List of Indo-European languages

[[File:Indo-European distribution.svg|thumb|upright=1.55|

]]

[[File:Indo-European branches map.svg|thumb|The approximate present-day distribution of the Indo-European branches within their homelands of Europe and Asia:

Dotted/striped areas indicate where multilingualism is common.]]

thumb|upright=1.55|Romance languages in the world

[[File:Languages of North America.svg|thumb|upright=0.95|The approximate present-day distribution of Indo-European languages within the Americas by country:<br/>

Romance:

Germanic:

]]

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This is a list of languages in the Indo-European language family. It contains a large number of individual languages, together spoken by roughly half the world's population.

Numbers of languages and language groups

The Indo-European languages include some 449 (SIL estimate, 2018 edition) languages spoken by about 3.5 billion people or more (roughly half of the world population). Most of the major languages belonging to language branches and groups in Europe, and western and southern Asia, belong to the Indo-European language family. This is thus the biggest language family in the world by number of mother tongue speakers (but not by number of languages: by this measure it is only the 3rd or 5th biggest). Eight of the top ten biggest languages, by number of native speakers, are Indo-European. One of these languages, English, is the de facto world lingua franca, with an estimate of over one billion second language speakers.

The Indo-European language family has 10 known branches or subfamilies, of which eight are living and two are extinct. Most of the subfamilies or linguistic branches in this list contain many subgroups and individual languages. The relationships between these branches (how they are related to one another and branched from the ancestral proto-language) are a matter of further research and not yet fully known. There are some individual Indo-European languages that are unclassified within the language family; they are not yet classified in a branch and could constitute a separate branch.

The 449 Indo-European languages identified in the SIL estimate, 2018 edition, This process gave origin to many languages and branches of this language family.

By around 1000 BCE, there were many millions of Indo-European speakers, and they lived in a vast geographical area which covered most of western and southern Eurasia (including western Central Asia).

In the following two millennia the number of speakers of Indo-European languages increased even further.

Indo-European languages continued to be spoken in large land areas, although most of western Central Asia and Asia Minor were lost to other language families (mainly Turkic) due to Turkic expansion, conquests and settlement (after the middle of the first millennium AD and the beginning and middle of the second millennium AD respectively) and also to Mongol invasions and conquests (which changed Central Asia ethnolinguistic composition). Another land area lost to non-Indo-European languages was today's Hungary, due to Magyar/Hungarian (Uralic language speakers) conquest and settlement.

However, from about AD 1500 onwards, Indo-European languages expanded their territories to North Asia (Siberia), through Russian expansion, and North America, South America, Australia and New Zealand as the result of the age of European discoveries and European conquests through the expansions of the Portuguese, Spanish, French, English and the Dutch. (These peoples had the biggest continental or maritime empires in the world and their countries were major powers.)

The contact between different peoples and languages, especially as a result of European colonization, also gave origin to the many pidgins, creoles and mixed languages that are mainly based in Indo-European languages (many of which are spoken in island groups and coastal regions).

Proto-Indo-European

Proto-Indo-European (extinct) (see also Proto-Indo-European homeland)
Early Proto-Indo-European (First version of Indo-European)
Middle Proto-Indo-European ("Classical" Indo-European)
Late Proto-Indo-European (Last version of indo-European as a spoken language before splitting into several languages that originated in the regional dialects that diverged in time, and in space, with Indo-European migrations; these languages were the direct ancestors of today's subfamilies or "branches" of descendant languages) (larger clades of Indo-European than the individual subfamilies or the way individual subfamilies are related to each other are both as-of-yet unresolved issues)

Dating the split-offs of the main branches

thumb|right|[[Indo-European migrations as described in The Horse, the Wheel, and Language by David W. Anthony]]

Although all Indo-European languages descend from a common ancestor called Proto-Indo-European, the kinship between the subfamilies or branches (large groups of more closely related languages within the language family), that descend from other more recent proto-languages, is not the same because there are subfamilies that are closer or further, and they did not split-off at the same time, the affinity or kinship of Indo-European subfamilies or branches between themselves is still an unresolved and controversial issue and being investigated.

However, there is some consensus that Anatolian was the first group of Indo-European (branch) to split-off from all the others and Tocharian was the second in which that happened.

Using a mathematical analysis borrowed from evolutionary biology, Donald Ringe and Tandy Warnow propose the following tree of Indo-European branches:

Proto-Indo-European (PIE)
Pre-Anatolian (before 3500 BC)
Pre-Tocharian
Pre-Italic and Pre-Celtic (before 2500 BC)
Pre-Armenian and Pre-Greek (after 2500 BC)
Proto-Indo-Iranian (2000 BC)
Pre-Germanic and Pre-Balto-Slavic; proto-Germanic (500 BC)

David W. Anthony, following the methodology of Donald Ringe and Tandy Warnow, proposes the following sequence: quoted in Anthony, David W. (2007), The Horse, the Wheel and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World, Princeton University Press. The Indo-European phylogenetic tree of subfamilies or branches is also based in Chang, Chundra & Hall 2015, pp. 199–200 and Hyllested & Joseph 2022, p. 241.

Anatolian languages (all extinct)

thumb|Anatolian languages in 2nd millennium BC; Blue: Luwian, Yellow: Hittite, Red: Palaic.

Proto-Anatolian
Proto-Luwo-Lydian
Proto-Luwo-Palaic
Proto-Luwic
Proto-Luwian
Luwian
Cuneiform Luwian
Hieroglyphic Luwian
Proto-Lyco-Carian
Proto-Carian–Milyan
Carian
Milyan ("Lycian B")
Proto-Lycian–Sidetic
Lycian
Sidetic
Pisidian
Proto-Palaic
Palaic
Proto-Lydian
Lydian
Proto-Hittite
Hittite / Nesite
Kanišite Hittite
Ḫattuša Hittite

Unclassified (within Anatolian)

Kalasmian / Kalašma / Kalasmaic

Possibly Anatolian

Hitite or Luwian
Cappadocian?
Luwic-Palaic
Luwic
Isaurian?
Lycaonian?
Cilician?
Commagenian?
Palaic
Paphlagonian?

Tocharian languages (Agnean-Kuchean) (all extinct)

thumb|Tocharian languages: A (blue), B (red) and C (green) in the Tarim Basin. Tarim oasis towns are given as listed in the [[Book of Han (c. 2nd century BC). The areas of the squares are proportional to population.]]

Proto-Agnean-Kuchean ("Proto-Tocharian")
North-Tocharian
Tocharian A (Agnean) (Turfanian / East Tocharian) (Agni / Ārśi)
Tocharian B (Kuchean) (West Tocharian) (Kuśiññe / Kučiññe)
South Tocharian
Tocharian C (Kroränian) (possible) (Krorainic / Lolanisch / South Tocharian)

Armenian language

thumb|Armenian dialects, according to Adjarian (1909) (before 1st World War and Armenian Genocide). In many regions of the contiguous area shown in the map, Armenian speakers were the majority or a significant minority.

thumb|Modern geographical distribution of the Armenian language.

Proto-Armenian (extinct)
Classical Armenian (գրաբար - grabar) (Old Armenian)
Liturgical Armenian
Middle Armenian (Միջին հայերէն - Miǰin Hayerēn) / Cilician Armenian (կիլիկեան հայերէն - Kilikyan Hayerēn)
Modern Armenian (աշխարհաբար - Ashkharhabar)
Armenian (հայերեն - Hayerēn) (Broad Armenian) (dialect continuum)
Armenian Standards
Eastern Armenian (Արեւելահայերեն - Arevelahayerēn)
Western Armenian (Արեւմտահայերէն - Arevmdahayerēn)
Armenian dialects
Eastern Armenian (dialect continuum)
-owm dialects
Araratian
Yerevan
Modern Eastern Armenian Standard
Jugha / Julfa
Zok (could be a distinct armenian language)
Agulis
Meghri
Artsakh / Karabagh Armenian
Eastern Armenian dialects in the diaspora
Tiflis / Tbilisi Armenian
Shamakha (nearly extinct)
Astrakhan Armenian (extinct)
Iranian Armenian dialect (Persian Armenian - պարսկահայերէն - Parskahayerēn)
Northwest Iran Armenian
Tabriz Armenian (Tavrezh)
North Iran Armenian
Tehran Armenian
Central Iran Armenian
New Jugha / New Julfa / Isfahan Armenian
-el dialects
Ardvin / Tayk
Nor Shirakan
Khoy
Maragha
Western Armenian (dialect continuum)
-gë dialects
Karin (Erzurum Armenian) / Upper Armenia (Bardzr Hayk')
Turuberan
Mush / Taron
Gavar
Van / Vaspurakan
Torfavan
Tigranakert / Aghdznik (Arzanene) (nearly extinct)
Kharpert-Yerznka / (Tsopk') (nearly extinct)
Shabin–Karahisar
Trapizon / Trabzon Armenian (nearly extinct)
Malatia (extinct)
Adiyaman
Cilician Armenian (nearly extinct)
Sueidia / Syrian Armenian
Vakıflı
Kessab
Latakia
Jisr al-Shughur
Anjar
Arabkir (almost extinct)
Akn (almost extinct)
Sebastia / Sivas Armenian (nearly extinct)
Tokat (almost extinct)
Western Armenian dialects in the diaspora
West Anatolia diaspora
Nicomedia / Izmit Armenian
Constantinople / Istanbul Armenian (nearly extinct)
Rodosto / Tekirdağ Armenian (extinct)
Smyrna / Izmir Armenian
Black Sea diaspora
Crimean Armenian
Nakhichevan-on-Don / Nor Nakhichevan - New Nakhichevan / Don Armenian
Levant diaspora
Kaghakatsi / Jerusalem Armenian (Armenian Quarter)
European diaspora
Austria-Hungary (extinct)
North American diaspora
South American diaspora
Australian diaspora
Homshetsi (could be a distinct archaic armenian language)

Hellenic languages

thumb|upright=1.1|Modern Greek dialects until 1923

thumb|upright=1.1|Anatolian Greek until 1923. Demotic in yellow. Pontic in orange. Cappadocian in green. Green dots indicate Cappadocian-Greek-speaking villages in 1910.

thumb|upright=1.1|The distribution of major modern Greek dialect areas.

Proto-Greek (extinct)
Mycenaean Greek (extinct)
Ancient Greek (Classical Greek) (Ἑλληνική – Hellēnikḗ / Ἑλληνική γλῶσσα – Hellēnikḗ glōssa) (extinct) (Dialect continuum)
Ancient Greek dialects
East Greek
Central Group (extinct)
Aeolic Greek (extinct)
Thessalian
Boeotian
Lesbian / Lesbos Island
Asia Minor Aeolian
Arcadocypriot (extinct)
Arcadian
Cypriot
Pamphylian Greek (extinct)
Eastern Group
Ionic (extinct)
Ionic Literary Dialect
Homeric Greek / Epic Greek
Attic (extinct)
Koine Greek (ἡ κοινὴ διάλεκτος – hē koinḕ diálektos / Kοινὴ – Koinḕ)
Biblical Greek
Septuagint Greek
Jewish Koine Greek
New Testament Greek
Medieval Greek / Byzantine Greek) (Ῥωμαϊκή - Rōmaïkē, Romaic - Eastern Roman Empire Greek) (Dialect continuum)
Modern Greek
Greek (ελληνικά – Elliniká) (Broad Greek) (Dialect continuum)
Greek Standards
Katharevousa (Καθαρεύουσα – Katharevousa) / Old Standard Greek
Demotic (Δημοτική γλώσσα – Dimotikí glṓssa) / Modern Standard Greek
Modern Greek dialects
Southern dialects
Archaic dialects
Old Athenian
Aeginian
Kymian
Megaran
Maniot
Paomia-Cargèse Greek (Corsican Greek) (extinct)
Ionian-Peloponnesian
Peloponnesian
Ionian Islands
South Euboean
Cretan-Cycladian
Cretan
Cycladian
Southeastern
Chiote-Ikarian
Dodecanesian
Lycian Greek
Cypriot
North Epirote
Himariote
Northern dialects
Central dialects ("Semi-Northern")
North Euboean-Sporadic
Skyriot
Mykonian
Desfinan
Lefkadan
Northern Proper
Thessalian
South Epirote
Vourbianian
Kastorian
Naousan
Macedonian Greek
Sarakatsanian (Sarakatsanika)
Thracian Greek
Rumelian Greek
Constantinopolitan Greek
Bithynian Greek
Artakian
Western Anatolian
North Aegean
Lesbic (Lesbos Island Greek)
Lemnic (Lemnos Island Greek)
Smyrniote (Smyrna Greek)
Samian (Samos Island Greek)
Greco-Australian
Asia Minor Greek / Anatolian Greek
Silliot
Proto-Cappadocian
Pharasiot
Pontic-Cappadocian
Pontic Greek (ποντιακά – Pontiaká)
Western Pontic
Trepezuntine
Chaldiot
Mariupolitan Greek (Rumeíka)
Cappadocian Greek (Καππαδοκικά - Kappadokiká)
Italiot Greek
Salentinian Greek / Griko (Γκρίκο – Gríko)
Calabrian Greek / Grecanico (Γκραίκο – Graíko)
Yevanic (Judæo-Greek / Romaniote) (probably extinct)
West Ionic / Euboean
Chalcidician
Central Ionic / Cycladian Ionic / Northern Cycladian
East Ionic / Asia Minor Ionic
West Greek / Doric / Dorian (extinct)
Northwest Greek / Northwest Doric (extinct)
Locrian Greek (extinct)
Phocian-Delphian
Elean
Northwest Greek koine
Achaean Doric (extinct)
Achaean Doric
Achaean Doric Koine
Doric proper
Megarian
Corinthian
Argolic
Laconian
Tsakonian (Tσακώνικα – Tsakṓnika / A Tσακώνικα γρούσσα – A Tsakṓnika gloússa)
Messenian
Cretan
Cycladian Doric / Southern Cycladian
Thera-Cyrenaean
Thera (Santorini) Island
Cyrenaean Greek
Asia Minor Doric
Rhodian / Rhodes Island
Coan / Cos Island
Ancient Macedonian (extinct)

Albanian language

thumb|Distribution of modern Albanian dialects.

Proto-Albanian (extinct)
Albanian (Modern Albanian) (shqip / gjuha shqipe) (dialect continuum)
Albanian dialects
Gheg Albanian (gegnisht) (Northern Albanian dialect)
Northern Gheg
Northwestern Gheg
Malësia
Kraja
Shkodër and Lezhë
Northeastern Gheg
East Drin basin
Nikaj and Mertur
Tropoja
Kosovë and Metohi / Kosovo Albanian
Central / Middle Gheg
Mati
Upper Reka
Southern Gheg
Elbasan Gheg
Old Tirana
Peqin Province
Southern Gheg diaspora
Arbanasi
Istrian Albanian (extinct)
Syrmia / Srem Albanian (extinct)
Tosk Albanian (toskërisht) (Southern Albanian dialect) (basis of Standard Albanian)
Northern Tosk
Northwest Tosk
Berat
Skrapar
Vlora
Northeast Tosk
Opar
Devoll
Korçë
Southeast
Middle Vjosa
Northern Tosk diaspora
Western Thracian Tosk (Western Thrace Albanians dialect)
Southern Tosk
Lab (Labërishtja)
East Drinos Valley
Bregdeti i Poshtëm
Vurg of Delvina
Cham (Çamërishte)
Souliot Cham (extinct)
Transitional Northern-Southern Tosk / Tosk diaspora
Mandritsa (Mandricë) Albanian / Bulgarian Albanian
Ukraine Albanian (Albanians in Ukraine dialect)
Arbërishte (Southern Italy Tosk Albanian)
Apulia Arbërishte
Molise Arbërishte / Campo Marino Albanian
Campania Arbërishte
Basilicata Arbërishte
Calabria Arbërishte / Calabro-Arbërishte
Sicilia Arbërishte
Arvanitika (Greece Tosk Albanian)
Viotia Arvanitika / Boeotia Arvanitika
Evia Arvanitika / Euboea Arvanitika
Attiki Arvanitika / Attica Arvanitika
Salamina Arvanitika
Peloponnese Arvanitika

Italic languages

thumb|Iron Age Italy (c.500 B.C.). Italic languages in green colours.

thumb|right|Length of the Roman rule and the Romance Languages

thumb|Romance languages in Europe (major dialect groups are also shown).

thumb|European extent of Romance languages in the 20th century

thumb|Eastern and Western Romance areas split by the [[La Spezia–Rimini Line; Southern Romance is represented by Sardinian as an outlier.]]

upright=1.59|thumb|Romance languages in the World. Countries and sub-national entities where one or more Romance languages are spoken. Dark colours: First language, Light colours: Official or Co-Official language; Very Light colours: Spoken by a significant minority as first or second language. Blue: French; Green: Spanish; Orange: Portuguese; Yellow: Italian; Red: Romanian.

Proto-Italic (extinct)
Osco-Umbrian (Sabellic) (all extinct)
Umbrian
Umbrian proper
Sabine
Marsian
Volscian
Sabine
Oscan
Oscan proper
Samnite
Lucanian
Marrucinian
Paelignian
Sidicini
Hernican
Unclassified (within Italic) (extinct)
Aequian
Vestinian
South Picene (Old Sabellic)
Pre-Samnite
Oenotrian
Latino-Faliscan languages
Faliscan (extinct)
Lanuvian (extinct)
Praenestinian (extinct)
Latin ()
Old Latin (Early Latin / Archaic Latin) (Prisca Latina / Prisca Latinitas) (extinct)
Classical Latin (LINGVA LATINA – Lingua Latina) (extinct)
Standard Latin (extinct)
Vulgar Latin / Colloquial Latin (sermō vulgāris) (extinct)
Pannonian Latin (extinct)
British Latin / Britannic Latin (extinct)
Judeo-Latin (Judæo-Latin) (extinct)
Late Latin (extinct)
Ecclesiastical Latin (Church Latin, Liturgical Latin) (Lingua Latina Ecclesiastica)
Medieval Latin (extinct)
Hiberno-Latin / Hisperic Latin (extinct)
Renaissance Latin
Neo-Latin or New Latin; (Neolatina or Lingua Latina Nova)
Contemporary Latin (Latinitas viva)
Late Vulgar Latin (sermo vulgaris) (Proto-Romance) (extinct)
Romance (dialect continuum)
Continental Romance
Italo-Western languages (dialect continuum)
Disputed Italo-Western
Franco-Italian (extinct)
Italo-Dalmatian languages (dialect continuum)
Central Italian (Italiano Mediano)
Latian (Laziale)
Romanesco (Romanesco / Romano)
Central-Southern
Central-Northern Latian / Ciociaro
Judeo-Roman dialect (Giudeo-Romanesco)
Sabino
Carseolano / Sublacense
Tagliacozzano
Aquilano
Umbrian (Umbro)
Southeastern
Northern
Northwestern and Viterbese
Central Marchigiano (Marchigiano Proper)
Maceratese
Anconitan
Southern Italian
Neapolitan (Napulitano – O Nnapulitano)
Campanian (Campano)
Naples Neapolitan (Napoletano) (Naples city dialect)
Beneventano
Southern Latian
Irpino
Arianese
Cilentano (Cilentan / Northern Cilentan)
Molisan
Marchigiano Meridionale - Abruzzese
Abruzzese
Vastese (Lu Uâʃtaréule)
Teramano
Marchigiano Meridionale
Apulian (Pugliese)
Barese
Tarantino (Tarandíne)
Lucanian
Castelmezzano (part of Lausberg area)
Northern Calabrian
Extreme Southern Italian / Far Southern Italian (Siculo-Calabrian)
Southern Calabrian
Sicilian / Sicilian Proper (Sicilianu / Lu Sicilianu)
Pantesco
Cilentano Meridionale (Far Southern Cilentan)
Salentino (Salentinu)
Manduriano
Old Tuscan
Tuscan (Toscano)
Eastern
Florentine (Fiorentino)
Italian (Italiano / Lingua Italiana) / Standard Italian
Regional Italian
Tuscany Regional Italian
Central Italy, Southern Italy and Sicily Regional Italian
Northern Italy Regional Italian
Sardinia Regional Italian
Maltese Italian
Swiss Italian
Italo-Australian
Judeo-Florentine
Pratese
Pistoiese
Senese
Aretino
Casentino
Chianino
Western
Lucchese
Pisano
Livornese
Judeo-Livornese (Bagitto) (extinct)
Grossetano
Elbano (Elba Island)
Corsican (Corsu / Lingua Corsa)
Northern Corsican
Central Corsican
Southern Corsican
Capraiese (extinct)
Castellanese
Gallurese (Gadduresu)
Sassarese (Sassaresu / Turritanu)
Venetian (Romance Venetian) (Vèneto / Łéngoa Vèneta)
Lagoon Venetian
Central Venetian
Paduan (extinct)
Western Venetian
Trentine Venetian
Alpine Venetian
Eastern Venetian
Trevigiano
Chipilo Venetian (Cipilegno) (Puebla Venetian)
Feltrino
Colonial Venetian (Eastern Adriatic Venetian)
Bisiaco-Gradese-Maranese Venetian (Coastal Friuli)
Triestine
Fiuman
Istro-Dalmatian Venetian
Istrian Venetian
Dalmatian Venetian
Corfiot Venetian
Venetian diaspora
Pontine Marshes Venetian (in Southeastern Lazio)
Talian (Brazilian Venetian)
Judeo-Venetian Italkian (Giudeo-Veneziano) (extinct)
Judeo-Italian / Italkian (ג'יודו-איטאליאנו – Giudeo-Italiano / איטלקית – Italqit) (La'az - לעז)
Illyro-Roman / Dalmatian (Transitional Western-Eastern Romance)
Istriot
Dalmatian (Romance Dalmatian) (, ) (extinct)
Vegliote
Ragusan
Western Romance languages (dialect continuum)
Gallo-Romance languages (dialect continuum)
Gallo-Italic (Cisalpine Romance)
Emilian-Romagnol (Emiliân-Rumagnôl) (dialect continuum)
Gallo-Picene (disputed) (third component of Emilian–Romagnol continuum ?)
Marecchiese
Pesarese
Urbinate-Fanese-Senigalliese
Urbinate
Fanese
Senigalliese
Romagnol (Rumagnôl)
Andalusi Romance (extinct) (dialect continuum)
Navarro-Aragonese / Old Aragonese (extinct)
Old Riojan (extinct)
Navarrese Romance (extinct)
East Old Aragonese
Ebro Valley Aragonese (extinct)
Community of Villages Aragonese (extinct)
Valencian Aragonese (extinct)
Medieval High Aragonese / Pyrenean Aragonese
Aragonese (Aragonés / Luenga Aragonesa / Fabla Aragonesa)
Western Aragonese
Aisinian
Ansotano
Aragüés
Hecho
Central Aragonese
Bergotés
Belsetano
Eastern Aragonese
Ribagorçan
Benasquese
Southern Aragonese
Navalese
Judaeo-Aragonese (Chodigo-Aragonés) (Aragonit Yehudit / אראגונית יהודית) (extinct)
Western Iberian Romance / Western Hispano-Romance (dialect continuum)
Castilian languages (dialect continuum)
Old Castilian / Old Spanish / Medieval Spanish (Romance Castellano) (extinct)
Early Modern Spanish / Middle Spanish / Classical Spanish (Golden Age Spanish)
Spanish / Castilian (Español / Castellano / Lengua Española / Lengua Castellana)
Standard Spanish
Peninsular Spanish / Spanish of Spain (European Spanish, Spanish of Europe)
Northern Spanish
Castilian proper
Old Castille Castilian
Burgalese Castilian / Burgos Castilian
Vallisoletano / Valladolid Castilian
Northeastern New Castille Castilian
Cantabrian Castilian / La Montaña Castilian
Leonese Spanish
Asturian Spanish
Galician Spanish (Castrapo)
Riojan Spanish
Navarrese Spanish
Aragonese Spanish
Churro Spanish
Basque Spanish
Catalan Spanish
Catalan Spanish Proper
Balearic Spanish
Valencian Spanish
Southern Spanish
Southern New Castille Castilian
Madridian (Madrileño)
Manchego
Toledan (Toledano)
Murcian Spanish
Central Murcian (Panocho)
Andalusian Spanish (Eastern)
Andalusian Spanish (Western)
Seseo
Ceceo
Insular
Canarian Spanish
Lanzarotan (Lanzaroteño / Conejero)
Fuerteventuran (Fuerteventureño / Majorero)
Gran Canarian (Grancanario)
Tenerifan (Tinerfeño)
Gomeran (Gomero)
Palmeran (Palmero)
Hierran (Herreño)
Canarian Diaspora
Isleño Spanish (North American Canarian Spanish)
Hispanic American Spanish / American Spanish (Spanish of the Americas)
Caribbean Spanish
Cuban Spanish
Dominican Spanish
Puerto Rican Spanish
Panamanian Spanish
Caribbean Coastal Colombian Spanish
Coastal Venezuelan Spanish
Maracucho Spanish / Zulian Venezuelan Spanish/ Marabino Spanish/ Maracaibero
Mexican Spanish
Coastal (Costeño)
Central
Northern (Norteño)
Californio Spanish
Yucatan Spanish (Yucateco / Peninsular Oriental)
Sabine River Spanish
New Mexican Spanish
Central American Spanish
Chiapas Spanish (Chiapaneco)
Guatemalan Spanish
Belizean Spanish
Salvadoran Spanish
Honduran Spanish
Nicaraguan Spanish
Costa Rican Spanish
Andean Spanish / Highland Spanish (Español Andino / Español de las Tierras Altas)
Colombian Spanish
Ecuadorian Spanish
Peruvian Spanish
Peruvian Ribereño Spanish
Bolivian Spanish
Andean Bolivian
Lower Mountain Range Bolivian (Boliviano de la Sierra)
Valluno
Vallegrandino
Bolivian Lowlands (Camba)
Bolivian Gran Chaco (Chapaco)
Andean Argentinian Spanish / Northwestern Argentinian Spanish
Amazonic Spanish (Charapa Spanish / Loreto-Ucayali Spanish / Jungle Spanish)
Llanero Spanish
Southern Cone Spanish
Chilean Spanish
Northern
Southern
Chilote Spanish (Chiloé Archipelago Spanish)
Chilean Patagonian
Argentinian Spanish-Uruguayan Spanish
Central Argentinian Spanish
Cordobés Spanish
Puntano
Western Argentinian Spanish
Cuyo Spanish
River Plate Spanish (Español Rioplatense)
River Plate proper
Litoraleño (Fluvial) / River Banks (Entre Ríos + Santa Fe Provinces)
Bonaerense / Porteño (Buenos Aires City and Province + La Pampa Province)
Uruguayan Spanish
Argentinian Patagonian
Paraguayan Spanish / Guaranitic Spanish (Español Guaranítico)
Philippine Spanish
Saharan Spanish
Equatoguinean Spanish / Equatorial Guinea Spanish
Spanish Extremaduran (Southern-Central Extremaduran / Low Extremaduran) / Castúo
Judaeo-Spanish / Ladino (לאדינו – Ladino / גﬞודﬞיאו־איספאנייול – Djudeo-Espanyol / Judeoespañol)
Haketia
Old Leonese (extinct)
Astur-Leonese (Asturllionés / Astur-Llionés / Llengua Astur-Llionesa)
Eastern Astur-Leonese (Cantabrian-Extremaduran)
Cantabrian (Romance Cantabrian) (Cántabru / Montañés)
Western Cantabrian
Central Cantabrian
Pasiego (Pasiegu)
Montañés
Eastern Cantabrian
Old Extremaduran / Old Extremaduran Leonese (extinct)
High Old Extremaduran (extinct)
Extremaduran (Northern Extremaduran) (Estremeñu / Artu Estremeñu)
Chinato (extinct)
Serrano / Habla de la Sierra de Francia
Bejarano (Béjar dialect)
Palra d'El Rebollal
Low Old Extremaduran (Bahu Estremeñu) (extinct)
Central Old Extremaduran (extinct)
Southern Old Extremaduran (extinct)
Western Astur-Leonese (Astur-Leonese Proper)
Asturian (Asturianu) and Leonese (Llionés) / Asturleonese (Asturllionés) (the division between Asturian and Leonese is extra-linguistic, dialectal varieties mainly form an east to west division pattern with north to south strips, tilted towards southwest in eastern and central varieties, and not between Asturias and Leon, only after that there is a distinction between asturian and leonese varieties)
Eastern Asturian / Eastern Asturian-Leonese Proper
Asturian
Llanes dialect
Leonese
Riberan / Riveran / Arribenian / Riberenian
Central Asturian / Central Asturian-Leonese Proper
Asturian
Gijon (Xixón) dialect
Oviedo (Uviéu) dialect
Leonese
Leonese (Leon city dialect) (extinct)
Sayaguese
Western Asturian / Western Asturian-Leonese Proper
Eastern Western Asturian-Leonese
Asturian
Pixueto (Cudillero / Cuideiru) dialect
Leonese
Omañese / Oumañese
Cepedanu
Maragato
Alistanu
Western Western Asturian-Leonese
Asturian
Luarca dialect
Leonese
Paḷḷuezu / Patsuezo / Pachuezo
Berzian-Cabreirese
Sanabrian / Senabrian (Senabrès) (Seabra)
Riudeonore-Guadramil-Deilon-Quintanilha Leonese
Mirandese (Mirandés / Lhengua Mirandesa)
Central Mirandese
Raiano Mirandese
Sendinese Mirandese
Galician–Portuguese (Old Galician–Old Portuguese) (extinct)
Galician (Galego / Lingua Galega)
Eastern Galician
Eonavian (Galician–Asturian)
Central Western
Portelas (Northwest Zamora Galician)
Central Galician
Mindoniensis
Central Transitional
Lucu-Auriensis (Lugo-Ourense)
Eastern Transitional
Western Galician
Bergantiños
Finisterra
Pontevedra
Fala
Portuguese (Português / Língua Portuguesa)
European Portuguese / Portugal's Portuguese
Northern dialects
Lower-Minhoto-Durian - High-Beiran (Baixo-Minhoto-Duriense - Alto-Beirão)
Lower Minhoto-Durian (Baixo-Minhoto-Duriense) (Nortenho) (Coastal Northern)
High Beiran - Transmontan Beiran (Alto-Beirão - Beirão Transmontano) (Northern - Northeastern Beiran)
High-Beiran (Alto-Beirão)
Transmontan Beiran (Beirão Transmontano)
High-Minhoto-Transmontan (Alto Minhoto-Transmontano) (Inland Northern)
High-Minhoto (Alto-Minhoto)
Transmontan (Transmontano)
Central - Southern dialects
Coastal Central (Estremenho)
Standard European Portuguese / Standard Portugal's Portuguese
Northern Estremenho
Southern Estremenho
Inland Central - Southern
Inland Central / Interior Central
Lower-Beiran - Northern Alto-Alentejan
Northern Lower-Beiran (Baixo-Beirão do Norte)
Southern Lower-Beiran - Northern Alto-Alentejan (Baixo-Beirão do Sul - Alto-Alentejano do Norte)
Southern dialects
Ribatejan (Ribatejano)
Southern Coastal Estremenho (Estremenho Costeiro do Sul)
Setúbal Peninsula (Setubalense)
Alentejan (Alentejano)
Oliventine (Oliventino)
Algarvian (Algarvio)
Leeward Algarvian (Algarvio do Sotavento) (Eastern Algarvian)
Windward Algarvian (Algarvio do Barlavento) (Western Algarvian)
Insular Portuguese
Madeiran (Madeirense)
Portosantese (Portosantense)
Madeiran (Madeirense)
Azorean (Açoriano)
Mariense
Micaelense
Terceirense
Graciosense
Jorgense
Picoense
Faialense
Florentino
Corvino
Latin American Portuguese
Brazilian Portuguese
Northern dialects
Amazofonia / Nortista
Metropolitan (Belém do Pará, Manáus, Porto Velho)
Bragantinense
Camataense
Amapaense
Roraimese
Acreanese
Broad Northeastern
Narrow Northeasern
Eastern Northeastern
Recifense
Central Northeastern
Western Northeastern
North Coast Northeastern
Cearense
Fortaleza
North Piauí
North Maranhense
Bahian (Baiano)
Soteropolitano (Salvador)
Coastal (Costeiro)
Inland (Interior)
Catingueiro
Geraizeiro / Fala dos Gerais (Fala das Minas dos Matos Gerais)
Southern dialects
Broad Fluminense
Fluminense
Rio de Janeiro (Carioca)
Espiritosantense (Capixaba)
Mineiro / Uplander (Montanhês)
Broad Sulista
Broad Paulista (Caipira)
Paulistano
Standard Brazilian Portuguese
Vale do Paraíba
Southern Paulista
Médio Tietê
Inland Paulista
Mineiro Triangle
Sertanejo
Goiás
Baixada Cuiabana
Campo Grande
Pantanal
Brasiliense
Serra Amazônica
Florianopolitan (Manezês)
Narrow Sulista
Gaúcho
Portoalegrense
Uruguayan Portuguese / Fronteiriço
African Portuguese
Cape Verdean
Guinean / Guinea-Bissau Portuguese
Equatoguinean
Sao Tomean / São Tomé and Principe Portuguese
Angolan
Mozambican
Asian Portuguese
Goan
Macanese
East Timorese
Judaeo-Portuguese (Judeu-Português) (extinct)
Mixed Portuguese-Spanish-Asturo-Leonese
Barranquenho
Portuguese-based Cant (Portuguese-based Cryptolect)
Minderico
Eastern Romance languages
Proto-Romanian / Common Romanian (dialect continuum) (extinct)
South
Aromanian (Rrãmãneshti / Armãneashti / Armãneshce / Limba Rrãmãniascã / Limba Armãneascã / Limba Armãneshce)
Northern Aromanian
Southern Aromanian
Megleno-Romanian (Vlăhește)
North
Romanian (Limba Română / Românește)
Old Romanian (Daco-Romanian)
Modern Romanian
Romanian dialects (Graiuri)
Northern Romanian
Banatian (Bănățean)
Crișanian
Maramureșian (Maramureșean)
Bukovinian Romanian dialect
Transylvanian varieties of Romanian (Ardelenesc)
Moldavian (Moldovenesc)
Southern Romanian
Oltenian (Oltenesc)
Muntenian (Muntenesc) (Wallachian)
Istro-Romanian (Rumârește, Vlășește)
Southern Romance
Insular Romance (dialect continuum)
Sardinian (Sardu or Lingua Sarda / Limba Sarda)
Logudorese-Nuorese
Logudurese
Nuorese
Campidanese
Cagliaritano (Casteddaiu)
African Romance (extinct)

Celtic languages

[[File:Celts in Europe.png|thumb|right|Diachronic distribution of Celtic language speakers: <br/>

]]

thumb|A map of the modern distribution of the Celtic languages. Red: Welsh; Purple: Cornish; Black: Breton; Green: Irish; Blue: Scottish Gaelic: Yellow: Manx. Areas where languages overlap are shown in stripes.

Proto-Celtic (extinct)
Continental Celtic (all extinct)
Eastern Celtic
Noric (?)
Galatian
Lepontic
Gaulish
Cisalpine Gaulish
Hispano-Celtic
Celtiberian
Gallaecian
Insular Celtic
Brittonic / British (P Celtic)
Common Brittonic / Old Brittonic (extinct)
Southwestern Brittonic (dialect continuum)
Old Cornish (extinct)
Middle Cornish (extinct)
Cornish (Modern Cornish) (Kernowek)
Old Breton (extinct)
Middle Breton (extinct)
Breton (Modern Breton) (Brezhoneg)
Trégorrois (Tregerieg)
Léonard (Leoneg)
Cornouaillais (Kerneveg)
Vannetais (Gwenedeg)
Batz-sur-Mer (extinct)
Western Brittonic (Dialect continuum)
Old Welsh (extinct)
Middle Welsh (extinct)
Welsh (Modern Welsh) (Cymraeg / y Gymraeg)
Southeastern (Gwenhwyseg)
Southwestern (Dyfedeg)
Central-Northeastern (Powyseg)
Northwestern (Gwyndodeg)
Cofi
Patagonian Welsh (Cymraeg y Wladfa)
Cumbric (extinct)
Ivernic? (hypothetical) (extinct)
Pictish (extinct)
Goidelic (Q Celtic) (dialect continuum)
Primitive Irish (extinct)
Old Irish (Goídelc) (extinct)
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) (extinct)
Irish / Irish Gaelic (Modern Irish) (Gaeilge)
Standard Irish (An Caighdeán Oifigiúil)
Leinster Irish (extinct)
Connacht Irish (Gaeilge Chonnacht)
Munster Irish (Gaelainn na Mumhan)
Newfoundland Irish (in Newfoundland) (extinct)
Ulster Irish (Gaeilg Uladh / Canúint Uladh) (in Ulster) (Tuaisceartach – Northern)
Antrim Irish (extinct)
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) (not to be confused with Scots or Scottish English)
Mid-Minch Gaelic (Gàidhlig Meadhan na Mara) (Standard Scottish Gaelic)
Hebridean / Hebridean Gaelic
East Sutherland Gaelic (Gàidhlig Chataibh) (extinct)
Canadian Gaelic / Cape Breton Gaelic
Galwegian Gaelic (extinct)
Arran Gaelic (extinct)
Deeside Gaelic (extinct)
Beurla Reagaird (Scottish Gaelic-based cant)
Manx Gaelic (Gaelg / Gailck)
Northern Manx (Gaelg y Twoaie)
Douglas Manx (?) (Gaelg Ghoolish)
Southern Manx (Gaelg y Jiass)

Germanic languages

thumb|Germanic languages in the World. Countries and sub-national entities where one or more Germanic languages are spoken. Dark Red: First language; Red: Official or Co-Official language, Pink: Spoken by a significant minority as second language.

Proto-Germanic (extinct)
East Germanic / Oder-Vistula Germanic (extinct)
Gothic
Crimean Gothic
Ostrogoth
Visigoth
Gepid (?)
Vandalic
Burgundian (?)
Herulian (?)
Skirian (?)
Northwest Germanic
West Germanic
Elbe Germanic / Irminonic / Herminonic
Langobardic / Lombardic (extinct)
Suebian (extinct)
High German languages
Old High German
Middle High German
Early New High German
New High German
Central German / Middle German
East Central German
Old Thuringian (extinct)
Thuringian-Upper Saxon
Thuringian
Central Thuringian
West Thuringian
East Thuringian
North Thuringian
Upper Saxon
Easterlandic
Meißen dialect
Erzgebirgisch
Northwestern Bohemian
North Upper Saxon-South Marchian
Lusatian
Low Lusatian German
Silesian–Vilamovian
Silesian German (Schlesisch)
West Silesian
Lowland Silesian
Middle / Central Silesian
Mountain Silesian
Löwenbergisch
Schweidnitzisch
Glatzisch
South-East Silesian
Oelsisch
Briegisch
Strehlisch
Vilamovian-Haltsnovian (Bielsko-Biała language island)
Wymysorys / Vilamovian (Wilmesaurisch)
Haltsnovian / Altsnerisch
High Prussian
Oberländisch
Rosenbergisch
Breslau(i)sch / Ermländisch
Standard German / Standard High German
German Standard German
Austrian Standard German
Prague German (extinct)
Swiss Standard German
Liechtenstein variety
Brazilian German
Plattdüütsch/Vestfaliano
Upper German
High Franconian German
German
American German
Texas German
Wisconsin German
Berlin
Hannover
Mansfeld
Namibian German
Namibian Black German
East Franconian
Lower East Franconian
Itzgründisch
Upper East Franconian
Vogtlandian
South East Franconian
South Franconian / South Rhine Franconian (Südfränkisch)
Low Neckar
Enzian
Swabian-Alemannic
Swabian
East Swabian
West Swabian
Low Swabian
Upper Swabian
Alemannic
Low Alemannic German / Upper Rhine Alemannic
Alsatian
Alsatian diaspora
Colonia Tovar German
North Breisgau
Basel German
Lake Constance Alemannic (Bodenseealemannisch)
High Alemannic German
Vorarlbergisch
Liechtensteinisch
Eastern
Zürich German
Western
Bernese German
Highest Alemannic
Walliser German
Walser
Bavarian / Austro-Bavarian
Northern Bavarian (Upper Palatine / Bavarian Nordgau)
Central Bavarian
Mostviertel
Amstetten
Viennese German
Southern Bavarian
Tirolese
Old Hutterite German (extinct)
Hutterite German
Carinthian / German Carinthian
Gottscheerish
Tyrol
Mòcheno (Bersntoler sproch)
Cimbrian (Tzimbar)
Lusernese
Sette Comuni
Tredici Communi
Weser–Rhine Germanic / Istvaeonic
West Central German
Rhine Franconian / Rhenish Franconian
Hessian
Amana
North Hessian
Central Hessian
East Hessian
South Hessian
Pfälzisch–Lothringisch
Palatine German (Lower Palatine)
Palatine diaspora
Bukovina (extinct)
Pennsylvania Dutch / Pennsylvania German
Lorraine Franconian
Hessian-Palatine Koiné (Hessian-Palatine diaspora)
Volga German
Central Franconian / Middle Franconian
Moselle Franconian
East Moselle Franconian
Siegerländisch
Untermosellanisch
Trierisch
Hunsrückisch
West Moselle Franconian
West-Westerwäldisch
Southern Eifel
Luxembourgish
Moselle Franconian diaspora
Zipser-Gründlerisch
Gründlerisch (Lower Zipser)
Upper Zipser
Transylvanian Saxon
Ripuarian / Ripuarian Franconian
Bönnsch
Old Colognian (extinct)
Colognian
Kerkrade
Öcher Platt
Northern Eifel
Yiddish / Jewish German / Judeo-German
Western Yiddish
Midwestern
Southwestern
Judeo-Alsatian
Northwestern
Transitional Yiddish dialects
Western (Bohemia, Moravia, west Slovakia, and west Hungary Yiddish)
Eastern (Hungarian lowlands, Transylvania, and Carpathian Rus Yiddish)
Eastern Yiddish
Middle / Central Yiddish (Poylish or "Polish" Yiddish)
Southeastern Yiddish (Ukrainish or "Ukrainian" Yiddish)
Northern / Northeastern Yiddish (Litvish or "Lithuanian" Yiddish)
Udmurtish
Southern
Central
Klezmer-loshn (extinct)
Low Franconian languages
Old Low Franconian
South Low Franconian / East Low Franconian
Meuse-Rhenish
Bergish
Limburgish
East Limburgish - Ripuarian transitional area
Eupen
East Limburgish
Sittard
Central Limburgish
West Limburgish
West Low Franconian / North Low Franconian
Middle Dutch
Dutch
Kleverlandish
Central Dutch
Hollandic
Utrechts-Alblasserwaards
South Hollandic
The Hague
Scheveningen
Afrikaans
Kaaps
Eastern Cape
Orange River
Namibian Afrikaans
Patagonian Afrikaans
Amsterdams
Zaans
West Frisian Dutch
Surinamese Dutch
Indonesian Dutch
Brabantian
East Brabantian
South Brabantian
Brusselian
Getelands
West Brabantian
Antwerpian
Brabantian diaspora
Pella Dutch / Iowa Dutch
Flemish
East Flemish
West Flemish-Zeelandic
West Flemish
Bruges
French Flemish
Zeelandic
Jersey Dutch
North Sea Germanic / Ingvaeonic
Old Low German
Middle Low German
Low German / Low Saxon
Northern Low German
Northern Low Saxon
Schleswigsch
Holsteinisch
Dithmarsisch
Hamburgisch
Traditional Hamburgisch
Finkwarder Platt
Olwarder Platt
Veerlanner Platt
Barmbeker Platt
Elb-Weserländisch
North Hannoverian
Emslandish
Oldenburgisch
Bremian
Friso-Saxon / Frisian Low Saxon
East Frisian Low Saxon
Gronings
Noord-Drents
Hogelandsters
Oldambtsters
Stadsgronings
Veenkoloniaals
Westkwartiers
Kollumerpompsters
Kollumerlands
Middaglands
Midden-Westerkwartiers
Zuid-Westerkwartiers
Westerwolds
East Low German
Marchian (Märkisch) / Brandenburgian (Brandenburgisch)
North Marchian
Middle Marchian
Middle Pomeranian Marchian
Old South Marchian (extinct)
Mecklenburgian-West Pomeranian
Mecklenburgian
Wendlandian
Strelitzisch
West Pomeranian / Fore Pomerania
East Pomeranian / Farther Pomeranian (not to be confused with Slavic Pommeranian)
Coastal
West Coastal
East Costal
Bublitzer
Inland
South
Pomerelian
Koschneiderisch
Low Prussian
West Low Prussian
Vistulan / Weichseler
Dantzigian
Werdersch
Nehrungisch
West Low Prussian diaspora
Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German (Low Saxon, Frisian and Flemish substrates)
East Low Prussian
Elbingian
Mundart des Kürzungsgebiets
Westkäslausch
Ostkäslausch
Natangian
Samlandic
Niederungish
Eastern Low Prussian / Easternmost Low Prussian
Southern Low German
Eastphalian
Heide-Ostfälisch
Central Eastphalian
Bördeplatt
Bode-Ostfälisch
Göttingisch-Grubenhagensch
Westphalian
East Westphalian
South Westphalian
Stellingwarfs
Münsterländisch
Westmünsterländisch
Gelders-Overijssels
Achterhooks
Sallands
Urkers
Veluws
Oost-Veluws
West-Veluws
Drents
Midden-Drents
Zuid-Drents
Tweants
Grafschafter Platt
Emsländer Platt / Nordemsländisch
Westerwolds
Anglo-Frisian languages
Anglic languages
Old English (extinct)
Angles dialects
Mercian / Southumbrian
Old Northumbrian
Jutes dialect
Old Kentish
Saxons dialect (Insular Saxon, West Saxon)
West Saxon
Middle English (extinct)
Midland
East Midland
West Midland
Northern
Early Scots (extinct)
Middle Scots (extinct)
Scots
Southern Scots
Ulster Scots
Glenoe
Central Scots
Ayrshire
Berwick
Glasgow
Northern Scots
South Northern Scots
Mid Northern Scots
North Northern Scots
Cromarty (extinct)
Insular Scots
Orcadian
Shetland
Fingallian (extinct)
Yola (extinct)
Kentish (Middle English)
Southern (Middle English)
Early Modern English
Modern English
English
Standard English
European English
British English
English English
Received Pronunciation
East Anglian English
Norfolk dialect
Suffolk dialect
Essex dialect
East Midlands English
West Midlands English
Birmingham dialect
Black Country dialect
Potteries dialect
North English
Yorkshire dialect
Northumbrian
Geordie / Tyneside
Pitmatic
Mackem
Smoggie
Manchester dialect
Liverpool dialect / Scouse
Cheshire dialect
Lancashire dialect
Cumbrian dialect
Barrovian dialect
South English
Kentish dialect
Estuary English / London Regional General British
Cockney
Multicultural London English
Sussex dialect
Surrey dialect
West Country English
Dorset dialect
Wiltshire dialect
Bristolian dialect
Cornish English
Welsh English
Abercraf English
Cardiff English
Gower English
Port Talbot English
Scottish English
Bungi English
Glasgow English
Highland English
Manx English
Hiberno-English
Dublin English
South-West Irish English
Mid-Ulster English
Channel Islands English
Alderney English
Guernsey English
Jersey English
Gibraltarian English
Maltese English
Euro English
North American English
Canadian English
Standard Canadian English
Ottawa Valley English
Pacific Northwest Canadian English
Atlantic Canadian English
Newfoundland English
Canadian Maritime English
Lunenburg English
Quebec Canadian English
First Nations English / Aboriginal English in Canada
American English
General American English
Eastern New England English
Western New England English
Northern American English
Inland Northern American English
North Central American English
New York City English
Midland American English
Mid-Atlantic American English
Philadelphia English
Western Pennsylvania English
Western American English
Pacific Northwest American English
California English
Southern American English
Older Southern American English
Appalachian English
African American English / Black American English
African-American Vernacular English
Cajun English
Chicano English
Caribbean English
Bermudian English
Bahamian English
Turks and Caicos Creole
Belizean English
Cayman Islands English
Bay Islands English
Jamaican English
Samaná English
Puerto Rican English
Barbadian English
Trinidadian and Tobagonian English
Guyanese English
South Atlantic English
Falkland Islands English
Oceanian English
Australian English
Broad Country Australian English
Cultivated Australian English
General Australian English
Queensland Kanaka English
South Australian English
Western Australian English
Australian Aboriginal English
Torres Strait English
New Zealand English
Māori English
Fiji English
Palauan English
Papuan English
Solomon Islands English
Jewish English
Yeshivish
Asian English
East Asian English
Hong Kong English
Chinglish
South Asian English
Bangladeshi English
General Indian English
Butler English
Maldivian English
Nepalese English
Sri Lankan English
Pakistani English
Urdish/Urglish
Southeast Asian English
Brunei English
Burmese / Myanmar English
Cambodian English
Malaysian English
Manglish
Philippine English
Bislish
Taglish
Coño English
Swardspeak
Singapore English
Singlish
Thai English
African English
Cameroonian English
Gambian English
Ghanaian English
Kenyan English
Liberian English
Malawian English
Namibian English
Nigerian English
Sierra Leonean English
South African English
Cape Flats English
Black South African English
Indian South African English
White South African English
South Atlantic English
Tanzanian English
Ugandan English
Zimbabwean English
Zulu English
Antarctic English
Frisian languages
Old Frisian
Middle Frisian
North Frisian
Mainland dialects
Wiedingharde Frisian
Bökingharde Frisian
Goesharde Frisian
Northern Goesharde Frisian
Central Goesharde Frisian
Southern Goesharde Frisian (extinct)
Strand Frisian
Halligen Frisian
Karrharde Frisian
Eiderstedt Frisian (extinct)
Halligen Frisian
Island dialects
Heligoland Frisian
Fohr-Amrum
Föhr Frisian
Amrum Frisian
Sylt Frisian
East Frisian
Ems Frisian
Saterland Frisian
Upgant Frisian (extinct)
Emsingoa Frisian (extinct)
Brokmerland Frisian (extinct)
Ommelanden Frisian (extinct)
Weser Frisian
Harlingerland Frisian (extinct)
Wangerooge Frisian (extinct)
Wursten Frisian (extinct)
West Frisian
Hindeloopen Frisian
Schiermonnikoog Frisian
Terschelling Frisian
Mainland West Frisian
Clay Frisian
Wood Frisian
Westereendersk
North Germanic
Proto-Norse/Proto-Scandinavian (extinct)
Old Norse (extinct)
East Scandinavian
Old East Norse (extinct)
Old Gutnish (extinct)
Gutnish
Mainland Gutnish
Fårömål
Old Swedish (extinct)
Early Modern Swedish
Late Modern Swedish
Modern Swedish
Swedish
Standard Swedish
Swedish dialects
Svealandic
Stockholm dialects
Uppländska dialect
North Swedish
Luleå dialects
Kalix
Kiruna dialect
East Swedish
Åland Swedish
Estonian Swedish
Ostrobothnian
Götalandic
Northern Smålandic
Rinkeby Swedish
Swedish Dalarna
Swedish Scanian
Old Danish (extinct)
Middle Danish (extinct)
Danish
Standard Danish
Danish dialects
Eastern Danish
Old Scanian / Danish Scanian
Bornholmsk
Insular Danish
Zealandic Danish
Southern Islands Danish
Funen
Jutlandic
Eastern
Western
Southern
Danish-based standards
Dano-Norwegian
Norwegian Riksmål
Norwegian Bokmål
Urban East Norwegian
Gøtudanskt
Dalecarlian
Elfdalian
West Scandinavian
Old West Norse (extinct)
Old Norwegian (extinct)
Middle Norwegian (extinct)
Norwegian
Norwegian Standards
Norwegian Høgnorsk
Landsmål
Norwegian Nynorsk
Samnorsk (Nynorsk-Bokmål Koiné)
Dano-Norwegian
Riksmål
Norwegian Bokmål
Norwegian dialects
Østnorsk
Vikværsk
Urban East Norwegian
Oslo dialect
Dølamål
Hallingmål-Valdris
Gudbrandsdalsmål
Vestnorsk
Arendal dialect
Sandnes dialect
Stavanger dialect
Bergensk
Sognamål
Trøndersk
Trondheimsk
Medalsk
Jamtlandic
Nordnorsk
Brønnøy dialect
Kebabnorsk
Norwegian diaspora
American Norwegian
Early Faroese
Old Faroese
Faroese
Norn (extinct)
Old Icelandic
Icelandic
High Icelandic
Greenlandic Norse (extinct)

Balto-Slavic languages

thumb|right|Area of Balto-Slavic dialect continuum with proposed material cultures correlating to speakers Balto-Slavic in Bronze Age . Red dots= archaic Slavic hydronyms.

thumb|Political map of Europe with countries where a [[Slavic languages|Slavic language is a national language marked in shades of green and where a Baltic language is a national language marked in light orange. Wood green represents East Slavic languages, pale green represents West Slavic languages, and sea green represents South Slavic languages. Contemporary Baltic languages are all from the same group: Eastern Baltic]]

thumb|Baltic languages (extinct languages shown in stripes).

thumb|Slavic languages in Europe . Areas where languages overlap are shown in stripes.

thumb|Russian Language – Map of all the areas where the [[Russian language is the language spoken by the majority of the population. Russian is the biggest Slavic language both in number of first language speakers and in geographical area where the language is spoken .]]

Proto-Balto-Slavic (extinct)
Baltic languages
Slavic languages

Baltic languages

Proto-Baltic (extinct)
Dnieper-Oka (extinct)
Golyad / East Galindian (extinct)
Eastern Baltic
Old Latvian (Old Latgalian) (extinct)
Latvian / Broad Latvian
Latvian dialects
Latgalian / High Latgalian / High Latvian (Highland Latvian)
Standard Latgalian
Latgalian dialects
Latgalian Proper / Non-Selonic
Selonic
Latvian (Lowland Latvian)
Middle / Central
Standard Latvian
Middle / Central Proper / Vidzeme / Low Latgalian
Semigallic
Curonic / Latvian Curonian
Kursenieki / Curonian Isthmus Latvian / New Curonian
Livonic Latvian / Tamian
Vidzeme Livonic / Central Region Livonic
Courland / North Courland Livonic / Tāmnieku
Selonian (extinct)
Semigallian (extinct)
Old Lithuanian (extinct)
Lithuanian / Broad Lithuanian
Lithuanian dialects
Aukštaitian (Highland Lithuanian)
Standard Lithuanian
Highland Lithuanian dialects
Eastern
Western
Suvalkian / Sudovic Aukštaitian
Southern / Dzūkian
Samogitian (Lowland Lithuanian)
Southern
Northern / Curonic Samogitian
Western
Western Baltic
Old Prussian / Baltic Prussian (extinct)
New Prussian (Revived Prussian)
Skalvian (extinct)
Galindian / West Galindian (extinct)
Sudovian / Yatvingian (extinct)
Curonian / Old Curonian? (extinct)
Pomeranian Baltic (extinct)

Slavic languages

Proto-Slavic (extinct)
East Slavic languages
Old East Slavic / Common East Slavic / Old Russian (broad sense of East Slavic) (extinct)
Southern Old East Slavic (all East Slavic except Old Novgorodian)
Ruthenian / Southwestern-Southern-Central Old East Slavic (extinct)
Southwestern Old East Slavic
Rusyn
Carpathian Rusyn
Hutsul / Eastern Carpathian
Boyko / North Carpathian
Transcarpathian
Lemko / West Carpathian
Pannonian Rusyn / Bačka Rusyn (East Slavic influenced by Slovak or a West Slavic language closer to Slovak)
Southern Old East Slavic
Ukrainian
Ukrainian dialects
Southwestern Ukrainian (Western Southern Ukrainian)
Volhynian-Podilian
Volhynian
Podolian
Galician–Bukovinian
Dniestrian / Upper Dniestrian / Opilia
Upper Sannian
Pokuttia–Bukovina
Diaspora dialect
Canadian Ukrainian
Southeastern Ukrainian (Eastern Southern Ukrainian)
Middle Dnieprian
Standard Ukrainian
Balachka / Kuban
Slobozhan
Steppe
Northern Ukrainian / Polesian / Polisian
East Polesian
Central Polesian
West Polesian
Motolian
Central Old East Slavic
Belarusian
Belarusian dialects
Southwestern Belarusian
Middle Belarusian
Northeastern Belarusian
Northeastern Old East Slavic
Russian
Russian dialects
Spoken mainly by Ethnic Russians
Southern Russian
Western / Russian-Belarusian
Upper Dnieperian
Upper Desnian
Kursk-Orel / Orlovsky
Tulian
Yeletsian
Oskolian
Ryazanian
Southern Russian Diaspora
Doukhobor
Central-Northern
Central Russian / Middle Russian
West Central
Pskovian
Lake Peipus
Gdovian
Novgorodian
Torzhokian
Saint-Petersburgish
Standard Russian (Saint-Petersburg Norm)
East Central
Moscow
Standard Russian (Moscow Norm)
Vladimirian-Volgan / Tverian-Vladimirian-Volgan
Chukhlomian (dialect island/enclave)
Astrakhan
Northern Russian
Ladogan-Tikhvinian
Belozeran-Bezhetsian
Onegan
Lachian
Kostromian
Vologdan
Pomor
Siberian
Alaskan
Russian Diaspora dialects (see Geographical distribution of Russian speakers)
Neighbouring countries of Russia (spoken by ethnic Russians)
Ukrainian
Belarusian
Latvian Russian
Lithuanian Russian
Estonian Russian
Kazakh Russian
Eastern Europe
Transnistrian Russian
North America
American Russian
Spoken by Non-Ethnic Russians (overlapping with native languages)
In Eastern Europe
Ukrainian (spoken by Ukrainians, not ethnic Russians)
Belarusian (spoken by Belarusians, not ethnic Russians)
Moldovan Russian (spoken by Moldovans, not ethnic Russians)
In Russia
European Russia
Mordvin Russian
Mari Russian
Udmurt Russian
Komi Russian
Karelian Russian
Chuvash Russian
Tatar Russian
Bashkir Russian
Siberia / Asian Russia
Buryat Russian
Chukchi Russian
Tuvan Russian
Russian Caucasus
Ossetian Russian
Circassian Russian
Abkhaz Russian
Chechen Russian
Dagestani
In Southwest Asia / Middle East
Georgian Russian
Armenian Russian
Azerbaijani Russian
Israeli Russian (spoken by ethnic Jews)
In Central Asia
Kazakhstani Russian
Kyrgyzstani Russian
Uzbekistani Russian
Turkmenistani Russian
Tajikistani Russian
Northern / Northwestern Old East Slavic (extinct)
Proto-Novgorodian-Pskovian (extinct)
Old Novgorodian (extinct)
Mixed East Slavic languages
Mixed Russian-Belarusian-Ukrainian
Goryun / Horyun
Mixed Russian-Ukrainian
Surzhyk
Odesan
West Slavic languages
Lechitic
East Lechitic
Old Polish (extinct)
Middle Polish (extinct)
Polish
Greater Polish
Bory Tucholskie
Chełmno-Dobrzyń
Central Greater Poland
Eastern Greater Poland
Kociewie
Krajna
Kujawy
Northern Greater Poland
Southern Greater Poland
Western Greater Poland
Lesser Polish
Biecz
Kielce
Eastern Kraków
Eastern Lublin
Lasovia
Limanowa
Łęczyca
Masovian Borderland
Podegrodzie
Przemyśl
Sieradz
Western Kraków
Western Lublin
Goral
Babia Góra
Bukovinian
Kliszczak
Kysuce
Liptov
Łącko
Ochotnica
Orawa
Pieniny
Piwniczna
Podhale
Spisz
Zagórze
Żywiec
Southern Borderlands dialect
Masovian / Mazovian
Białystok
Far Masovian
Kurpie
Łowicz
Lubawa
Masurian
Near Masovian
Ostróda
Podlachian
Suwałki
Warmian
Warsaw
Northern Borderlands dialect
New Mixed Dialects
Silesian / Upper Silesian / Slavic Silesian
Cieszyn
Lower Silesian
Chwalin (extinct)
Sulkovian
Prudnik
Niemodlin
Lachian
Texan
Middle Lechitic
Pomeranian
Kashubian
Slovincian (extinct)
Western Pomeranian (extinct)
West Lechitic (extinct)
Old Polabian
Rani
Marcho-Magdeburgian
Polabian / Drevanian / Lüneburg Wendish (extinct)
Czech-Slovak
Czech
Bohemian (Czech proper)
Biblical Czech
Standard Czech
Common Czech
Czechoslovak
Central Bohemian
Northeastern Bohemian
Southwestern Bohemian
Moravian
Bohemian–Moravian
Central Moravian
Eastern Moravian
Moravian Wallachian
Slovak / Slovakian
Western Slovak
Camaldolese Slovak
Central Slovak
Eastern Slovak
Pannonian Rusyn
Knaanic (extinct)
Sorbian
Lower Sorbian
Schleifer
Upper Sorbian
South Slavic languages
Western South Slavic
Old Slovene / Alpine Slovene (=Slavic) / Carantanian
Slovene
Slovene dialects (dialect groups)
Southeastern
Eastern
Pannonian
Prekmurje Slovene
Northern Styrian
Southern
Southern Styrian
Upper Carniolan
Eastern Rovte
Lower Carniolan
Southeastern Littoral
Northwestern
Northern
Carinthian
Resian
Western
Soča-Idrija
Western Rovte
Venetian-Karst
Northwestern Littoral
Kajkavian-Chakavian-Shtokavian / Central South Slavic
Kajkavian
Gora
Križevci–Podravina
Lower Sutla
Prigorje
Turopolje–Posavina
Zagor–Međimurje
Chakavian
Central Chakavian / Middle Chakavian
Burgenland Croatian
Southern Chakavian
Southeastern Chakavian
Southwestern Istrian
Northern Chakavian
Buzet
Shtokavian
Western Shtokavian
Old Western Shtokavian
Slavonian (Archaic Šćakavian)
Šokac
Eastern Bosnian (Jekavian-Šćakavian)
New Western Shtokavian
Bosnian–Dalmatian (Western Ikavian / Younger Ikavian)
Bosnian-West Herzegovinian
Dalmatian
Slavomolisano
Bunjevac
New Southern Shtokavian
Southeastern
Užican / Užice / Zlatibor
Eastern Herzegovinian (Neo-Ijekavian)
Serbo-Croatian standards / Bosnian-Croatian-Montenegrin-Serbian
Serbian
Croatian
Bosnian
Montenegrin
Northwestern
Krajina
Southwestern
Dubrovnik subdialect (Western Ijekavian)
Eastern Shtokavian
Old Eastern Shtokavian
Smederevo–Vršac
Kosovo–Resava / Resava-North Kosovo (Older Ekavian)
Zeta–Raška / Zeta-South Sandžak (Đekavian-Ijekavian)
New Eastern Shtokavian
Šumadija–Vojvodina (Younger Ekavian)
Torlakian
Serbian Torlakian
Timok-Prizren / South Morava - South Kosovo
Timok-Lužnica
Svrljig-Zaplanje
South Morava-Prizren
Transitional Bulgarian dialects (closer to Torlakian)
Belogradchik dialect
Breznik dialect
Tran dialect
Northern Macedonian (closer to Torlakian)
Kriva Palanka dialect
Kumanovo dialect
Skopska Crna Gora dialect
Tetovo dialect
Gora dialect (Torlakian ou Slavic Macedonian)
Romanian Torlakian
Krashovani (ethnically Croatian but closer to Torlakian in dialect)
Eastern South Slavic
Old Slavonic / Old Church Slavonic (not exclusively ecclesiastical) / Old East South Slavic (extinct)
Church Slavonic Proper
Old Church Slavonic
Church Slavonic
Modern East South Slavic (Slavic Bulgarian-Slavic Macedonian)
Bulgarian (Slavic Bulgarian)
Western Bulgarian
Northwestern
Vidin-Lom dialect
Byala Slatina-Pleven dialect
Southwestern
Vratsa dialect
Botevgrad dialect
Ihtiman dialect
Samokov dialect
Elin Pelin dialect
Sofia dialect
Dupnitsa dialect
Kyustendil dialect
Eastern Bulgarian
Moesian
Shumen dialect
Balkan
Central Balkan dialect
Kotel-Elena-Dryanovo dialect
Panagyurishte dialect
Pirdop dialect
Teteven dialect
Erkech dialect
Subbalkan dialect
Rup / Southeastern Bulgarian
"True" Rup
Strandzha dialect
Thracian dialect
Ser-Drama-Lagadin-Nevrokop dialect
Babyak dialect
Razlog dialect
Zlatograd dialect
Rhodopean
Hvoyna dialect
Chepino dialect
Smolyan dialect / Central Rhodope
Pomak dialect
Paulician dialect
Banat Bulgarian
Macedonian (Slavic Macedonian)
Standard Macedonian
Spoken Macedonian
Eastern-Southern
Eastern
Maleševo-Pirin dialect
Štip-Kočani dialect
Strumica dialect
Southern
Southeastern
Ser-Drama-Lagadin-Nevrokop dialect
Solun-Voden dialect
Southwestern
Kostur dialect
Nestram-Kostenar dialect
Western
Central
Skopje-Veles dialect
Kičevo-Poreče dialect
Prilep-Bitola dialect
Peripheral dialects
Gostivar dialect
Galičnik dialect
Reka dialect
Debar dialect
Ohrid dialect
Struga dialect
Upper Prespa dialect
Lower Prespa dialect
Vevčani-Radožda dialect

Indo-Iranian languages

thumb|Geographic distribution of modern [[Indo-Iranian languages. Blue, dark purple and green colour shades: Iranic languages. Dark pink: Nuristani languages. Red, light purple and orange colour shades: Indo-Aryan languages. Areas where languages overlap are shown in stripes.]]

Proto-Indo-Iranian (extinct)
Iranian languages
Nuristani languages
Indo-Aryan languages
Badeshi (unclassified)

Iranian languages

thumb|Map of Attested and Hypothetical Old Indo-Iranian Dialects. [[Indo-Iranian languages descend from the language spoken by the Sintashta Culture people that lived in the plains beyond the southeast Ural Mountains, between the upper Ural and Tobol rivers basins. Old Iranian languages, were spoken in a large Eurasian landmass area that included most of south Eastern Europe, south west Siberia, Central Asia, including parts of western China, and the Iranian Plateau. The Scythian languages, that belonged to the Northern Eastern Iranian languages subgroup, were the ones with the biggest geographical distribution, they were spoken in most of the steppe and desert areas of Eastern Europe and Central Asia, matching most of the western half of the Eurasian steppe, which corresponds to modern southern European Russia and south Russian west Siberia and parts of southern central Siberia, modern southern Ukraine, an enclave in the east Pannonian Basin, in modern Hungary, all of modern Kazakhstan, parts of modern Xinjiang, in Western China, modern Kyrgyzstan, and parts of modern Uzbekistan and modern Turkmenistan. Later Scythian languages were also present in northern India by migration of part of the ancient Iranian peoples forming the Indo-Scythians. This was the geographical distribution until the first centuries A.D., after that time, Turkic migration and conquests along with Turkification, made many ancient Iranian languages go extinct. ]]

thumb|Distribution of modern [[Iranian languages|Iranian Languages]]

Proto-Iranian
Eastern Iranian languages
Northeastern Iranian languages
Old Northeast Iranian
Scytho-Sarmatian
Cimmerian (extinct)
Pontic Scythian (extinct)
Sarmatian (extinct)
Alanic (extinct)
Ossetian
Iron Ossetian
Digor Ossetian
Jassic (extinct)
Scytho-Khotanese (extinct)
Tumshuqese (extinct)
Kanchaki (extinct)
Khotanese (extinct)
Khwarazmian / Chorasmian (extinct)
Sogdian (extinct)
Yaghnobi
Southeastern Iranian languages
Old Southeast Iranian
Avestan (extinct)
Old Avestan / "Gathic Avestan" (extinct)
Young Avestan / Younger Avestan (extinct) (extinct)
Old Pakhto
Pakhto / Pashto / Pathan
Northern Pashto
Northern dialect
Yusufzai dialect
Central Pashto
Southern Pashto
Durrani dialect
Bannuchi dialect Tsalga
Wazirwola dialect
Masidwola dialect
Wanetsi
Ormuri-Parachi
Ormuri
Parachi
Bactrian (extinct)
Pamir languages
Yidgha-Munji branch
Munji
Northern Munji
Southern Munji
Yidgha
Sarghulami (extinct)
North Pamir branch
Vanji / Old Wanji (extinct)
Yazgulyam
Darwozi
Shughni-Rushani branch
Rushani
Bartangi
Shughni / Khughni
Khufi
Oroshori
Sarikoli / Tashkorghani
Sanglechi-Ishkashimi
Sanglechi / Zebaki
Ishkashimi
Wakhi
Western Iranian languages
Northwestern Iranian languages / Northern Western Iranian
Median / Medic (extinct)
Razi (extinct)
Kurdish
Southern Kurdish
Kalhor
Kordali
Korouni
Laki
Sorani
Hewlêrî Kurdish
Kurmanji
Zaza-Gorani
Zaza
Northern Zaza
Southern Zaza
Gorani
Hawrami
Bajelani
Sarli
Shabaki
Old Azeri (extinct)
Tati
Alviri-Vidari
Eshtehardi
Harzandi
Kilit (extinct)
Khalkhal
Kho'ini
Maraghei
Takestani
Tatoid
Upper Taromi
Vafsi
Karingani
Kabatei
Rudbari
Taromi
Talysh
Gozarkhani
Kajali
Koresh-e Rostam
Razajerdi
Shahrudi
Ashtiani
Judeo-Hamedani-Borujerdi
Judeo-Borujerdi
Judeo-Hamedani
Khunsari
Northwestern Fars
Judeo-Golpaygani (extinct)
Gazi
Jarquya'i
Judeo-Esfahani
Soi / Sohi
Abuzaydabadi
Judeo-Kashani
Sivandi
Natanzi
Natanzi Proper
Zoroastrian Dari
Yazdi
Nayini / Na'ini / Biyabanak
Khuri
Balochi
Northern Baloch
Western Baloch
Rakhshani
Sarhadi / Sarhaddi
Eastern Baloch
Southern Baloch
Lashari
Makrani
Koroshi / Koroshi Balochi
Parthian (extinct)
Caspian
Semnani
Semnani proper
Biyabunaki
Sangsari / Sangisari
Lasgerdi-Sorkhei
Lasgerdi
Sorkhei
Aftari
Mazanderani / Tabari
Gorgani (extinct)
Daylami / Daylami (extinct)
Gilaki
Western Gilaki
Eastern Gilaki
Southwestern Iranian languages/Southern Western Iranian
Old Persian (𐎠𐎼𐎹 – Ariya) (extinct)
Middle Persian (𐭯𐭠𐭫𐭮𐭩𐭪 – Pārsīk or Pārsīg) (extinct)
Persian
Indo-Persian (extinct)
Iranian Persian
Abadani
Basseri
Esfahani
Kermanshahi
Khorasani
Kuwaiti
Tehrani
Dari / Afghanistan Persian
Sistani
Hazaragi / Hazaragi Persian
Pahlavni / Pahlavani (extinct)
Judeo-Persian
Aimaq / Aimaqi / Aimaq Persian
Tajik / Tajiki Persian
Bukharian
Tat / Caucasus Tat / Persian Tat
Muslim/Christian Tat
Armeno-Tat
Judeo-Tat / Judeo-Persian Tat
Kuhmareyi
Davani dialect
Luri
Southern Luri
Mamasani
Northern Luri / Central Luri
Bakhtiari
Khuzestani Persian
Dezfuli–Shushtari
Dezfuli
Shushtari
Achomi
Judeo-Shirazi
Garmsiri
Bashkardi / Bashagerdi / Bashaka
Kumzari
Khargi
Old Kazeruni (extinct)
Unclassified Indo-Iranian
Kambojan (extinct)

Nuristani languages

thumb|[[Nuristan Province in Afghanistan, where most speakers live.]]

thumb|[[Nuristani languages|Nuristani languages.]]

Proto-Nuristani (extinct)
Katë / Kati / Kâmkata-vari
Western Katë
Northeastern Katë
Shekhani
Southeastern Katë
Kamviri
Mumviri
Prasun / Vâsi-vari
Ashkun / Saňu-viri
Nuristani Kalasha / Kalasha-alâ
Tregami
Zemiaki

Indo-Aryan languages

thumb|upright=1.5|Present-day geographical distribution of the major Indo-Aryan language groups. [[Romani language|Romani, Domari, Kholosi and Lomavren are outside the scope of the map. Colours indicate the branches – yellow is Eastern, purple is Dardic, blue is Northwestern, red is Southern, green is Western, brown is Northern and orange is Central. Data is from "The Indo Aryan Languages" as well as census data and previous linguistic maps.

<br />

Dardic

Northwestern

Western

Northern

Central

Eastern

Southern

]]

thumb|250px|Distribution of major [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan languages. Urdu is included under Hindi. Romani, Domari, and Lomavren are outside the scope of the map.) Dotted/striped areas indicate where multilingualism is common.

]]

thumb|[[Romani language|Romani languages and dialects in Europe. Romani languages are part of the Indo-Aryan branch of Indo-European languages but are spoken out of the Indian Subcontinent. They are related to the Domari languages and are scattered and minority languages in all regions, overlapping with other peoples and their languages in Europe. The Domari and Romani languages are spoken in a vast geographical area from Southwest Asia to Europe and North Africa but are minoritary and scattered in all the regions in part because Domari and Romani speakers, the Doma and the Roma, were traditionally nomadic peoples.]]

Proto-Indo-Aryan (extinct)
Old Indo-Aryan (extinct)
Mitanni-Aryan (extinct)
Early Old Indo-Aryan – Vedic Sanskrit / Rigvedic Sanskrit
Ashokan Prakrit (extinct)
Late Old Indo-Aryan – Sanskrit
Middle Indo-Aryan (extinct)
Dardic
Gandhari Prakrit (extinct)
Niya Prakrit / Kroraina Prakrit / Niya Gāndhārī (extinct)
Chitral languages
Kalasha-mun
Khowar
Kashmiri / Koshur
Kashtawari / Kishtwari
Poguli
Rambani
Kohistani languages
Bateri
Chilisso
Gowro / Gabaro
Indus Kohistani
Kalami / Gawri
Tirahi / Dardù
Torwali
Wotapuri-Katargalai (extinct)
Wotapuri
Pashayi / Pashai
Southwest Pashayi
Southeast Pashayi
Laghmani
Northwest Pashayi
Gulbahar
Northeast Pashayi
Korangal
Kunar languages
Dameli
Gawar-Bati / Narsati / Aranduyiwar
Nangalami / Grangali
Shumashti
Shina languages
Palula / Phalura / Ashreti
Sawi / Savi / Sauji]
Kalkoti / Goedijaa
Ushoji / Ushojo
Kundal Shahi
Shina
Gilgiti
Astori
Drasi
Kohistani Shina
Palasi
Kolai
Brokskat / Dah-Hanu
Domaaki / Dumaki / Dawoodi
North-Western Indo-Aryan
Punjabi languages
Lahnda / Western Punjabi
Pahari-Pothwari / Pothohari
Pothwari / Pothohari
Mirpuri
Pahari / Dhundi-Kairali
Poonchi / Punchhi
Hindko
Northern Hindko
Hazara Hindko / Kaghani
Southern Hindko
Peshawari
Chhachi / Chacchi / Chachi
Kohati
Awankari
Ghebi
Saraiki
Derawali
Thali
Multani
Riasti/Bhawalpuri/Choolistani
Punjabi
Standard Punjabi
Western Punjabi/Eastern Saraiki
Dhani
Shahpuri
Jhangochi / Changvi / Jhangvi / Rachnavi
Jangli
Chenavari
Majhi
Eastern Punjabi
Doabi
Puadhi / Pawadhi / Poadhi
Malwai / Malwi
Lubanki / Labanki (extinct) (it was spoken by the Labana tribe
Jakati / Jataki (extinct)
Khetrani / Jafri (earlier suggestion that Khetrani might be a remnant of a Dardic language)
Sindhi languages
Jadgali–Lasi
Jadgali
Lasi
Kholosi
Kutchi / Kachchi
Luwati / Lawati /
Memoni / Kathiawadi
Sindhi Bhili
Sindhi
Lari
Siraiki / Northern Sindhi / "Siroli"
Thareli
Northern Indo-Aryan
Western Pahari
Dogri
Kangri
Mandeali / Chambeali
Kullu / Kulvi
Jaunsari
Pahari Kinnauri
Sirmauri
Hinduri / Handuri
Mahasu Pahari
Baghati
Rampuri/Kochi
Central Pahari
Garhwali
Badhani
Nagpuriya
Salani
Bangani
Jaunpuri
Gangadi
Kumaoni
Doteli / Dotyali
Bajhangi / Bajhangi Nepali
Eastern Pahari
Jumli
Sinja
Palpa (extinct)
Nepali / Khas Kura / Parbatiya / Gorkhali
Bajhangi
Western Indo-Aryan
Gurjar apabhraṃśa
Rajasthani
Marwari / Marwari Proper
Dhatki / Thari
Mewati
Godwari language
Dhundari / Jaipuri
Mewari
Shekhawati
Goaria
Godwari
Balvi
Khuni
Sirohi
Jogi
Loarki/Gade Lohar
Bagri / Bagari
Gujari / Gurjari / Gojri
Gurgula
Harauti
Lambadi / Lamani / Gor-Bol / Banjari
Malvi / Malwi / Malavi
Ujjaini
Rajawadi
Rangri
Nimadi / Nimari
Gujarati
Old Gujarati (extinct)
Middle Gujarati (extinct)
Gujarati
Kathiawari
Parsi Gujarati
Lisan ud-Dawat
Jandavra / Jhandoria
Vaghri / Waghri / Baghri
Aer
Parkari Koli
Kachi Koli
Wardiyara Koli / Tharadari
Sauraseni Prakrit (extinct)
Saurashtra
Vasavi / Vasavi Bhil
Bhil
Gamit
Bauria
Vaghri / Bavri
Wagdi
Bhilori
Dungra
Magari
Central Bhil
Bhili proper
Rajput Garasia
Bhilali
Bhilali proper
Rathawi
Parya Bhilali
Chodri / Chowdhary
Dhodia-Kukna
Dubli
Bareli
Palya Bareli
Pauri Bareli
Rathwi Bareli
Pardhi / Bahelia
Kalto
Khandeshi
Khandeshi
Ahirani
Dhanki / Dangri
Domari-Romani
Domari
Karachi / Garachi (extinct)
Seb Seliyer
Romani
Balkan Romani
Rumelian
Sevlengere
Zargari
Vlax Romani
Kalderash Romani
Lovari
Machvano
Northern Romani
Carpathian Romani
Romungro / Romungro Romani
Roman / Roman Romani
Vend / Vend Romani
East Slovak Romani
West Slovak Romani
South Polish Romani
Sinte Romani (Sintenghero / Tschib(en) / Sintitikes / Manuš / Romanes)
Welsh-Romani
Finnish Kalo
Baltic Romani
Central Indo-Aryan
Sauraseni Prakrit (extinct)
Western Hindi
Hindustani
Hindi / Manak or Shuddh Hindi
Modern Standard Hindi
Mumbai Hindi
Urdu / Lashkari
Modern Standard Urdu
Dakhini / Dakkhani / Deccani
Hyderabadi Urdu / Northern Dakhni
Southern Dakhni
Dhakaiya Urdu
Rekhta
Sansi / Sansiboli / Bhilki
Kabutra
Braj
Kannauji
Kauravi
Bundeli / Bundelkhandi
Bhaya
Ghera / Bara
Gowli
Haryanvi
Parya
Ardhamagadhi Prakrit (extinct)
Awadhi
Fiji Hindi
Bagheli
Surgujia / Sargujia / Surgujia Chhattisgarhi / Bhandar
Chhattisgarhi
Eastern Indo-Aryan
Magadhi Prakrit (extinct)
Pali (extinct)
Apabhramsa Avahatta / Abahattha (extinct)
Bihari languages
Bhojpuri
Mauritian Bhojpuri
Caribbean Hindustani
Guyanese Hindustani
Sarnami Hindustani / Sarnami Hindoestani
Magahi / Magadhi
Khortha
Maithili
Angika
Thēthi
Bajjika
Kudmali / Kurmali / Panchpargania / Tamaria (কুর্মালী]] – কুড়মালি]] – Kur(a)mālī)
Musasa
Sadri / Sadani / Nagpuri
Oraon Sadri
Bengali-Assamese languages
Bengali
Bangali / Vangi
Dobhashi
Christian Bengali
Dhakaiya Kutti or Puran Dhakaiya
Mymensinghi
Manbhumi
Rarhi
Shadhubasha
Chôlitôbhasha
Sundarbani
Varendri
Sylheti
Chittagonian / Chattal
Rohingya
Kurmukar
Bishnupriya Manipuri
Chakma
Tangchangya
Hajong
Noakhali
Kayort
Kharia Thar
Lodhi (?)
Kamarupi Prakrit / Kamrupi Apabhramsa (extinct)
Surjapuri / Surajpuri
Rangpuriya / Rangpuri / Rajbanshi / Rajbangsi / Kamtapuri / Deshi Bhasha / Uzani
Kamtapuri
Rajbanshi
Rangpuri
Old Assamese
Assamese
Standard Assamese
Goalpariya
Kamrupi/Kamarupi
Odia languages
Old Odia
Odia proper
Singhbhumi Odia
Baleswari Odia
Ganjami Odia
Phulbani Odia
Sundargadi Odia
Kalahandia Odia
Adivasi Oriya / Adivasi Odia
Bodo Parja / Jharia
Sambalpuri / Western Odia
Reli / Relli
Kupia
Halbic
Halbi
Bhunjia
Bhatri
Kamar
Mirgan/Panika
Nahari
Southern Indo-Aryan
Maharashtri Prakrit (extinct)
Marathi-Konkani
Marathic
Andh
Berar-Deccan
Kadodi
Katkari
Marathi
Berar-Deccan?
Judeo-Marathi
Mumbai
Thakri
Thanjavur Marathi
Varhadi
Phudagi
Varli
Konkanic
Canarese Konkani
Konkani
Maharashtri Konkani
Agri
Malvani
Nawayathi
Insular Indo-Aryan
Sinhala-Maldivian
Elu (extinct)
Sinhala
Rodiya
Old Dhivehi
Maldivian
Huvadhu
Unclassified
Chinali-Lahul
Chinali
Lahul Lohar
Sheikhgal
Bazigar

Unclassified Indo-European languages (all extinct)

Indo-European languages whose relationship to other languages in the family is unclear

Albanoid?
Dardanian
Illyrian
Messapic
Ancient Belgian
Asinean / Osian / Issedonian / Wusun?
Asinean / Osian
Issedonian
Wusun
Brygian-Phrygian-Mygdonian?
Brygian-Phrygian
Brygian
Phrygian
Mygdonian
Daco-Thracian
Dacian
Thracian
Elymian
Gelonian
Gushiean-Yuezhian?
Gushiean
Yuezhian
Liburnian
Ligurian
Lusitanian
Moesian-Mysian-Paeonian-Mushkian?
Moesian-Mysian-Paeonian?
Moesian
Mysian
Paeonian
Mushkian
Siculian
Venetic

Possible Indo-European languages (all extinct)

Unclassified languages that may have been Indo-European or members of other language families (?)

Cypro-Minoan
Eteocypriot
Kaskian
Lullubian
Mannaean
Minoan
Eteocretan
Paleo-Corsican
Paleo-Sardinian
Philistine Indo-European
Sicanian
Tartessian
Trojan

Notes

References

External links

Indo-European language tree