Karamanlides

The Karamanlides (; ), also known as Karamanli Greeks or simply Karamanlis,

</ref> or Karamanlı Turks o are a traditionally Turkish-speaking and Greek Orthodox people native to the region of Karaman in Anatolia.

Some scholars regard Karamanlides as the Turkish-speaking Greeks from Karaman,

thumb|Karamanli Turkish inscription found on the door of a house in [[İncesu, Kayseri, Turkey]]

A fragment of a manuscript written in Karamanli was also found in the Cairo Geniza.

Origins and history

thumb|250px|right|The region where Karamanlides were concentrated in the past

The origin of the Karamanlides is disputed; they are either descendants of Byzantine Greeks who were linguistically Turkified through a gradual process of assimilation by the Ottomans, or of Turkic soldiers who settled in the region after the Turkic conquests and converted to Christianity. Greek scholars incline to the view that the Karamanlides were of Greek descent and adopted Turkish as their vernacular, either by force or as a result of their isolation from the Greek-speaking Orthodox Christians of the coastal regions. Turkish scholars regard them as the descendants of Turks who had migrated to Byzantine territories before the conquest or had served as mercenaries in the Byzantine armies and who had adopted the religion but not the language of their new rulers. Some foreign scholars consider them to be ethnically Greek. There is not enough evidence to prove how the early Karamanlides identified themselves.

Partial or full Turkification of Anatolian Greeks dates back to the early 1100s, as a result of living together with neighboring Turks. Oriental and Latin sources indicate that Greek-Turkish bilingualism was common in Anatolia in the 13th and 14th centuries, and by the early 15th century it was very widespread. Furthermore, an anonymous Latin account from 1437 states that Greek bishops and metropolitans in Anatolia, were "dressed in the Muslim style and spoke Turkic"; "although the liturgy was still read in Greek the sermons were pronounced in Turkic." Daniel Panzac elaborates that the Greeks of Karaman were fully Turkified during the reign of Murad III (), and some of them had also converted to Islam. Karamanlides could be descendants of those Turkified Greeks.

The Ottoman explorer Evliya Çelebi, who visited the Karamanlides and experienced their lifestyle, wrote that they spoke with an authentic Turkish accent but used Greek and Latin words as well. They printed books, particularly the bible, in Turkish language and chanted hymns in Karamanlidika, despite their neighborhoods also having Greek-speaking communities. The British historian Arnold J. Toynbee (1889–1975) emphasized that there was no definite answer to the question of their origins.

The German traveler Hans Dernschwam (1494–1568/69) encountered the Karamanlides living in Istanbul during his travel throughout Anatolia in 1553–1555; he described them as "a Christian folk of the Greek faith whom Selim I had transplanted from the emirate of Karamania." The Armenian historian Eremia Chelebi (1637–1695), also stated that Karamanlides lived around and within the city walls of Istanbul, and despite being Greek, they did not know Greek and spoke only Turkish. A Karamanlis author named Mauromates (1656–1740) wrote that the Greek language was replaced by Turkish in Anatolia, and were thus unable to read the "masterpieces of Greek literature." Another Karamanlis author named Iosepos Moesiodax, wrote in his Paedagogy (1779) that "the need of our public demands good Turkish, because it is the dialect of our Rulers." The English writer William Martin Leake (1777–1860), who travelled in Konya in 1800, wrote:

The German orientalist Franz Taeschner (1888–1967) observed that the Karamanlides were completely Turkified, with the exception of their religion. The British historian Edwin Pears (1835–1919), who lived in Turkey for approximately 40 years, wrote that the Karamanlides were originally Greeks, who had lost their native language and spoke Turkish. Robert Pinkerton (1780–1859) stated that the Turkish oppression had made them adopt the Turkish language:

Similarly, the British scholar David George Hogarth (1862–1927) attributed the Turkification of the Karamanlides to oppression; in 1890 while visiting Lake Eğirdir, he wrote that "the Moslems were eating them up."

British Archaeologist Richard MacGillivray Dawkins traveled between the Karamanlides and Bithynia between 1909 and 1911. Dawkins came to İzmit and Bursa regions after this trip and stated that there are Turkish-speaking Greek villages here. According to him, the Greek spoken here was very close to the language spoken by the Karamanlides. Even Dawkins stated that their language was Asiatic and showed different features from Greek. It is known that some Karamanlides lived in İznik as well as Bursa, İzmit and Yalova, and they left Turkish inscriptions written in Greek letters.

Population exchange between Greece and Turkey

Many Karamanlides were forced to leave their homes during the 1923 population exchange. Estimates place the number of Turkish-speaking Orthodox Christians expelled from central and southern Anatolia at around 100,000.

The Turkish government considered cutting a deal for Turkish-speaking Christians to be exempt from the population exchange. At the end however, it was decided that religion would be the only criterion of the exchange. Only Papa Eftim I (born ), an ardent Turkish nationalist and the creator of the Autocephalous Turkish Orthodox Patriarchate, was allowed to remain in Anatolia. Upon their arrival in Greece, Karamanlides faced many instances of discrimination by the local Greek population "because they spoke the language of the age-old enemy of Hellenism"; sometimes even taunted with the allegation that they were of Turkish background.

Culture

The distinct culture that developed among the Karamanlides blended elements of Orthodox Christianity with a Turkish-Anatolian culture that characterized their willingness to accept and immerse themselves in foreign customs. From the 14th to the 19th centuries, they enjoyed an explosion in literary refinement. Karamanlides authors were especially productive in philosophy, religious writings, novels, and historical texts. Their lyrical poetry in the late 19th century describes their indifference to both Greek and Turkish governments, and the confusion which they felt as a Turkish-speaking people with a Greek Orthodox religion.

Settlements

thumb|Original Cappadocian homeland

List of settlements where Turkish was the main language of the Greek Orthodox Cappadocian population in 1890:

Aksaray region

Aksaray
Çeltek
Halvadere
Gelveri
Sivrihisar
Kenatala

Nevşehir region

Nevşehir
Ürgüp

Niğde region

Limni
Enehil
Matala
Sazaca
Keçiağaç
Denei
Andaval
İloson
Niğde
Bor

Kayseri region

Kayseri
Endürlük
Molou
Erkilet
Germir
Talas
Stefana
Zincidere
Tavlosun
Taksiarchi
Kesi
Vekse
Ağırnas
Kerkeme
Sarımsaklı
Karacaören
Çukur
Taşlık
Rüm Kavak
İncesu

Develi–Farasa region

Zile
Karacaviran
Ai Kösten (Develi)
Beşkardeş
Taşçı
Sati
Bahçecik
Fkosi
Görümce