List of North American species extinct in the Holocene

thumb|right|Map of [[North America]]

This is a list of North American animals extinct in the Holocene that covers extinctions from the Holocene epoch, a geologic epoch that began about 11,650 years before present (about 9700 BCE) and continues to the present day.

Recently extinct animals in the West Indies and Hawaii are in their own respective lists.

Many extinction dates are unknown due to a lack of relevant information.

Mammals (class Mammalia)

Armadillos, pampatheres, and glyptodonts (order Cingulata)

Chlamyphorid armadillos and glyptodonts (family Chlamyphoridae)

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|North American glyptodont

|Glyptotherium cylindricum

|Gulf of Mexico coast to northeastern Brazil

|Most recent remains at Quetzaltenango, Guatemala dated to 9948-9306 BCE.

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Anteaters and sloths (order Pilosa)

Megalonychid ground sloths (family Megalonychidae)

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|Jefferson's ground sloth

|Megalonyx jeffersonii

|Alaska to northern Mexico

|Most recent remains dated to 9540-9420 BCE.

|Cuvieronius hyodon

|Central America, northern and central Andes

|Most recent remains at Estanzuela, Guatemala dated to 9117-8793 BCE.

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Sea cows (order Sirenia)

Dugongs (family Dugongidae)

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|Steller's sea cow

|Hydrodamalis gigas

|Bering Sea

|Most recent remains at Kiska, Alaska dated to 1710-1785 CE.

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Lagomorphs (order Lagomorpha)

Pikas (family Ochotonidae)

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|Giant pika

|Ochotona whartoni

|Northern North America and possibly northeastern Siberia

|Most recent remains dated to 8301-7190 BCE.

Rodents (order Rodentia)

Beavers (family Castoridae)

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|Giant beaver

|Castoroides ohioensis

|North America

|Most recent remains at Wayne County, New York dated to 10050-9550 BCE.

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Hamsters, voles, lemmings, muskrats, and New World rats and mice (family Cricetidae)

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||Gull Island vole

|Microtus pennsylvanicus nesophilus

|Great Gull Island, New York

|Last collected in 1897. Disappeared when the Harbor Defenses of Long Island Sound were built.

|Anthony's woodrat

|Neotoma bryanti anthonyi

|Isla Todos Santos, Mexico

|Last recorded in 1926. Extinct due to predation by introduced feral cats.

|Bunker's woodrat

|Neotoma bryanti bunkeri

|Coronados Islands, Mexico

|Last recorded in 1931. Likely extinct due to depletion of food sources and predation by introduced cats.

|San Martín Island woodrat

|Neotoma bryanti martinensis

|Isla San Martín, Mexico

|Last recorded in the 1950s. Extinct due to predation by introduced cats.

|Nelson's rice rat

|Oryzomys nelsoni

|María Madre Island, Mexico

|Last recorded in 1897. Possibly extinct due to introduced black rats.

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|Giant island deer mouse

|Peromyscus nesodytes

|Channel Islands of California

|Most recent remains at Cave of the Chimneys, San Miguel Island, dated to around 950 CE. If the species survived into colonial times it might have become extinct due to overgrazing, increased wind and water erosion destroying its natural habitat.

|Pemberton's deer mouse

|Peromyscus pembertoni

|San Pedro Nolasco Island, Mexico

|Last collected in 1931.

Possibly extinct

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|Angel Island mouse

|Peromyscus guardia

|Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Mexico and nearby islets

|Last collected on Ángel de la Guarda in 1993. Declined due to competition with introduced rodents, and predation by cats.

|Puebla deer mouse

|Peromyscus mekisturus

|Southeast Puebla, Mexico

|Last recorded in 1957. Possibly extinct due to habitat degradation caused by agriculture or climate change.

Gophers (family Geomyidae)

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|Goff's pocket gopher

|Geomys pinetis goffi

|Pineda Ridge, Florida

|Last recorded in 1955.

|Tacoma pocket gopher

|Thomomys mazama tacomensis

|Tacoma-Steilacoom, Washington area

|Last collected in 1962. Extinct due to habitat alteration through residential development and gravel mining.

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|North American sabertooth cat

|Smilodon fatalis

|Southern Alberta to northwestern South America

|Most recent remains dated to 7615-7305 BCE. Though named as a distinct subspecies in 1946, genetic research indicates that no population of North American cougars is different enough to warrant subspecies status.

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Dogs (family Canidae)

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|Dire wolf

|Aenocyon dirus

|North America and western South America

|Most recent remains at Rancho La Brea, California dated to 10208-8718 BCE. Also dated in Cutler Hammock, Florida to the Greenlandian stage of the Holocene.

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|Newfoundland wolf

|Canis lupus beothucus

|Newfoundland

|Last known individual killed in 1896.

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|Banks Island wolf

|Canis lupus bernardi

|Banks Island, Northwest Territories

|Last recorded between 1918 and 1952. Considered a synonym of the arctic wolf (C. l. arctos) by some authors on morphological grounds.

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|Cascade Mountains wolf

|Canis lupus fuscus

|Pacific Northwest

|Last recorded in 1940.

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|Florida black wolf

|Canis rufus floridanus

|Southeastern United States

|Extinct by 1920 as a result of deliberate eradication efforts, habitat destruction, and loss of prey.

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|Gregory's wolf

|Canis rufus gregoryi

|Lower Mississippi Valley

|The last individuals may have hybridized with coyotes, whose post-1930 expansion eastward was facilitated by deforestation.

Extinct in the wild

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|Mexican wolf

|Canis lupus baileyi

|Southwestern United States and northern Mexico

|Extirpated from the wild in the early 1970s and reintroduced in 1998.

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|Texas red wolf

|Canis rufus rufus

|Central Texas to southern Louisiana

|Extinct in the wild by 1980 and introduced (in lieu of the extinct subspecies) to eastern North Carolina in 1987. The species is threatened by human persecution and hybridization with coyotes. Declined as a result of deliberate eradication efforts, habitat destruction, and hybridization with the coyote.

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Locally extinct

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|California grizzly bear

|Population of the grizzly bear (Ursus arctos horribilis)

|California

|Last recorded at Sequoia National Park in 1924. Though once named as the subspecies U. a. californicus, DNA evidence shows that it is not different enough to warrant separate status.

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|Mexican grizzly bear

|Population of the grizzly bear (Ursus arctos horribilis)

|Aridoamerica

|Last known individual killed in northern Sonora in 1976. Though once named as the subspecies U. a. nelsoni, DNA evidence shows that it is not different enough to warrant separate status.

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Earless seals (family Phocidae)

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|Caribbean monk seal

|Neomonachus tropicalis

|Caribbean Sea, Bahamas, and the Gulf of Mexico

|Last recorded in southern Florida in 1922 and Yucatan in 1950. It was intensely hunted for its skin and oil, and persecuted as a competitor by fishermen in later times.

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Martens, polecats, otters, badgers, and weasels (family Mustelidae)

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|Sea mink

|Neogale macrodon

|Atlantic coast of Canada and New England

|Hunted to extinction by fur traders by about 1860. Later records up to 1894 are actually references to the American mink.

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Extinct in the wild

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|Black-footed ferret

|Mustela nigripes

|Great Plains

|Extinct in the wild in 1987 and reintroduced in 1991. Declined due to persecution as agricultural pest of its main prey, the prairie dog; introduced diseases like canine distemper and plague, and conversion of grasslands to agriculture.

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Odd-toed ungulates (order Perissodactyla)

Horses, asses, and zebras (family Equidae)

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|Mexican horse

|Equus conversidens

|Western North America

|A small non-caballine species that coexisted in North America with the caballine horse. Identified at times as a wild ass (both Equus hemionus and Equus africanus) on morphological grounds, but ancient mtDNA studies confirm caballine affiliation and possible synonymity with Equus ferus. Domestic horses were introduced to the Americas by the Spanish in 1493 and a feral population was established in Querétaro, Mexico by 1553.

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Even-toed ungulates (order Artiodactyla)

Camels and llamas (family Camelidae)

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|Western camel

|Camelops hesternus

|Western North America

|Most recent remains dated to 8170-7840 BCE.

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Peccaries (family Tayassuidae)

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|Long-nosed peccary

|Mylohyus fossilis

|Southern and eastern United States

|Most recent remains at Cutler Hammock, Florida dated to the Greenlandian stage of the Holocene.

|Most recent remains dated to 8990-8690 BCE. A single individual, presumably dispersed over the Arctic, was observed off Florida in 2023 and Nantucket, Massachusetts in 2024.

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True deer (family Cervidae)

Locally extinct

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|Stag-moose

|Cervalces scotti

|Great Lakes Region

|Most recent remains dated to 9230-8930 BCE. The last confirmed individual was killed near the Clarion River of central Pennsylvania in 1867, though there were unconfirmed sightings in 1869-1870, and ten claimed killings in northern Pennsylvania in 1878. Western elk were reintroduced for hunting purposes in the same state in 1912.

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|Merriam's elk

|Population of the North American wapiti (Cervus canadensis canadensis)

|New Mexico, Arizona, and West Texas

|Named as the species Cervus merriami in 1902 on the basis of a single skull; in 1978, an anatomical review of a dozen individuals found just enough of a case to consider it a subspecies of Cervus elaphus (later C. canadensis). Further anatomical and genetic research suggest that all American wapiti likely belong to the same subspecies and that the taxon C. c. merriami is a synonym of C. c. canadensis. Wapiti from other regions have been reintroduced to the purported distribution area of Merriam's elk. The last known herd was found in 1908, comprising two adult males, one female, and one calf; all but the calf were killed.

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|Toronto subway deer

|Torontoceros hypogaeus

|Toronto, Ontario

|Known from a single individual dated to 9350 BCE.

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Cattle, goats, antelopes, and others (family Bovidae)

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|Ancient bison

|Bison antiquus

|North America

|A transitional form between steppe bison and modern American bison whose more recent remains date to the early Holocene of Valsequillo basin in Puebla, Mexico. However the direct dating to 5271-5131 BCE is not calibrated and the remains could be older. Other remains in North America have been dated to 8640-8500 BCE.

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|Steppe bison

|Bison priscus

|Northern Eurasia and North America

|Most recent remains at Whitehorse, Yukon dated to 3628-3377 BCE.

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|Woodland muskox

|Bootherium bombifrons

|North America

|Most recent remains dated to 9110-8950 BCE.

|Bos mutus

|Tibet to eastern Siberia and Beringia

|Environmental DNA last detected in permafrost of central Yukon dated to 8231-7959 BCE.

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Grebes (order Podicipediformes)

Grebes (family Podicipedidae)

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|Atitlán grebe

|Podilymbus gigas

|Lake Atitlán, Guatemala

|Extinct in 1983-1986 due to competition and predation by introduced largemouth bass, reed-cutting for tourism development, falling water levels after the 1976 Guatemala earthquake, drowning in gill nets and disturbance by boat traffic.

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Swifts, treeswifts, and hummingbirds (order Apodiformes)

Hummingbirds (family Trochillidae)

Possibly extinct

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|Guanacaste hummingbird

|Amazilia alfaroana

|Miravalles Volcano, Costa Rica

|Only known from the holotype collected in 1895. The cause of extinction is unknown, but could be related to habitat loss caused by agriculture.

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Extinct in the wild

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|Socorro dove

|Zenaida graysoni

|Socorro Island, Mexico

|Last recorded in the wild in 1972. It declined as a result of predation by introduced cats, hunting, and habitat degradation caused by feral goats and Central American locusts. Individuals survive in captivity in the United States, though several are hybridized with the mourning dove (Z. macroura).

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Rails and cranes (order Gruiformes)

Rails (family Rallidae)

Possibly extinct

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|Goldman's yellow rail

|Coturnicops noveboracensis goldmani

|Lerma River, Mexico

|Last recorded in 1964. Another factor may have been the extinction of the Rocky Mountain locust.

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Auks (family Alcidae)

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|Great auk

|Pinguinus impennis

|Northern Atlantic and western Mediterranean. North American range included breeding in Canada and Greenland, and wintering in New England.

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Albatrosses and petrels (order Procellariiformes)

Northern storm petrels (family Hydrobatidae)

Possibly extinct

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|Guadalupe storm-petrel

|Hydrobates macrodactylus

|Guadalupe Island, Mexico

|Last recorded in 1912. Likely extinct due to breeding habitat degradation by introduced feral goats and predation by feral cats and dogs; however the natural difficulty of its detection, lack of thorough surveys in the breeding season after 1906 and reports of unidentified storm-petrel calls at night may indicate that it is still extant.

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Storks and allies (order Ciconiiformes)

Storks (family Ciconiidae)

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|Asphalt stork

|Ciconia maltha

|Americas

|Most recent remains dated to 9050-8050 BCE (uncalibrated date).

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New World vultures (order Cathartiformes)

New World vultures and condors (family Cathartidae)

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|Painted vulture

|Sarcoramphus sacra

|Florida

|Hypothetical species known from a 1774 description by William Bartram. Though traditionally dismissed as a hoax or incorrect description of a king vulture from Central and South America (S. papa), which it resembled in everything except the tail's coloration and more predatory behavior, a 1734 account of the same bird and painting by Eleazar Albin, and a 1786 depiction of the tail feathers as part of a standard used by the Muscogee king Mico Chlucco suggest that it was an actual extirpated Floridan population of the king vulture, subspecies, or related species.

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Extinct in the wild

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|California condor

|Gymnogyps californianus

|North America

|Extinct in the wild in 1987 and reintroduced in 1992.

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Teratorns (family Teratornithidae)

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|Slender teratorn

|Cathartornis gracilis

|Southern California

|Most recent remains dated to 38050-8050 BCE (uncalibrated date).

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Woodpeckers and allies (order Piciformes)

Woodpeckers (family Picidae)

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|Guadalupe flicker

|Colaptes auratus rufipileus

|Guadalupe Island, Mexico

|Last collected in 1906. Extinct due to habitat destruction by introduced goats and predation by cats.

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|American ivory-billed woodpecker

|Campephilus principalis principalis

|Southern United States

|Last confirmed record in north-eastern Louisiana in 1944. Several unconfirmed sightings, video and sound records were made in eastern Arkansas in 2004, the Choctawhatchee River in Florida in 2005-2007, and 2006-2007 in Louisiana. Declined due to hunting, logging and forest clearance for agriculture.

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Parrots (order Psittaciformes)

Holotropical parrots (family Psittacidae)

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|Carolina parakeet

|Conuropsis carolinensis

|Eastern and Central United States

|Last collected in the wild near Lake Okeechobee, Florida in 1904 though unconfirmed reports continued until the 1930s. The last captive individual died in Cincinnati Zoo in 1918. Declined due to hunting, persecution by crop farmers, deforestation, and competition with introduced bees.

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Perching birds (order Passeriformes)

True finches (family Fringillidae)

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|McGregor's house finch

|Carpodacus mexicanus mcgregori

|San Benito and Cedros Islands, Mexico

|Last recorded in 1938.

Thrashers, mockingbirds, tremblers, and New World catbirds (family Mimidae)

Possibly extinct

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|Cozumel thrasher

|Toxostoma guttatum

|Cozumel, Mexico

|Last recorded in 2004.

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New World blackbirds (family Icteridae)

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|Large-billed black bird

|Euphagus magnirostris

|California to Venezuela and Peru

|Most recent remains dated to 8800-8300 BCE (uncalibrated date).

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New World sparrows (family Passerellidae)

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|Todos Santos rufous-crowned sparrow

|Aimophila ruficeps sanctorum

|Todos Santos Island, Mexico

|Last recorded in the 1970s. Extinct due to habitat destruction by introduced rabbits and predation by introduced cats. The last individual died in Walt Disney World's Discovery Island Zoological Park in Orlando, Florida in 1987.

Tortoises (family Testudinidae)

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|Southeastern giant tortoise

|Hesperotestudo crassiscutata

|Southern United States

|Most recent remains dated to around 9515 BCE.

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|Wilson's tortoise

|Hesperotestudo wilsoni

|Southwestern United States

|Most recent remains dated to around 9050 BCE.

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|Pass stubfoot toad

|Atelopus senex

|Central Costa Rica

|Last recorded in 1986. Extinct due to chytridiomycosis.

|Golden toad

|Incilius periglenes

|Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve, Costa Rica

|Last recorded in 1989. Probably extinct due to climate change, chytridiomycosis, and airborne pollution.

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Extinct in the wild

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|Wyoming toad

|Anaxyrus baxteri

|Laramie Basin, Wyoming

|Survives only at the four-times impounded Mortenson Lake National Wildlife Refuge, where it last reproduced naturally in 1991 and is re-stocked annually with captive born toadlets. The species is affected by chytridiomycosis, bacteria, pesticides, irrigation practices, lack of genetic diversity, predation by mustelids, drought, increased salinity, and expansion of the salt cedar which reduces habitat suitability.

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|Panamanian golden frog

|Atelopus zeteki

|El Valle de Antón and Cerro Campana, Panama

|Last recorded in the wild in 2009. The species is mainly threatened by chytridiomycosis, but also deforestation, water pollution, collection for the pet trade, and increased sedimentation of streams caused by road construction.

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Freshbelly frogs (family Craugastoridae)

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|Craugastor myllomyllon

|Finca Volcán, Alta Verapaz, Guatemala

|Last recorded in 1978. Its natural habitat was destroyed by agriculture.

Possibly extinct

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|McCranie's robber frog

|Craugastor chrysozetetes

|La Ceiba, Atlántida Department, Honduras

|Last recorded in 1989. Possibly extinct due to catastrophic landslides caused by Hurricane Mitch, or chytridiomycosis.

Poison dart frogs (family Dendrobatidae)

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|Splendid poison frog

|Oophaga speciosa

|Western Panama

|Last recorded in 1992. Extinct due to chytridiomycosis.

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Tree frogs and allies (family Hylidae)

Possibly extinct

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|Rabbs' fringe-limbed treefrog

|Ecnomiohyla rabborum

|El Valle de Antón, Panama

|Last recorded in the wild in 2008, two years after chytridiomycosis invaded its natural habitat. The last captive animal, a male named Toughie, died at the Atlanta Botanical Garden in 2016.

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Salamanders and newts (order Urodela)

Lungless salamanders (family Plethodontidae)

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|Ainsworth's salamander

|Plethodon ainsworthi

|Jasper County, Mississippi

|Last recorded in 1964. Possibly extinct due to deforestation.

|Jalpa false brook salamander

|Pseudoeurycea exspectata

|Cerro Miramundo, Jalapa, Guatemala

|Last recorded in 1976. Possibly extinct due to habitat loss to farming and logging.

Ray-finned fish (class Actinopterygii)

Carps, barbs, minnows, and allies (order Cypriniformes)

Suckers (family Catostomidae)

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|Snake River sucker

|Chasmistes muriei

|Jackson Lake, Wyoming and possibly the Snake River

|Only known from the holotype collected in 1927. Likely extinct due to hybridization with the Utah sucker after the Jackson Lake Dam was built and blocked spawning migration.

|Plateau chub

|Evarra eigenmanni

|Chalco and Xochimilco-Tlahuac channels

|Last collected in 1954. Likely extinct due to habitat destruction through pollution and water extraction.

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|Endorheic chub

|Evarra tlahuacensis

|Lake Chalco in the Valley of Mexico

|Last collected in 1970. Extinct due to habitat destruction and water pollution.

|Thicktail chub

|Gila crassicauda

|California Central Valley and San Francisco Bay

|Last collected in 1957. Extinct due to the conversion of the Central Valley to intensive agriculture, marsh draining, channelization of rivers and introduction of extotic fish species.

|Rio Grande bluntnose shiner

|Notropis simus simus

|Upper Rio Grande and the Pecos River

|Last collected in 1964. Possibly extinct due to changes in the water flow caused by dams, irrigation, and channelization, along with competition from introduced species. Declined after the introduction of several exotic species including mosquitofishes, sailfin mollies, guppies, convict cichlids, and green swordtails, followed by the alteration of water flows related to the use of hotsprings as public baths and sewage spillage. As numbers fell the subspecies became more vulnerable to hybridization with R. c. cataractae, which caused its final extinction.

Catfishes (order Siluriformes)

Ictalurids (family Ictaluridae)

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|Scioto madtom

|Noturus trautmani

|Big Darby Creek, Ohio

|Last collected in 1957. The cause of extinction is unknown.

Salmon, trout and relatives (order Salmoniformes)

Salmon, trout and relatives (family Salmonidae)

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|Longjaw cisco

|Coregonus alpenae

|Lakes Erie, Michigan, and Huron

|Last collected in Lake Erie in 1957, in Lake Michigan in 1967, and in Lake Huron in 1975. Extinct due to overfishing, predation by the sea lamprey which colonized the lakes in the 1940s, and hybridization with other ciscoes.

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Silversides (order Atheriniformes)

Neotropical silversides (family Atherinopsidae)

Possibly extinct

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|Alberca silverside

|Chirostoma bartoni

|La Alberca caldera, Lerma River basin, Mexico

|Not recorded after the crater lake dried during a drought in 2006.

|Least silverside

|Chirostoma charari

|La Mintzita spring, Michoacan, Mexico

|Last recorded in 1957. Declined due to overuse of water resources, deforestation of gallery forests, pollution, hypereutophication, and hybridization with other Chirostoma species.

Toothcarps (order Cyprinodontiformes)

Pupfishes (family Cyprinodontidae)

{| class="wikitable"

!Common name

!Scientific name

!Range

! class="unsortable" |Comments

! class="unsortable" |Pictures

|Santa Cruz pupfish

|Cyprinodon arcuatus

|Santa Cruz River, Arizona

|Last recorded at Monkey Spring in 1971. Extinct due to predation by introduced largemouth bass.

|Villa Lopez pupfish

|Cyprinodon ceciliae

|Bolsón de Sandía, Nuevo León, Mexico

|Last recorded in 1988. The spring it was endemic dried completely in 1991 as a consequence of water extraction for agriculture use.

|Cachorrito de la Trinidad

|Cyprinodon inmemoriam

|Ojo La Trinidad, northern Mexico

|Only known from the holotype collected in 1984. The spring it was found in was destroyed by water extraction.

|Tecopa pupfish

|Cyprinodon nevadensis calidae

|Tecopa Hot Springs, California

|Last recorded before 1972.

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|Catarina pupfish

|Megupsilon aporus

|El Potosí, Galeana, Nuevo León, Mexico

|Started declining in the 1980s due to predation by introduced Florida bass and water extraction, until total disappearance from the wild by 1994. In 1995, the El Potosí spring dried completely due to water extraction. A captive population of several hundred survived in Mexico, the United States, Spain, and Germany, but crashed in 2011 due to the death of most individuals from mycobacteriosis. In 2012, the last two males were hybridized with Potosi pupfish in the Children's Aquarium at Fair Park, Dallas, Texas, but all individuals born were females with mycobacteriosis. The last fish died in 2014.

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Possibly extinct

{| class="wikitable"

!Common name

!Scientific name

!Range

! class="unsortable" |Comments

|Parras pupfish

|Cyprinodon latifasciatus

|Parras drainage basin, Coahuila, Mexico

|Last collected in 2012. Declined due to pollution, introduced guppies and green swordtails.

Extinct in the wild

{| class="wikitable"

!Common name

!Scientific name

!Range

! class="unsortable" |Comments

|Potosi pupfish

|Cyprinodon alvarezi

|Potosí Spring, Galeana, Nuevo León, Mexico

|Last recorded in the wild in 1994. Declined due to near total habitat loss as a result of groundwater extraction, predation and competition with introduced species.

|La Palma pupfish

|Cyprinodon longidorsalis

|rowspan="2"|Bolsón de Sandía, Nuevo León, Mexico

|Last recorded in the wild in 1994, as a result of groundwater extraction.

|Charco Palma pupfish

|Cyprinodon veronicae

|Disappeared from the wild in 1995 as a result of groundwater extraction, which caused in 1997 the complete drying of the spring it was endemic to.

Topminnows and North American killifishes (family Fundulidae)

{| class="wikitable"

!Common name

!Scientific name

!Range

! class="unsortable" |Comments

!Pictures

|Whiteline topminnow

|Fundulus albolineatus

|Spring Creek, Huntsville, Alabama

|Last collected in 1889. Probably extinct due to habitat degradation through channelization and construction, water extraction for urban use, or introduced common carp and goldfish.

|Raycraft Ranch killifish

|Empetrichthys latos concavus

|Pahrump Valley, Nevada

|Last collected in 1953. Likely extinct due to introduced carp and bullfrogs; after its probable extinction, the spring it was endemic to was filled to eliminate mosquitos.

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|Golden skiffia

|Skiffia francesae

|Teuchitlan River and Laguna de Sayula, Jalisco, Mexico

|Declined due to habitat degradation and exotic fish introductions. The last known wild population disappeared when the El Molino pond dried during a drought in 2010.

Poeciliids (family Poeciliidae)

{| class="wikitable"

!Common name

!Scientific name

!Range

! class="unsortable" |Comments

|Amistad gambusia

|Gambusia amistadensis

|Goodenough Spring, Texas

|Endemic to a spring flooded by a dam in 1969. In anticipation, several individuals were collected and kept in captivity, but all were found to be hybridized with mosquitofish after 1974.

Possibly extinct

{| class="wikitable"

!Common name

!Scientific name

!Range

! class="unsortable" |Comments

|Graceful priapella

|Priapella bonita

|Motzorongo River, Veracruz, Mexico

|Last recorded in 1965. The cause of extinction is unknown.

Extinct in the wild

{| class="wikitable"

!Common name

!Scientific name

!Range

! class="unsortable" |Comments

!Pictures

|Monterrey platyfish

|Xiphophorus couchianus

|Atlantic slope of Mexico

|Last collected in the wild in 1967. Declined due to habitat destruction, pollution, predation and competition with introduced species.

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|Marbled swordtail

|Xiphophorus meyeri

|Melchor Muzquiz, Coahuila, Mexico

|Last recorded in the wild in 1997. Declined due to water abstraction for mining activities.

Lionfishes and sculpins (order Scorpaeniformes)

Cottids (family Cottidae)

{| class="wikitable"

!Common name

!Scientific name

!Range

! class="unsortable" |Comments

|Utah Lake sculpin

|Cottus echinatus

|Utah Lake

|Last collected in 1928. Extinct due to pollution, increased salinity, and decreasing water level caused by agriculture, as well as introduced fish species.

Perchs and allies (order Perciformes)

Perchs (family Percidae)

{| class="wikitable"

!Common name

!Scientific name

!Range

! class="unsortable" |Comments

!Pictures

|Maryland darter

|Etheostoma sellare

|Lower Susquehanna River, United States

|Last confirmed record in 1986 and a possible one in 1988. Its range contracted after the damming of the Susquehanna; the last known location has degraded water quality caused by agriculture.

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|Blue walleye

|Sander vitreus glaucus

|Lakes Ontario and Erie, and Niagara River

|Population began to fluctuate wildly in 1915 as a result of over-fishing before it collapsed in 1958. The final individuals may have hybridized with walleye.

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Decapods (order Decapoda)

Family Atyidae

{| class="wikitable"

!Common name

!Scientific name

!Range

! class="unsortable" |Comments

|Pasadena freshwater shrimp

|Syncaris pasadenae

|Los Angeles River drainage basin, California

|Last collected in 1933. Its habitat was destroyed by urbanization.

Family Astacidae

{| class="wikitable"

!Common name

!Scientific name

!Range

! class="unsortable" |Comments

!Pictures

|Sooty crayfish

|Pacifastacus nigrescens

|San Francisco Bay, California

|Not recorded since the signal crayfish was introduced in the late 19th century.

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Family Cambaridae

{| class="wikitable"

!Common name

!Scientific name

!Range

! class="unsortable" |Comments

|Alvarez's dwarf crayfish

|Cambarellus alvarezi

|Potosí Spring, Nuevo León, Mexico

|Endemic to a spring that was drained by pumping groundwater in 1994.

|Sandhills crayfish

|Procambarus angustatus

|Sand Hills, Georgia

|Only known from the holotype collected in around 1856.

Possibly extinct

{| class="wikitable"

!Common name

!Scientific name

!Range

! class="unsortable" |Comments

|White Spring cave crayfish

|Cambarus veitchorum

|White Spring Cave, Limestone County, Alabama

|Last collected in 1968.

|Bigcheek cave crayfish

|Procambarus delicatus

|Ocala National Forest, Lake County, Florida

|Last recorded in 1976. Declined due to disturbance and pollution caused by tourism.

Amphipods (order Amphipoda)

Whale lice (family Cyamidae)

{| class="wikitable"

!Scientific name

!Range

! class="unsortable" |Comments

|Cyamus rhytinae

|Bering Sea

|Parasite of Steller's sea cow.

Family Acanthametropodidae

{| class="wikitable"

!Common name

!Scientific name

!Range

! class="unsortable" |Comments

|Pecatonica River mayfly

|Acanthometropus pecatonica

|United States

|Last recorded in 1927.

Stoneflies (order Plecoptera)

Green stoneflies (family Chloroperlidae)

{| class="wikitable"

!Common name

!Scientific name

!Range

|Robert's stonefly

|Alloperla roberti

|Illinois

Grasshoppers, crickets, and katydids (order Orthoptera)

Short-horned grasshoppers (family Acrididae)

{| class="wikitable"

!Common name

!Scientific name

!Range

! class="unsortable" |Comments

!Pictures

|Central Valley grasshopper

|Conozoa hyalina

|Central Valley, California

|Last recorded before 1953.

|Rocky Mountain locust

|Melanoplus spretus

|Western and central Canada and United States

|Last collected in 1902. Possibly extinct due to destruction of its riparian breeding habitat in the northern Rocky Mountains.

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Katydids (family Tettigoniidae)

{| class="wikitable"

!Common name

!Scientific name

!Range

! class="unsortable" |Comments

|Antioch Dunes shieldback katydid

|Neduba extincta

|United States

|Last recorded in 1937.

Book lice, bark lice, and sucking lice (order Psocodea)

Chicken body lice (family Menoponidae)

{| class="wikitable"

!Common name

!Scientific name

!Range

! class="unsortable" |Comments

|California condor louse

|Colpocephalum californici

|rowspan="2"|North America

|rowspan="2"|Conservation-induced extinctions produced when the last California condors were taken into captivity and deloused in the mid-1980s.

Bird chewing lice (family Philopteridae)

{| class="wikitable"

!Scientific name

!Range

! class="unsortable" |Comments

|Acutifrons caracarensis

|Guadalupe Island, Mexico

|Parasite of the Guadalupe caracara, co-extinct with its host.

|Yorba Linda weevil

|Trigonoscuta yorbalindae

|Yorba Linda desert dunes, California

|Last recorded in 1975. Its habitat was destroyed by urbanization.

Butterflies and moths (order Lepidoptera)

Pygmy moths and midget moths (family Nepticulidae)

{| class="wikitable"

!Common name

!Scientific name

!Range

! class="unsortable" |Comments

|Phleophagan chestnut moth

|Ectoedemia phleophaga

|United States

|Last recorded in the 1900s.

Trumpet leaf-miner moths (family Tischeriidae)

{| class="wikitable"

!Common name

!Scientific name

!Range

|Chestnut clearwing moth

|Tischeria perplexa

|United States

Shiny head-standing moths (family Argyresthiidae)

{| class="wikitable"

!Common name

!Scientific name

!Range

! class="unsortable" |Comments

|Chestnut ermine moth

|Argyresthia castaneella

|United States

|Last recorded in 1923.

Gossamer-winged butterflies (family Lycaenidae)

{| class="wikitable"

!Common name

!Scientific name

!Range

! class="unsortable" |Comments

!Pictures

|Xerces blue

|Glaucopsyche xerces

|San Francisco, California, United States

|Last collected in 1941.

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Grass moths (family Crambidae)

{| class="wikitable"

!Scientific name

!Range

! class="unsortable" |Comments

|Oeobia sp. nov.

|United States

|Last recorded in 1911.

Caddisflies (order Trichoptera)

Long-horned caddisflies (family Leptoceridae)

{| class="wikitable"

!Common name

!Scientific name

!Range

! class="unsortable" |Comments

|Athens caddisfly

|Triaenodes phalacris

|United States

|Three-toothed caddisfly

|Triaenodes tridontus

|United States

|Last recorded in 1991.

Family Rhyacophilidae

{| class="wikitable"

!Common name

!Scientific name

!Range

|Castle Lake caddisfly

|Rhyacophila amabilis

|United States

Arachnids (class Arachnida)

Order Mesostigmata

Family Halarachnidae

{| class="wikitable sortable"

!Common name

!Scientific name

!Range

! class="unsortable" |Comments

! Pictures

|Caribbean monk seal nasal mite

|Halarachne americana

|Caribbean Sea

|Extinct with its host.

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Order Sarcoptiformes

Family Analgidae

{| class="wikitable sortable"

!Scientific name

!Range

! class="unsortable" |Comments

|Diplaegidia gladiator

|Eastern North America

|Parasite of the passenger pigeon which is coextinct.

|Olive marstonia

|Marstonia olivacea

|Big Spring Creek, Madison County, Alabama

|Extinct in the 1960s due to impoundment in the Tennessee Valley.

|Corded pyrg

|Pyrgulopsis nevadensis

|Nevada

|Believed to be found exclusively in Pyramid Lake Nevada.

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Family Lithoglyphidae

{| class="wikitable sortable"

!Common name

!Scientific name

!Range

! class="unsortable" |Comments

! Pictures

|Cahaba pebblesnail

|Clappia cahabensis

|Cahaba River, Alabama

|Unconfirmed last record in 2005.

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|Umbilicate pebblesnail

|Clappia umbilicata

|Alabama

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|Oachita pebblesnail

|Somatogyrus amnicoloides

|Arkansas

|Thick-lipped pebblesnail

|Somatogyrus crassilabris

|White River, Baxter County, Arkansas

|Only known from the holotype collected in 1915.

|Tennessee pebblesnail

|Somatogyrus currierianus

|Alabama

|Channeled pebblesnail

|Somatogyrus wheeleri

|Arkansas

Family Lottiidae

{| class="wikitable sortable"

!Common name

!Scientific name

!Range

! class="unsortable" |Comments

|Eelgrass limpet

|Lottia alveus

|Atlantic Canada

| Went extinct in 1929 after wasting disease killed it's only food source.

|Last recorded in 1861. Extinct due to habitat loss.

Bladder snails (family Physidae)

{| class="wikitable sortable"

!Common name

!Scientific name

!Range

|Fish Lake physa

|Physella microstriata

|Utah

Ramshorn snails (family Planorbidae)

{| class="wikitable sortable"

!Common name

!Scientific name

!Range

! class="unsortable" |Comments

! Pictures

|Shoal sprite

|Amphigyra alabamensis

|Alabama

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|Boulder snail

|Athearnia crassa

|Alabama, Georgia, Tennessee, and Virginia

|Carinate flat-top snail

|Neoplanorbis carinatus

| rowspan="2" |Alabama

|Angled flat-top snail

|Neoplanorbis smithii

|Little flat-top snail

|Neoplanorbis tantillus

|Coosa River, Alabama

|Extinct due to several impoundments between 1914 and 1967.

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|Umbilicate flat-top snail

|Neoplanorbis umbilicatus

| Alabama

|Acorn ramshell

|Planorbella multivolvis

|Michigan

Pleurocerids (family Pleuroceridae)

{| class="wikitable sortable"

!Common name

!Scientific name

!Range

|Short-spired elimia

|Elimia brevis

|Alabama

|Closed elimia

|Elimia clausa

|St. Clair County, Alabama

|Fusiform elimia

|Elimia fusiformis

|Coosa River, Alabama

|Shouldered elimia

|Elimia gibbera

|Alabama

|High-spired elimia

|Elimia hartmaniana

|United States

|Constricted elimia

|Elimia impressa

|Alabama

|Hearty elimia

|Elimia jonesi

|Coosa River, Alabama

|Ribbed elimia

|Elimia laeta

|Alabama

|Wrinkled elimia

|Elimia macglameriana

|Alabama and Georgia

|Pupa elimia

|Elimia pupaeformis

| rowspan="2" |Alabama

|Pygmy elimia

|Elimia pygmaea

|Rough-lined elimia

|Elimia pilsbryi

|Coosa River, Alabama

|Excised slitshell

|Gyrotoma excisa

| rowspan="5" |Last recorded in 1924.

|Striate slitshell

|Gyrotoma lewisii

|Pagoda slitshell

|Gyrotoma pagoda

|Ribbed slitshell

|Gyrotoma pumila

|Pyramid slitshell

|Gyrotoma pyramidata

|Round slitshell

|Gyrotoma walkeri

|-United states

|Agate rocksnail

|Leptoxis clipeata

|Alabama

|Maiden rocksnail

|Leptoxis formosa

|Alabama and Georgia

|Rotund rocksnail

|Leptoxis ligata

| rowspan="3" |Alabama

|Lyrate rocksnail

|Leptoxis lirata

|Bigmouth rocksnail

|Leptoxis occultata

|Coosa rocksnail

|Leptoxis showalterii

| rowspan="3" |United States

|Squat rocksnail

|Leptoxis torrefacta

|Striped rocksnail

|Leptoxis vittata

Horn snails (family Potamididae)

{| class="wikitable sortable"

!Scientific name

!Range

!Comments

|Cerithidea fuscata

|Northeast Pacific Ocean

|Last recorded in 1935. Extinct due to overexploitation.

|Carolina elktoe

|Alasmidonta robusta

|North and South Carolina

|Taxonomic status uncertain.

|Extinct since the 1940s due to loss of all habitat through impoundment or channelization.

|Extinct in 1970 due to habitat destruction.

|Last collected in 1900. Likely extinct in the 1920s or 1930s, due to loss of habitat through impoundment or channelization.

|Extinct in 1970 due to habitat degradation and fragmentation.

|Lewis pearly mussel

|Epioblasma lewisii

|Cumberland and Tennessee River systems

|Extinct in 1950 due to loss of habitat through impoundment or channelization. Extinct in the 1920s or 1930s due to loss of habitat through impoundment or channelization.

|Last collected in 1901. Its habitat disappeared through impoundment or channelization in 1936.

|Extinct in the 1930s or 1940s due to habitat destruction and fragmentation.

|Last collected in 1909. Its habitat disappeared in the 1940s due to impoundment or channelization.

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|Tubercled-blossom pearly mussel

|Epioblasma torulosa torulosa

|Tennessee and Ohio River systems

|Last recorded in 1969. Extinct due to loss of all habitat through impoundment or channelization.

|Last recorded in the Duck River, Tennessee in 1972. Extinct due to loss of all habitat through impoundment or channelization.

|Longnut

|Pleurobema nucleopsis

|United States

|Alabama clubshell

|Pleurobema troschelianum

|Alabama, Tennessee, and Georgia

|True pigtoe

|Pleurobema verum

|Alabama

|Black clubshell

|Pleurobema curtum

|East Fork Tombigbee River, Mississippi

|Extinct in the 1990s due to habitat destruction and fragmentation.

Plants (kingdom Plantae)

Mosses (division Bryophyta)

Neckera mosses (family Neckeraceae)

{| class="wikitable"

!Common name

!Scientific name

!Range

! class="unsortable" |Comments

|Macoun's shining moss

|Neomacounia nitida

|Hastings County, Ontario

|Last collected in 1864.

Flowering plants (division Angiospermae)

Sunflowers (family Asteraceae)

{| class="wikitable"

!Common name

!Scientific name

!Range

! class="unsortable" |Comments

!Pictures

|Appalachian Barbara's buttons

|Marshallia grandiflora

|Henderson and Polk Counties, North Carolina

|Last recorded in 1919.

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Spiral gingers (family Costaceae)

Possibly extinct in the wild

{| class="wikitable"

!Scientific name

!Range

! class="unsortable" |Comments

|Costus vinosus

|Central Panama toward the Caribbean

|Last collected in 2004. Possibly extinct due to habitat destruction.

Legumes (family Fabaceae)

Possibly extinct

{| class="wikitable"

!Scientific name

!Range

! class="unsortable" |Comments

|Dalea sabinalis

|Edwards Plateau, Texas

|Last collected in 1944. Possibly extinct due to overgrazing and resort development.

Orchids (family Orchidaceae)

{| class="wikitable"

!Common name

!Scientific name

!Range

! class="unsortable" |Comments

|Florida govenia

|Govenia floridana

|Long Pine Key, Everglades National Park, Florida

|Last collected in 1964, when it was reduced to ten individuals. Likely extinct due to trampling and overcollection by collectionists.

Coffee and relatives (family Rubiaceae)

{| class="wikitable"

!Scientific name

!Range

! class="unsortable" |Comments

|Faramea chiapensis

|Selva Negra, Chiapas, Mexico

|Only known from the holotype collected in 1953, in an area that was later deforested.

Tea plants (family Theaceae)

Extinct in the wild

{| class="wikitable"

!Common name

!Scientific name

!Range

! class="unsortable" |Comments

!Pictures

|Franklin tree

|Franklinia alatamaha

|McIntosh County, Georgia

|Last recorded in the wild in 1803.

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