputed founder of the Empiric school
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| Philistion of Locri || 4th century BCE || Greek || physician and writer of medicine
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| Philoxenus (physician) || 3rd century BCE || Greco-Egyptian || wrote several volumes on surgery
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| Plistonicus || 4th–3rd century BCE || Greek || wrote a work on anatomy
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| Posidonius || 2nd–1st century BCE || Greek || polymath
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| Praxagoras of Cos || 4th century BCE || Greek || theory of circulation
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| Qar || 23rd century BCE || Egyptian || Chief Physician during the Sixth dynasty
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| Rabâ-ša-Marduk || 13th century BCE || Kassite ||
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| Serapion of Alexandria || 3rd century BCE || Greek || member of the Empiric school of medicine
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| Shepseskaf-ankh || 25th century BCE ||Egyptian || Chief Physician during the Fifth dynasty
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| Sushruta || 7th century BCE || Indian || author of the treatise The Compendium of Suśruta
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| Themison of Laodicea || 1st century BCE || Greek || founder of the Methodic school of medicine
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| Theophrastus || 4th–3rd century BCE || Greek ||
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1st century to 4th century CE
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! Name !! Century !! Ethnicity !! Known for
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| Abascantus || 2nd century CE || Greek || invented antidote against serpent bites
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|Fabiola
|4th century CE
|Roman
|First hospital in Latin Christendom was founded by Fabiola at Rome. They spread out and specialized nosocomia for the sick, brephotrophia for foundlings, orphanotrophia for orphans, ptochia for the poor, xenodochia for poor or infirm pilgrims, and gerontochia for the old
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|Basil of Caesarea
|4th century CE
|Roman
|Founded at Caesarea in Cappadocia an institution (hospital) called Basileias, with several buildings for patients, nurses, physicians, workshops, and schools.
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