Kul Tigin ( , Pinyin: Quètèqín, Wade–Giles: chüeh-t'e-ch'in, 684–731) was a general and a prince of the Second Turkic Khaganate.

Etymology

Necip Asım (1921) initially gave his name as köl, based on the etymology of Mahmud al-Kashgari, meaning "lake, sea". Radloff rendered this word as kül, and Thomsen (1896), Malov (1951) and Tekin (1968) adopted this reading. Bazin (1956) and Hamilton (1962) rejected Radloff's reading and preferred the form köl. However, Chinese sources used the Chinese character 闕 (què). Therefore, this word should be read as kül, not köl.

Biography

Early years

Kul Tigin was the second son of Ilterish Qaghan, the Second Turkic Khaganate's founder, and the younger brother of Bilge Qaghan (born Ashina Mojilian), the fourth qaghan. He was seven when his father died.

During the reign of Qapaghan Qaghan, Kul Tigin and his older brother earned reputation for their military prowess. They defeated the Yenisei Kyrgyz, Türgesh, and Karluks, extending the kaganate territory to the Iron Gate south of Samarkand. They also subjugated all nine of the Toquz Oghuz tribes.

In 705, Turkic forces commanded by Ashina Mojilian entered Lingwu, defeating Shazha Chongyi (沙吒忠义). Kul Tigin commanded a unit in battle, in which he lost three horses.

In 712, the Arab general Qutayba ibn Muslim besieged Samarkand after capturing Khwarazm. The prince of Samarkand appealed to the king of Tashkent for aid. Qapaghan Qaghan, who had become overlord of both Tashkent and Ferghana, dispatched Kul Tegin at the head of a combined army of Eastern turks, Tashkent forces, and Ferghana troops to relieve the besieged city. Despite the strength of the Turkish forces, Qutayba ultimately defeated Kul Tegin's army, forcing the Turks to withdraw and allowing the Umayyads to enter Samarkand and establish a garrison there.

In 713 he participated in subjugation of Karluk tribes with his brother and uncle. Kül-Tegin is also mentioned in the inscription erected in memory of his older brother Bilge Qaghan at the neighbouring site of Khöshöö-Tsaidam-1.

His burial ceremony took place in 1 November 731. He was posthumously renamed Inanču Apa Yarğan Tarqan () by Bilge Qaghan.

The head of the Kül Tigin sculpture in the Khöshöö-Tsaidam enclave in (Orkhon, in northern Mongolia) carries a bird with wings spread like an eagle, personifying a raven. The head was found by the Czech archeologist Lumir Jisl during his 1957–1958 expedition to Mongolia.

He was portrayed by Ham Suk Hun (함석훈) in Korean TV Series Dae Jo-yeong.

Notes

References

Sources

  • Talat Tekin, A Grammar of Orkhon Turkic. Indiana University Uralic and Altaic Series, vol. 69 (Bloomington/The Hague: Mouton, 1968)
  • 新疆维吾尔自治区民族事务委員会、新疆民族辞典， 乌鲁木齐：Xinjiang People's Press，1995 [Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous District Minority People's Committee, Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Xinjiang Minority Peoples, Ürümqi: Xinjiang People's Publishing Company, 1955]
  • The National Museum of Mongolian History
  • Kül Tiğin Inscriptions complete text (archived)
  • Orkhon inscriptions with translations (contains Kül Tiğin inscriptions with translations, archived)