Lennart Georg Meri (; 29 March 1929 – 14 March 2006) was an Estonian writer, film director, and statesman. He was the country's foreign minister from 1990 to 1992 and President of Estonia from 1992 to 2001.

Early life

Meri was born in Tallinn, a son of the Estonian diplomat and later Shakespeare translator Georg Meri, and Estonian Swedish mother Alice-Brigitta Engmann. With his family, Lennart left Estonia at an early age and studied abroad, in nine different schools and in four different languages. His warmest memories were from his school years in Lycée Janson de Sailly in Paris. In addition to his native Estonian, Lennart Meri fluently spoke five other languages: Finnish, French, German, English, and Russian.

Lennart Meri and his family lived in Tallinn when Estonia was invaded and occupied by the Stalinist Soviet Union in June 1940.<!--Śome of his relatives opposed, some supported the Soviet regime.--><!--For example, one of Lennart's cousind Arnold Meri joined the Red Army and was soon made a Hero of the Soviet Union.--> In 1941, the Meri family was deported to Siberia along with thousands of other Estonians, Latvians, and Lithuanians sharing the same fate.) and the Baltic Sea region. As in his other works, Meri combines documentary sources and scientific research with his imagination. "If geography is prose, maps are iconography," Meri writes. Hõbevalge is based on a wide-ranging ancient seafaring sources, and carefully unveils the secret of the legendary Ultima Thule. The name was given in classical times to the most northerly land, reputedly six days' voyage from Britain. Several alternative places for its location have been suggested, among them the Shetland Islands, Iceland, and Norway. According to Meri, it is possible that Thule derives from the ancient Estonian folk poetry, which depicts the birth of the Kaali crater lake in Saaremaa. In the essay Tacituse tahtel (2000), Meri examined ancient contacts between Estonia and the Roman empire and notes that furs, amber, and especially Livonian kiln-dried, disease-free grain may have been Estonia's biggest contribution to the common culture of Europe – in lean years, it provided seed grain for Europe.

Meri founded the non-governmental Estonian Institute (Eesti Instituut) in 1988 to promote cultural contacts with the West and to send Estonian students to study abroad. He appeared in the documentary film The Singing Revolution as an interviewee discussing the collapse of the Soviet regime.

Political activity

thumb|Meri in [[Osnabrück, Germany, in 1998, 350 years after the Peace of Westphalia]]

After more than twenty years of refusals, the Soviet administration finally gave permission for Lennart Meri to travel beyond the Iron Curtain in the late 1970s, and Meri persistently used the opportunities open to him in Finland to remind the Western world of the existence of Estonia. He established close relationships with politicians, journalists and Estonians who had fled from the occupation. He was the first Estonian to publicize abroad the protests against the Soviet plan of mining phosphorite in Estonia (known as the Phosphorite War), which would have rendered a portion of the country uninhabitable.

In Estonia, environmental protests soon grew into a general revolt against Soviet rule: the "Singing Revolution", which was led by Estonian intellectuals. Meri's speech Do Estonians Have Hope focused on the existential problems of the nation and had strong repercussions abroad.

In 1988, Meri became a founding member of the Estonian Popular Front, which cooperated with its counterparts in Latvia and Lithuania.

Foreign minister (1990–1992)

After the first non-communist-style multi-party election in 1990, Meri was appointed to the post of Foreign Minister. As Minister of Foreign Affairs, Lennart Meri's first task was to create the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He developed around him a group of well educated young people, many English speaking, to establish an open communication channel to the West, and at the same time to represent Estonia more widely on the international scene. He participated in the CSCE Conferences in Copenhagen, New York, Paris, Berlin and Moscow, and the foundation conference of the Council of the Baltic Sea Countries. He also had several meetings with American and European Heads of State and Foreign Ministers, and was the first Eastern European guest to give a presentation at NATO Headquarters in Brussels.

In 1992, Lennart Meri, together with 9 Baltic Ministers of Foreign Affairs and an EU commissioner, founded the Council of the Baltic Sea States (CBSS) and the EuroFaculty.

First presidential term (1992–1996)

After a brief period as Ambassador of Estonia to Finland, on 6 October 1992 he became the 2nd President of Estonia, and the first since the breakup of the Soviet Union. Meri was the candidate of the Pro Patria Union. For the only time since the restoration of independence, the election had a popular vote component. Arnold Rüütel, a former leading communist and chairman of the Supreme Council (as the Estonian Supreme Soviet had been renamed following independence), led the field with 42 per cent to Meri's 29 percent. With no candidate receiving a majority, the election was decided in the newly elected Riigikogu, which was dominated by the Pro Patria Alliance. During the campaign, some of his opponents tried to bring up questions about Meri's alleged former links with the KGB. However, these allegations did not harm Meri's reputation and public image. Lennart Meri was sworn in as the President on 6 October 1992.

Meri made public remarks against the Karaganov Doctrine on 25 February 1994 in a festival speech to the good Hamburgers, who descended from the trade barons of the Hanseatic League. Karaganov generated his doctrine in about 1992, and it states that Moscow should pose as the defender of human rights of ethnic Russians living in the 'near abroad' for the purpose of gaining political influence in these regions. Already in 1992 this idea was brought into Russian Federation politics by Boris Yeltsin.

In 1994, the Estonian Newspaper Association declared Meri the Year's Press Friend. This was the first time this award was given; since that, it has been a yearly occurrence. In 1998, Meri was given the complementary award and titled the Year's Press Friend.

He was a member of Club of Madrid.

Work for German refugees and for other victims of ethnic cleansing

Lennart Meri was engaged in the work for the human rights of German refugees from Central and Eastern Europe and other victims of ethnic cleansing in Europe, and was a member of the jury of the Franz Werfel Human Rights Award, which was awarded by the Centre Against Expulsions (). In 1999 he received the highest distinction of the Federation of Expellees ().

Personal life

Meri was married twice. His second wife Helle Meri (1949−2024) worked as an actress in the Estonian Drama Theatre until 1992. Lennart Meri's first wife Regina Meri (1932−2020) emigrated to Canada in 1987. Lennart Meri was survived by three children: sons Mart Meri (born in 1959) and Kristjan Meri (1966–2022) and daughter Tuule Meri (born in 1985), and five grandchildren.

His first cousin was the Estonian Soviet soldier Arnold Meri, who spent the last 2 years of his life on trial under charges of genocide for his involvement in deportations of Estonians, but died in 2009 before a verdict was given.

Meri was chosen the European of the Year in 1998 by French newspaper La Vie.

Death

thumb|Meri's grave at [[Metsakalmistu|Forest Cemetery in Tallinn.]]

Diagnosed with a brain tumor in mid-2005 after experiencing strong headaches, Meri underwent surgery in August. The tumor was found to be malignant and he died on the morning of 14 March 2006, fifteen days before his 77th birthday, after being hospitalized in Tallinn for months. In a televised national speech, his successor, President Arnold Rüütel, said, "In his nine years as head of state, Meri both restored the presidency and built up the Republic of Estonia in the widest sense." Finnish President Tarja Halonen stated, "The Finnish nation lost in Lennart Meri a close and sincere friend and the world, a great statesman who was one of the leading architects of the post-Cold War world." Latvian President Vaira Vīķe-Freiberga said, "the world has lost a great Estonian, a great statesman and a true European." Meri's funeral was also attended by former Swedish premier Carl Bildt, among other figures.

Meri had expressed his wish that music by world-famous Estonian composer, Arvo Pärt, be played at his memorial service (the two men had been friends in their youth). The composer responded by writing Für Lennart in memoriam for string orchestra and the work was performed at the funeral service in Charles's Church on March 26, 2006 by the Tallinn Chamber Orchestra conducted by famed Estonian conductor Tõnu Kaljuste. Meri was buried at Forest Cemetery in the Tallinn district of Pirita.

Legacy

thumb|150px|Relief of Meri at the [[Tallinn Airport]]

Lennart Meri was one of the most popularly respected presidents in Estonian history. Tallinn Airport was renamed in 2009 Lennart Meri Tallinn International Airport in his honour.

Awards and decorations

  • Merited Writer of Estonian SSR (1979)
  • Correspondent member of the European Academy of Science, Art and Literature (1989)
  • Honorary Doctor of Helsinki University (1986)
  • Liberal International and Coudenhove-Kalergi award
  • Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement presented by Awards Council member and President of Latvia, Vaira Vīķe-Freiberga (2002)
  • (2006)

Honours

  • : Collar of the Order of the National Coat of Arms (Posthumous 2008)
  • : 1st Class of the Order of the National Coat of Arms (2006)
  • : Collar of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana (1995)
  • : Knight of the Order of the Elephant (1994)
  • : Grand Cross of the Order of the White Rose with collar (1995)
  • : Knight of the Order of the Seraphim (1995)
  • : Grand Cross of the Order of the Aztec Eagle (1995)
  • : 1st Class of the Order of the Three Stars with collar (1996)
  • : Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary (1997)
  • : Knight of the Order of the Golden Star of Liberty (1997)
  • : Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (1997)
  • : Grand Cross of the Order of Vytautas the Great (19 August 1997)
  • : Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St. Olav (1998)
  • : Grand Cross of the Order of the Falcon (1998)
  • : Grand Cross of the Order of the White Eagle (Poland) (1998)
  • : Grand Cross of the Order of the Saviour (1999)
  • : Grand Cross Special Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany (2000)
  • : Grand Cross of the National Order of Merit of the Republic of Malta with collar (2001)
  • : Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour (2001)

Bibliography

  • 1964 – "Tulemägede maale" (To the Land of Fiery Mountains)
  • 1974 – "Virmaliste väraval" (At the Gate of Northern Light)
  • 1976 – "Hõbevalge" (Silverwhite)
  • 1977 – "Lähenevad rannad" (Nearing Shores)
  • 1984 – "Hõbevalgem"

Notes

References

  • Lennart Meri, portrait of a President – Baltic States City Paper
  • Encyclopædia Britannica Lennart Meri
  • Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Nations, Volume 6: World Leaders, 10th ed. Gale Group, 2001.
  • Lennart Meri on official site of the President of Estonia
  • BBC article "Estonia mourns ex-president Meri"

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